PHYSICS (UG)

Course Objectives
This course is aimed to provide a thorough basic knowledge in physics at the under graduate
level. Apart from the general topics in physics, many of the new topics included in the syllabus
keeps the students abreast with the latest developments taking place in the field. Also the
experiments chosen for each practical paper are such that they bring out the concept of
application of the theory in a practical situation. It also helps in creative thinking and self-
learning.

COURSE STRUCTURE
I Semester
Course Code Title Hrs/wk Marks Credit
PHY 131 Mechanics and Fluid dynamics 4 100 3
PHY 151 Physics Lab. I 2 50 1
II Semester
Course Code Title Hrs/wk Marks Credit
PHY 231 Heat, Thermodynamics & Elasticity 4 100 3
PHY 251 Physics Lab. II 2 50 1
III Semester
Course Code Title Hrs/wk Marks Credit
PHY 331 Electricity and Magnetism 4 100 3
PHY 351 Physics Lab. III 2 50 1
IV Semester
Course Code Title Hrs/wk Marks Credit
PHY 431 Oscillations, waves and Optics 4 100 3
PHY 451 Physics Lab. IV 2 50 1
V Semester
Course Code Title Hrs/wk Marks Credit
PHY 531 Electronics and Instrumentation 3 100 2
PHY 551 Electronics Lab. 2 50 1
PHY 532 Quantum mechanics, Atomic & Molecular 3 100 2
Physics
PHY 552 Modern Physics Lab. I 2 50 1
VI Semester
Course Code Title Hrs/wk Marks Credit
PHY 631 Statistical Physics & Solid State Physics 3 100 2
PHY 651 Modern Physics 2 50 1
Lab. II
PHY 632 Relativity, Astrophysics & Nuclear Physics 3 100 2
PHY 652 Modern Physics 2 50 1
Lab. III

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 ASSESSMENT PATTERN

For each theory paper

ESE– 100 marks –reduced to 50 marks ---- 50

CIA1 – Mid semester exam – 2hrs duration – 50 marks

CIA2 - Written quiz - 20 marks
CIA3 - Group presentation/seminar – 20 marks
Total 90 marks –reduced to 45 marks
Attendance 05 marks
---------------------
Total 50 marks ---- 50
--------------------------
Total 100 marks

Practicals
End Semester Practical exam. – 3hrs – 50marks
Mid-semester Practical exam. – 2hrs – 20 marks
Class work - 20 marks
Record -10 marks
---------------
Total 100 marks - Reduced to 50 marks
---------------

End Semester Exam

Question paper pattern
(Theory)
Time – 3 hrs Max marks – 100

Part A – Concept questions – 2 marks each – 5 out of 7 questions must be answered

2x5 = 10 marks

Part B – 12 mark questions – 5 out of 8 questions must be answered. Mainly derivations, essay
questions etc. Could contain parts (a) & (b).
12x5 = 60 marks

Part C – Problems – 6 marks each – 5 out of 7 problems must be answered

6x5 = 30 marks
--------------------------
Total 100 marks

SYLLABUS

2
 PHYSICS (UG)

SEMESTER I

PHY 131 MECHANICS AND FLUID DYNAMICS 60 Hrs

Module I
Review of vectors: Adding vectors geometrically, subtraction and multiplication of vectors,
equality of vectors, Module Vector. 1Hr
Kinematics of a particle: Velocity and acceleration-Motion in one dimension-constant
acceleration-Projectile motion-motion along a curve-radial and transverse components-relative
motion. 3 Hrs
Particle Dynamics: Newton’s First law and the concept of force-Newton’s second law-Principle
of superposition-Newton’s third law-Forces in nature-, Free-body diagrams-applications, tension
in the string- Compound pendulum-period of oscillation-equivalent simple pendulum-show that
the centre of oscillation and centre of suspension are interchangeable-determination of g with
compound pendulum -Circular motion, Moving frame of reference, Rotating frame of reference-
Consequences of rotating coordinate system- Foucault’s pendulum.
7 Hrs
Gravitation: Newton’s law of gravitation, gravitational potential and field intensity due to
spherical distribution of matter (solid sphere only). Derivation of Kepler’s laws of planetary
motion from Newton’s laws (vector method), inertial and gravitational mass 4 Hrs

Module II
Conservation of energy: Work and kinetic energy-Work done on a spring-Work done by the
gravitational field-Power-Conservative and non-conservative forces-Potential energy-calculation
of potential energy in a few simple cases-Force and potential energy-Energy diagrams and
stability-Conservation of energy- Applications- time period of oscillation of a simple pendulum
7 Hrs
Conservation of momentum: Definition of center of mass-determination of the center of mass-
Centre of mass and center of gravity-Conservation of linear momentum-System of variable
mass-Conservation of momentum in rocket propulsion and jet plane-Examples of increasing
mass system-Motion of chains-Impulse and collision-Collision and energy conservation-Elastic
collision-Inelastic collision-The center of mass reference frame: one dimensional elastic
collision, completely inelastic collision, coefficient of restitution.
8 Hrs
Module III
Dynamics of rigid bodies: Rigid body-definition and geometrical considerations-Rotational
kinematics of a particle-Angular velocity and angular acceleration as vectors-Torque and angular
momentum-Relation between I and τ-Torque and angular momentum for a system of particles-
Equilibrium of rigid bodies- Rotational inertia and rotational dynamics -Moments of inertia of
standard geometries-Products of inertia-Rotational kinetic energy and power-Physical pendulum-

3
Instantaneous axis of rotation-Conservation of angular momentum-Collision of rigid bodies-
Gyroscopic motion-motion of a symmetric top. 15 Hrs

Module IV
Kinematics of moving fluids: Review of equation of continuity, Euler’s equation of motion-
Bernoulli’s theorem, some applications of equation: (i) the speed of efflux (Torricelli theorem)
(ii) Venturimeter (iii) the curved flight of a spinning ball (Magnus effect) and (iv) the lift of an
aircraft (all qualitative). 4 Hrs
Viscosity: Coefficient of viscosity, streamline and turbulent flow, critical velocity, Reynold’s
number and its significance, derivation of Poiseulle’s formula for the flow of a viscous fluid
through a narrow tube. Motion of a body in a viscous medium-Stoke’s law with derivation and
expression for terminal velocity 6 Hrs
Surface tension: Surface tension and surface energy, molecular interpretation pf surface tension,
angle of contact and wetting, pressure difference across a curved liquid surface, capillary ascent,
interfacial tension, drop-weight method with necessary theory, force between two plates
separated by a thin layer of liquid, factors affecting surface tension=surfactant temperature and
impurity. 5 Hrs

Course Text
1. G Basavaraju and Dipan Ghosh , Mechanics and Thermodynamics- -Tata McGraw Hill, 1989
2. G S Sharma and D N Bhargava, A text book of Mechanics- Ratan Prakashan Mandir 2002

Recommended Reading
1. D S Mathur, Mechanics, S Chand and Company Ltd. 2004
2. P K Srivatsava, Mechanics ,New Age International (P) Ltd. 1997
3. D S Mathur, Elements of properties of matte,r S. Chand & Co. XI Ed. 2005
4. Halliday and Resnick- Fundamentals of physics- Sixth edition- John Wiley &
Sons, 1997
5. Takwale and Puranik- Classical mechanics- Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi1979
6. K N Srinivasa Rao- Classical mechanics- Universities Press-Orient Longman
7. J C Upadhyay -Mechanics - Ramprasad and Company
8. - H C Verma- Concepts of physics Tata McGraw Hill 2005
9. F J Keller et. al., Physics-Classical and Modern- Tata McGraw Hill
10. Sears and Zemansky -University Physics- Narosa Publications, New Delhi 1982

PHY 151 PHYSICS LAB I

List of experiments
1. Verification of parallel axes theorem.2. Verification of perpendicular axes theorem.
3. Verification of principle of conservation of energy.4. Moment of inertia of a Flywheel.
5. Moment of inertia of a circular disc using torsional oscillations.6. Viscosity of a liquid –
Stoke’s method.7. Viscosity of water – Poiseulle’s method 8. Surface tension of water –
Capillary rise method.9. Surface tension and interfacial tension – Drop-weight method.
10. Oscillation of a spring to determine spring constant, effective mass of spring and hence ‘g’.
11. Acceleration due to gravity – Bar Pendulum.

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II SEMESTER 60 Hrs

PHY 231 HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS & ELASTICITY

Module I
Thermal Physics: Review of gas laws, degrees of freedom and principle of equipartition of
energy based on kinetic theory of gases, derivation of U=3/2 RT, Introduction to atomic heat of
solids, mean free path, transport phenomena like diffusion, viscosity and thermal conductivity of
gases with derivation, relation between coefficient of viscosity and the coefficient of thermal
conductivity of gas. Maxwell’s law of distribution of velocities (without derivation) - calculation
of most probable velocity, mean velocity and root mean square velocity. Change of state, real
gases, Andrews experiments on carbon dioxide, critical constants, Van der Waal’s equation of
state and correction. Comparison of Van der Waal’s isothermals with Andrew’s experiments.
12 hrs
Module II
Thermodynamics:Thermodynamic variables, Extensive and Intensive – equation of states,
various processes, PV-Indicator diagram, The zeroth law- definition and explanation. The I-law
of thermodynamic. sign conventions of heat and work. Work done by isothermal process of an
ideal gas, internal energy as a state of function. Application of 1st law-1) cyclic process
2)isothermal process 3)adiabatic process 4)isochoric process 5)isobaric process 6)relation
between the heat capacities for ideal gases. Adiabatic process for an ideal gas, Relation between
temperature and volume, pressure and volume, & pressure and temperature. Work done in an
adiabatic process for ideal gases, Reversible and Irreversible processes, Enthalpy. 8 hrs
Second law of thermodynamics: Heat engines, Carnot’s cycle and its efficiency with
derivation, Kelvin’s thermodynamics scale of temperature, Carnot’s theorem, Applications of
Carnot’s cycle to (1) Clausius- Clapeyron equation (2) Elevation of boiling point and depression
of freezing point, triple point, Clausius inequality, principle of (1) increase of entropy, (2) perfect
gas (3) mixture of two gasses. Microscopic interpretation of entropy, Temperature-Entropy (T-
S) diagram of a Carnot”s cycle Third law of thermodynamics. 10 hrs

Module III
Thermodynamic potentials: (i)Internal energy (ii) Enthalpy (iii) Helmholtz free energy (iv)
Gibb’s free energy and their significance. Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations and Applications,
Difference between two heat capacities Cp & Cv, Clasius-Clapeyron’s equation,Tds
equations(energy equations). 6 hrs
Low temperature physics: Phase transition, Liquefaction of gases _(1) Joule-Kelvin porous
plug experiment (Thomson effect) working and discussion of results, Expression for Joule-
Kelvin coefficient, production of low temperature by adiabatic demagnetization : working &
theory. Thermodynamic expression for cooling. Methods adopted for liquefying gases (1)
Cascade process (2) Regenerative process coupled with joule-Thomson cooling (3) Adiabatic
expansion with Joule-Thomson cooling. 6 hrs

Module IV
Radiation: Black body radiation and distribution of energy in its spectrum, Kirchoff’s law,
Stefan-Boltzman law and Wien’s distribution law. Wien’s displacement law, Rayleigh-Jeans

5
law, Derivation of Planck’s law, solar constant and its determination, Estimation of surface
temperature of the sun. 8 hrs
Elasticity: Review of elastic behavior of solids in general, origin of elastic forces, stress-strain
diagram, elastic limit and Hooke’s law, moduli of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio, Derivation of
relation connecting elastic constants, limiting values of Poisson’s ratio, work done (energy
stored) in stretching a wire, resilience, Thermal tresses, factors affecting elasticity, factor of
safety. Beams, bending of beams, expression for bending moment, single cantilever with theory,
I-section girders, couple per Module twist, torsional oscillations. Rigidity modulus of a material
by static method and dynamic method with theory, determination of elastic constants by Searle’s
double bar method. 10 hrs

Recommended Reading
1.Brij lal and Subramanyam, Heat and Thermodynamics , S Chand and Co. New Delhi- 1985.
2.M.M. Zeemansky, Heat and thermodynamics., McGraw Hill – New Delhi-1981.
3.G. Basavaraju and Dipan Gosh, Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Tata Mc Graw Hill-New
Delhi- 1984.
4.D.S. Mathur, Elements of properties of matter, Shamlal Charitable Trust, Delhi-1996.
5. H.C. Verma, Concepts of physics- Vol-(1)&(2)-Bharati Bhavan publications-Delhi-1996.

PHY 251 PHYSICS LAB II

List of experiments
1. Determination of emissivity of a surface. 2. K of a bad conductor by Lee & Charlton’s
method. 3. K of Rubber.4. Verification of Stefan’s law. 5. Calibration of a thermocouple.
6. Newton’s law of cooling. 7. Young’s modulus by single cantilever.8. Young’s modulus by
stretching.9. Young’s modulus by uniform bending. 10. Rigidity modulus by dynamic method.
11. Rigidity modulus by static method. 12. Elastic constants by Searle’s double bar.13. Mode
constants of vibrating strip. 14. Bulk modulus of rubber.

SEMESTER III

PHY 331 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Module I
Electrostatics: Gauss’s law-differential form-applications of Gauss law-field due to a uniformly
charged sphere, line of charge, uniformly charged hollow cylinder, uniformly charged solid
cylinder-field on the surface of a charged cylinder(coulomb’s theorem)- Electric potential:
Potential as line integral of electric field-deduction of electric field from electric potential. 5 Hrs
Magnetostatics: The magnetic field-definition of B-magnetic flux - Lorentz Force on a moving
charge-Biot-Savart law-magnetic induction at a point due to a straight conductor carrying
Current-Magnetic induction at a point on the axis of a circular coil carrying current. Helmholtz
Tangent Galvanometer- Magnetic induction at point on the axis of a solenoid-Force on a current
carrying conductor in a magnetic field-Force between two parallel current conductors-Torque on
a current loop in a magnetic field-Moving Coil Ballistic galvanometer-principle-theory-
construction-applications-determination of capacitance and high resistance by leakage. 10 Hrs

6
Module II
Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s laws of electro magnetic induction-self induction- self
induction of a long solenoid - mutual induction-mutual inductance between two Coaxial
Solenoids- elementary ideas of eddy currents. 3 Hrs
Electromagnetism: Review of vector analysis-Physical significance of divergence of a vector
and Gauss theorem-Physical significance of curl of a vector and stokes theorem. Concept of
Displacement Current-Maxwell’s equations in material media- velocity of an em wave-light as
em wave-velocity of em wave in a dielectric medium –transverse nature of em wave .Poynting
theorem –Poynting vector. 12 Hrs

Module III
Transient Currents: Growth of current in a circuit containing a resistance and inductance-
Decay of current containing L and R. Charge and Discharge of a Capacitor through a resistor-
LCR circuit -charging and discharging. (5 hours)
Alternating Currents: EMF induced in a coil rotating in a magnetic field-Peak value, Mean
value,RMS value of AC -AC circuits with capacitor and resistor, with inductance and resistance.
AC circuit containing Résistance, Inductance and Capacitance in series -the Q factor- parallel
resonant circuit. comparison between series and parallel resonant circuits-power in an ac circuit-
Wattlescurrent-Chokecoil. 10 Hrs

Module IV
Thermoelectricity: Seebeck effect- Laws of thermo emf - thermoelectric series-neutral
temperature-Peltier effect- demonstration of Peltier effect (any two experiments)-Peltier
coefficient- Thomson effect –Thomson coefficient- Thermodynamics of Thermocouple-
thermoelectric power-thermoelectric diagrams and uses-applications of thermoelectricity-Boy’s
radio micrometer-thermopile-thermoelectric pyrometer – standard thermocouples. 8 Hrs
Network Theorems: Thevenin’s theorem, Superposition theorem, Nortion’s theorem, Maximum
power transfer theorem. 7 Hrs

Recommended Reading
1; D N Vasudeva, Electricity and Magnetism with Electronics,S Chand and Company Ltd 2001
2. D. Chattopadhyay & P C Rakshit, Fundamentals of Magnetism and Electricity,
S. Chand & Company, New Delhi 2001
3. R Murugeshan, Electricty and Magnetism, S Chand and Company Ltd, 2001
4., David J Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, III edition, Prentice –Hall India, 2006
5. Theraja B.L, Electrical networks, S. Chand & Company, Ist Colour Edition
2005
6; Malvino, Electrical networks ,Tata Mc Graw Hill, VI Edition 1999
7., Halliday & Resnick ,Fundamentals of Physics, John Wiley & Sons 1997

PHY 351 Physics Lab III

List of experiments
1. Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem 2. Verification of Superposition Theorem
3. Verification of Maximum power transfer theorem 4. Verification of Norton’s theorem
5. Series resonant circuit 6. Parallel resonant circuit 7. Determination of constants

7
 of Ballistic Galvanometer 8. Thermocouple: determination of neutral temperature and
inversion temperature 9. Desauty’s Bridge 10. High Resistance by leakage 11. Mutual
inductance between a pair of coils using a BG 12.Reduction factor of Helmholtz galvanometer
using potentiometer 13.Determination of Self inductance of the given coil by using Anderson’s
or Maxwell’s Bridge 14.To determine the thermoelectric power at a given temperature using a
thermocouple

IV SEMESTER

PHY 431 OSCILLATIONS, WAVES AND OPTICS

Module I
Oscillations: Motion of simple pendulum-SHM due to uniform circular motion of a particle-
Differential form of SHM – simple harmonic oscillator equations for motion due to a constant
force, motion in a resisting medium (dead beat, critical damping and oscillatory) - forced
vibrations – amplitude resonance (maximum displacement of the system)- maximum energy of
the system (velocity resonance) – sharpness resonance. 8 Hrs
Fourier analysis: Fourier theorem – evaluation of constants – applications (i) square wave and
(ii) rectangular wave – complex form of Fourier series – Fourier expansion of function other than
time. 4 Hrs
Waves: General equation of wave motion – velocity – acceleration of a particle. Velocity of
plane longitudinal waves in a solid medium (rod) – Kundt’s tube –velocity measurement and
frequency measurement – stroboscopic method. 3 Hrs

Module II
Physical optics: Huygen’s wave theory – reflection and refraction of a plane wave front at a
plane surface. 3 Hrs
Interference:Review of interference of light – conditions for observable interference – coherent
sources – biprism – construction , working and experiment to find wave lengthy – white light
fringes – Introduction of a thin film in the path of interfering beam, calculation of refractive
index, thickness of thin film. Coherent sources by amplitude division, colours of thin films,
theory – reflected and transmitted system – Stoke’s treatment of reflected and transmitted
amplitudes- Theory and experiment of Air-Wedge and Newton’s rings with applications.
Michelson’s interferometer and applications. 12 Hrs

Module III
Diffraction: Fresnel diffraction: Division of wave front into half life period. Fresnel half
period zones – theory of rectilinear propagation, zone plates – preparation and working as a lens-
expression for focal length – comparision with lens – diffraction at a straight edge – theory.
5 Hrs
Fraunhofer diffraction: Single slit – theory – many slits grating – theory of normal and oblique
incidence – dispersive power – resolution – Rayleigh’s criterion – expression for resolving
power of grating and telescope - resolving power of eye 5 Hrs

Polarisation: Review of plane polarized light and methods of production by double refraction –
Brewster’s law, Malus law - Huygen’s explanation of double refraction- retarding plates –

8
theory of quarter wave plate and half wave plates. Production and detection of circularly ,
elliptically and linearly polarized light with necessary theory- optical activity – polarimeter –
working of Laurent’s half shade polarimeter – Fresnel’s explanation of optical activity. 10 Hrs

Module IV
Geometrical optics: Velocity of light – Fermat’s principle - application -laws of reflection
and refraction - Foucault’s rotating mirror and Kerr cell method – Importance of velocity of
light. 6 Hrs
Holography: Elementary ideas of holography - principle- theory – production and analysis of
hologram. 4 Hrs

Recommended Reading
1. Ghosh and Bhattacharya - Oscillations , Waves and Acoustics. S. Chand III Edition 2006.
2. B.K. Mathur - Principle of Optics. 2000
3. A.K.Ghatak and K.Thyagarajan - Contemporary Optics –MacMillan India Ltd. 1984.
4. Subramanyam and Brijlal – Optics, S Chand & Company 1983.

PHY 451 PHYSICS LAB IV

List of experiments
1. Kundt’s tube.2. Lens combination – f by magnification method.3. R.I of liquid – parallax
method.4. Bi prism 5. Air wedge – diameter of a wire 6. Newton’s rings – radius of curvature of
the lens 7. Diffraction grating – minimum deviation 8. Diffraction grating – normal incidence
9. Resolving power of telescope 10. Specific rotation – polarimeter 11. Diffraction at a straight
edge.12. Diffraction at a wire using laser.13. Modes of vibration of waves – frequency of ac
using sonometer.

V SEMESTER

PHY 531 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION 60 Hrs

Module I
Review of PN junction diode, zener diode-characteristics- Tunneling effect- Tunnel diode-
characteristics – applications. 3 Hrs
Optoelectronic devices: Light emitting diode (LED)-photo emissive devices; photo multiplier
tube, photoconductive cells, photo diodes. 2 Hrs
Rectifiers-half wave, full wave and bridge rectifier-expressions for PIV, mean value, rms value,
ripple factor & efficiency. Filters-series inductor filter-shunt capacitor filter-Voltage regulation –
zener diode shunt regulation. 5 Hrs
The bipolar junction transistor-transistor biasing-CB, CE, CC configuration-characteristics-
relation between α and β-CE, CB, CC formulas-DC load line- Q point –AC load line. 5 Hrs

Module II
Transistor equivalent circuit-dc and ac equivalent circuit-transistor amplifiers-CE,CB,CC
amplifiers-h parameters-expression for current gain ,voltage gain, input impedance & output
impedance in terms of h parameters FET-characteristics-FET amplifier-applications. 6 Hrs

9
Operational amplifiers - Ideal OPAmp.- characteristics and its applications. 3 Hrs
Oscillators – Feed back concepts – oscillator circuits – Feed back amplifier – oscillator operation
– phase and frequency considerations –phase shift oscillator. Wein bridge oscillator – Tuned
oscillator circuits: Hartley and Colpitt oscillators 6 Hrs

Module III
Number systems: The decimal number system-Binary system-Binary to decimal coversion-
Binary fractions-Double dadd method-Decimal to binary conversion-Binary operations-Binary
addition-Binary subtraction-Complement of a number-Binary Multiplication-Binary division.
4 Hrs
Representation of Binary numbers as Electrical Signals-Octal number system-Octal to decimal
Conversion-Decimal to Octal Conversion-Binary to octal conversion-Octal to Binary Coversion-
Hexadecimal number system-Binary to hexadecimal conversion-Hexadecimal to binary
conversion. 2 Hrs
Logic gates: OR , AND , NOT ,XOR gates-Bubbled gates: NOR , NAND , XNOR gates-Adders
and Subtracters-Half adder-Full adder-Half Subtractor-Full subtractor.Boolean Algebra: laws of
Boolean Algebra-equivalent switching circuits-De morgan’s theorems-Duals. 4 Hrs
Instrumentation: Transducers:- Classification of Transducers-classification based on Electrical
principles involved-resistive position transducer-resistive pressure transducer-inductive pressure
transducer-Capacitive pressure transducer-Self generating inductive transducers-Linear variable
Differential transformer(LVDT)-Piezoelectric Transducer-Strain Gauge-Temperature
Transducers-Resistance temperature detectors Thermistor-Thermocouples-ultrasonis temperature
Transducers-Photoelectric Transducers. Electronic instruments: Analog and digital instruments-
Ohmmeter-Multimeter 5 Hrs

Recommended Reading
1.Basic Electronics by B L Theraja, S.Chand & Company, New Delhi 2005
2.Electronic principles and applications by A B Bhattacharya, New Central Book Agency, 2006.
3.Electronic circuits and devices by Boylstead, Pearson Education 2002
4.Digital electronics by Malvino and Leach, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 4th Edition,1995.
5.Digital electronics by R.P. Jain, Tata McGraw Hill, 2nd edition 2000.
6.Digital electronics by Floyd and Tocci, Printice Hall, 2005
7.Operational amplifier by Ramakanth Gayakwad, Printice Hall India, 2nd Edition, 1991.
8.Electronic principles, Malvino, Tata McGraw Hill 6th Edition, 1999..
9.Integrated Electronics, Millman and Halkias, Tata McGraw Hill 1991.
10.Basic electronics by Grob, Tata McGraw Hill, First Metric Edition, 1984.
11.Electronic Fundamentals by Ryder. Printice Hall India, 5th edition, 2003.
12.Electronic Instrumentation, H S kalsi, Tata McGraw Hill, 2004.

PHY 551 ELECTRONICS LAB

List of experiments
1.CRO and its applications (Lissajous figures) 2. FET characteristics 3.RC coupled amplifier
(transistor). 4.FET amplifier 5.LED characteristics 6.Phase shift oscillator. 7.Half wave, Full
wave Rectifiers 8.Study of regulated power supply – CRO waveform 9.Digital gates – Half and
full adder circuits.10.Op amp (differentiator, integrator etc.) Inverter, Summing amplifier (AC

10
and DC output). 11.Zener diode -characteristics & voltage regulation 12.Transistor characteristic
– calculation of h parameters. 13.Emitter follower. 14.Inverting and non-inverting amplifier.

PHY 532 QUANTUM MECHANICS, ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 45 Hrs

Module I
Development of quantum mechanics: Introduction to quantum mechanics, Planck’s quantum
theory, Failure of classical physics to explain the phenomena such as atomic spectra, black body
radiation, photoelectric effect, Compton Effect and specific heat of solids. Explanation of the
above effects on the basis of quantum mechanics. 5 hrs
Wave – Particle duality and Uncertainty Principle
de Broglie’s hypothesis of matter waves, Thomson’s Experiment, Davisson and Germer’s
experiment – Normal incidence method, concepts of wave packets for a quantum particle, group
velocity and phase velocity, Relation between particle velocity and group velocity, Bohr’s
quantum condition and matter waves, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle – different forms,
Gamma ray microscope experiment. Application - Why electrons cannot be inside the nucleus?
10 hrs
Module II
Schrödinger’s Equation: The concept of the wave function, physical significance of wave
function, Development of time-dependent Schrödinger equation for a free particle, Operators for
X, P and E time–dependent Schrodinger equation. Max Born’s interpretation of the wave
function, Eigen values and Eigen functions. Applications of Schrodinger equation – Particle in
one dimensional box, derivation of eigen values and eigen functions, mention of solutions for a
three dimensional case, Linear Harmonic Oscillator. 10 hrs
Molecular spectra
Pure rotational motion: spectrum and selection rules, vibrational motion: spectrum and selection
rules, Rot.-Vib. Spectrum. Scattering of light-Tyndall, Rayleigh and Raman’s scattering.
Experimental Study of Raman effect, Quantum theory of Raman effect. 5 hrs

Module III Atomic Spectra

Review of Bohr’s theory of hydrogen tom – mention of expressions for total energy, wave
number and Rydberg constant. Variation of the Rydberg constant with nuclear mass,
Sommerfeld’s modification of the Bohr atomic model (qualitative), excitation and ionization
potentials, Frank – Hertz experiment. 5 hrs
Vector model of the atom
Concept of Spatial quantization and spinning electron. Different quantum numbers associated
with the vector atom model, Spectral terms and their notations, selection rules, coupling schemes
– l-s and j-j coupling (multi electron systems), Pauli’s exclusion principle, expression for
maximum number of electrons in an orbit. Spectra of alkali elements (sodium D-line), Larmor
precession, Bohr magneton, Stern – Gerlach Experiment. Zeeman effect, experimental study of
Zeeman effect, theory of normal and anomalous Zeeman effect based on quantum theory.
Paschen – Back effect and Stark effect (qualitative only) 10 hrs

11
Recommended Reading
1. Eisentberg and Resnik, Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and particles –
John Wiley and Sons, 1985.
2., Beiser ,Concepts of Modern Physics ,III Edition, student edition, New Delhi, 1981
3. H.E. White ,Introduction to Atomic Spectra ,McGraw Hill 1934.
4.H.S. Mani, G.K. Mehta ,Introduction to Modern Physics, West Press 1989
5. H.G. Kuhn – Atomic Spectra, Ongmans 1952
6.J.B. Rajam – Atomic Physics S. Chand and Company 1979
7 R.Murugesan – Modern Physics , S. Chand and Company 1996
8.The Feynmann ,Lectures on physics vol-3 Narosa Publishing House. New Delhi.
9. S.H. Patil ,Elements of Modern Physics , TMH, New Delhi – 1984
10.Yarwood and Olozo, Atomic Physics
11., A.P. French, John Wiley, Principles of Modern Physics ,London 1958.
12.S.N. Ghosal, Modern Physics Part I and 2, S.Chand and company 1996.
13., Wehr et.al, Physics of the Atom,Mc Graw Hill.

PHY 552 MODERN PHYSICS LAB I

List of experiments
1. Characteristics of a photocell. 2. Determination of the Planck's constant using a photocell.
3. Determination of e/m by Thomson's method 4. Ionisation potential of xenon 5. Study of solar
spectrum- Fraunhofer lines and the determination of Rydberg constant. 6. Analysis of band
spectra 7. Analysis of rotational spectra 8. Analysis of rotational and vibrational spectra
9. Study of spectra of hydrogen 10. Absorption spectrum of KMnO4. 11. Sommerfeld's fine
structure constant α by measuring fine structure separation of Na doublets.(photograph )

Recommended Reading
1. IGNOU Practical Physics Manual
2. Saraf: Experiments in Physics
3. S.P.Singh: Advanced Practical Physics.
4. Melissnos: Experiments in Modem Physics

SEMESTER VI

PHY 631 STATISTICAL PHYSICS & SOLID STATE PHYSICS

Module I
Statistical Physics: -Introduction-Basic concepts-phase space, microstate and macro state
thermodynamic probability - classical or Maxwell Boltzmann statistics-Basic postulates-
Distribution function- Maxwell distribution of molecular velocities - Quantum statistics-
introduction - Bosons and Fermions - Bose-Einstein statistics - postulates – Distribution
function. 7Hrs
Free electron theory of metals: - Introduction - Drude and Lorentz classical theory Expression
for electrical conductivity - Ohm's law - Wiedmann - Franz law - Density of states for free

12
electrons - Fermi-Dirac distribution function and Fermi energy – expression for Fermi energy
and kinetic energy at absolute zero and above absolute zero 5 Hrs.
Nano materials: - Nanoscale systems – properties – examples and applications 2 Hrs
Smart Materials: - Their properties, examples and applications. 2Hrs

Module II
X-rays: Production -Coolidge x-ray tube - continuous and characteristic x-rays. Mosley's law,
scattering of x-rays - Compton effect. Basic ideas of crystal structure- Bravais lattice-symmetry
elements –
Lattice planes, Miller indices - spacing between lattice planes of cubic crystals - Bragg's law of
x-ray diffraction - Powder method. Elementary ideas of crystal binding – Liquid crystals,
classification properties and applications. 14 Hrs

Module III
Band theory of Solids: Introduction -Distinction between metals, insulators and
semiconductors- intrinsic semiconductors - concept of holes- concept of effective mass -
derivation of expression for carrier concentration and electrical conductivity - extrinsic
semiconductors-impurity states - energy band diagram and the Fermi level - Hall effect in metals
and semiconductors-optical properties of solids- Solar cells - photoconductivity - Light
dependent resistors-Light emitting diodes – Superconductivity: -introduction – experimental
facts - Zero resistivity - critical field - critical current density - Meissner effect – type I and
type II superconductors -Cooper pairs - BCS Theory - persistent currents - superconducting
magnets - magnetic levitation - isotope effect -temperature dependence of specific heat and
thermal conductivity- high temperature superconductivity. 13hrs
Lasers: General principle of lasers, Ruby laser, He-Ne laser, applications. 2 hrs

Recommended Reading
1.Azaroff : Introduction to Solids, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi 1977
2.C.Kittel: Introduction to Solid State Physics, V edition, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi 1976
3.SO Pillai: Solid State Physics, New Age International (P) Ltd. 1997
4.Saxena Gupta Saxena: Introduction to Solid State Physics, Pragati Prakashan 1995
5.R L Singhal: Solid State Physics, Kedar Nath Ram Nath & co. Meerut 1984
6.M. Ali Omar: Elementary Solid State Physics, Addison- Wesley, 2000
7.Singal, Agrawal and Prakash: Heat &Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics, Pragati
Prakashan, Meerut 1970
8.Reif: Fundamentals of Statistical and ThermalPhysics, McGraw Hill International Ed. 1985
9.Agarwal and Eisner: Statistical Mechanics, New Age International (P) Ltd.1998
10.N. Rudraiah (Ed): Modeling of Nano and smart materials

PHY 651 Modern Physics Lab II

List of Experiments
1.Analysis of X-ray photograph 2.Energy gap of a semiconductor3.Determination of dielectric
constant.4. Solar cell characteristics - Open circuit voltage - short circuit current – efficiency
5.LED Characteristics - graph of wavelength vs. current - Spectral response 6.LDR
Characteristics -dark resistance- saturation resistance - material constant.7.Semiconductor

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temperature sensor - (Pure silicon) output voltage vs. temperature (calibration).8.Spectral
response of a selenium photo cell (λ vs. I)9.Transistor as a switch and an active
device10.Determination of Fermi energy of copper11.Resistivity of a material by four probe
technique 12.Determination of thermal conductivity of a material.

Recommended Reading
1. Raj Kumar and Madlin Lal.: Advanced Practical Physics.
2. S P Singh: Practical Physics

PHY 632 RELATIVITY, ASTROPHYSICS & NUCLEAR PHYSICS 45 Hrs

Module I
Relativity: Review of frames of reference, inertial and non-inertial frames, principle of Galilean
relativity. Michelson - Morley experiment with a brief historical background, Significance of its
negative results. Postulates of special theory of relativity. Derivation of Lorenz transformation
equations. Proper time and proper length, Time dilation, illustration with “twin paradox” and life
time of a µ meson. Lorentz-Fitzgerald length contraction, simultaneity in relativity. Velocity
transformation equations. Variation of mass with velocity. Mass - energy and momentum -
energy relation’s .Qualitative introduction to Minkowski’s space 15 hrs

Module II
Astrophysics & space physics: Absolute or intrinsic luminosity, apparent brightness, apparent
magnitude scale of Hipparchus, distinction between visual and bolo metric magnitudes, distance-
modulus relationship. Stellar parallax and Modules of stellar distances: Definition of arcsec and
parsec (pc). Relation between distance of a star and its parallax. Definitions of astronomical
Module (AU) and light year (ly) and equations relating AU, ly and pc. Surface or effective
temperature and color of a star: Definitions. Wien’s displacement law. Intrinsic temperature of a
star. Expression for average temperature, core temperature and core pressure of a star-based on
the linear density model of a star.
Spectral classification of stars and their chemicals composition. Edward Charles Pickering
classification (i.e. OBAFGKM), Harvard sequence and Yerke’s luminosity classification. Size
(radius) of a star. Expression for radius using Stefan – Boltzmann law. Spectral signature of
elements present in though stellar atmosphere. Mass- luminosity relationship and expression for
life –time of a star.
Hertz sprung – Ressell (HR) diagram: Main sequence stars and their general characteristics.
Evolution of a star to white dwarf stage through red giant stage. Supernova explosion. Formation
of a pulsar or neutron star and black hole (qualitative) with mention of typically required
temperature and the corresponding densities. Event horizon, singularity and Schwarz child’s
radius (qualitative). Gravitational potential energy or self energy of a star. Statement and
explanation of Virial theorem. Expression for gravitational potential energy or self-energy of a
star based on the liner density model. 11 hrs
Space Physics: Escape velocity, elements of satellite motion, orbital velocity and time period,
launching of artificial satellites, geostationary satellites, weightlessness and artificial gravity –
Remote sensing – Solar and terrestrial radiation, atmospheric effects, spectra response of some
natural earth surface feature, remote sensing applications, evolution of remote sensing in India.
4 hrs

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Module III
Nuclear physics: Nuclear charge: Rutherford’s theory of alpha particle scattering, derivation of
Rutherford’s scattering formula (assuming the path of the alpha particle to be a hyperbola).
Nuclear mass: Aston’s mass spectrograph with theory. Alpha decay: Range and disintegration
energy of alpha particles, Geiger – Nuttal law Brief description of characteristics of alpha ray
spectrum. Gamow’s theory of alpha decay. Beta decay Types of beta decay (electron, Positron
decay and electron capture), Characteristics of beta spectrum, Pauli’s neutrino hypothesis.
Detectors of nuclear radiation: Variation of ionization current with applied voltage in a gas.
Ionization chamber an identification of the regions of operation of ionization detector,
proportional counter and GM counter. Working of proportional and Geiger – Muller counter.
Nuclear accelerators: Cyclotron and electron synchrotron. Nuclear reactions: conservation laws
in nuclear reactions with examples. Expression for Q value of a nuclear reaction, endoergic and
exoergic reactions, threshold energy. 15 hrs

Recommended Reading
1. R.B. Singh,Introduction to Modern Physics, New Age International, 2002
2. Sehgal Chopra Sehgal, Modern Physics, S. Chand & sons, 1998
3. Peter Gabriel Bergmann, Introduction to the theory of relativity –Courier Dover Publications,
1976
4. Robert Resnick, Introduction to special relativity –, John Wiley &b Sons, New York 1968
5.Jastrow & Thompson, Astronomy: Fundamental and Frontiers ,Wiley, 1974
6. G. Venkataraman , Chandrashekhar and his limit, Universities Press, 1992
7. Baidyanath Basu, An introduction to Astrophysics – Prentice Hall of India,
2004
8. Irving Kaplan, Nuclear Physics Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi 1997
9. D. C Tayal, . Nuclear Physics Himalaya Publishing house, 1997
10. Ghoshal S.N, Atomic and nuclear physics Vol.2, S.Chand & Co. 2000
11. J.B. Rajam, Atomic physics, S. Chand & Co. New Delhi, 1984
12., K.D. Abhyankar, Astrophysics-Stars and Galaxies ,Tata McGraw Hill, 1992

PHY 652 MODERN PHYSICS LAB III

List of Experiments
1.Calculation of physical properties of stars and plotting of H-R diagram.
2.Determination of the temperature of an artificial star. 3. Determination of the distance of a
distant object by the parallax method. 4.Low pass filter. 5.High pass filter. 6.Band pass filter.
7.Verification of inverse square law applicable to intensity of gamma rays emitted by a
radioactive substance using a GM counter. 8.Determination of mass-absorption of coefficient
of aluminum for gamma rays. 9.Characteristics of a Geiger – Muller (GM counter)
10.Half life of K40 11.Analysis of sunspot photographs.

Recommended Reading
1. Nelkon and Ogborn : Practical Physics
2. R.M. Singru: Experimental Nuclear Physics.
3. J.Varma : Nuclear Physics Experiments

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