BDK

Buckling Resistance of Steel Members

SOFiSTiK | 2018
 BDK
Buckling Resistance of Steel Members
BDK Manual, Version 2018-4
Software Version SOFiSTiK 2018
Copyright © 2018 by SOFiSTiK AG, Oberschleissheim, Germany.

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correctness of all calculations at least by random sampling.

Front Cover
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 Contents | BDK

Contents

Contents i

1 Task Description 1-1

1.1 Task Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.2 Supported Design Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.3 Assumptions and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

2 Theoretical Principles 2-1

2.1 Model System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.2 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.3 Buckling Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.4 Eigenvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.5 Modes of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.6 Design: Buckling Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.7 Lateral torsional buckling according to EN 1993-1-1 [2] . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.7.1 Interaction factors - Annex A, Annex B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
2.8 Lateral torsional buckling according to DIN 18800-2 [1] / OEN 4300 . . . 2-9
2.9 British Standard - BS 5950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9

3 Input Description 3-1

3.1 Input Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.2 Input Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.3 Conversion of Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
3.3.1 CADINP Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
3.4 CVA – Support at the beginning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
3.5 CVE – Support at the end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
3.6 CVM – Intermediate Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
3.7 CVL – Lateral Restrains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
3.8 CV – Continuous support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
3.9 TVAR – Template Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
3.10 CTRL – Controlling Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
3.10.1 EN 1993-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
3.10.2 DIN 18800-2 / OEN 4300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
3.10.3 BS 5950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
3.11 LC – Selection of the Loadcase to be Designed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
3.12 MEMB – Selection of the Elements to be Designed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
3.13 ECHO – Control of Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15

4 Output Description 4-1

4.1 Design Forces and Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.2 Sectional Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

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BDK | Contents

4.3 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

4.4 Support Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
4.4.1 Start/End . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
4.4.2 Continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
4.4.3 Intermediate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
4.4.4 Lateral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
4.5 Buckling eigenvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
4.6 Cross section Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
4.7 Buckling Resistance of Steel Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
4.7.1 EN 1993-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
4.7.2 DIN 18800/ OEN 4300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
4.8 Summary of the results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
4.8.1 EN 1993-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
4.8.2 DIN 18800/ OEN 4300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
4.8.3 BS 5950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9

ii SOFiSTiK 2018
 Task Description | BDK

1 Task Description

BDK provides solution to the problem of beam stability. It determines the stability eigenvalues
for buckling of a straight individual member. The member, which is taken from the entire sys-
tem, is calculated with STAR2 or ASE and the buckling resistance check of steel members is
performed according to the specified design code.

1.1 Task Outline

At first, the user defines the system selecting straight, individual beam or truss elements,
which are cut out of the entire structural system and are treated independently. The program
allows the user to explicitly define the support conditions at the start and end of each selected
individual beam, as well as continuous supports, offering a complete control on the proper-
ties of the selected system. Furthermore, standards-related design parameters may also be
explicitly defined.

Having available the complete system, the program sets up and solves the formed stability
eigenvalue problem and the eigenvalues and eigenforms are determined for a prespecified and
calculated loadcase. Following the eigenvalues determination and taking into consideration the
defined design parameters, BDK performs the buckling check according to the selected design
code.

1.2 Supported Design Codes

The design checks are performed according to one of the following supported standards:

DIN 18800-2 / OEN 4300: Structural steelwork analysis of safety against buckling of linear
members and frames [1].
EN 1993-1-1: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
[2].
BS 5950-1: Structural use of steelwork in building [3].

1.3 Assumptions and Limitations

BDK can determine the stability eigenvalues under the following assumptions:

• General, also unsymmetric cross-sections

• General tapered sections (along the beam axis)
• Straight beam axis and centric haunches
• Change of the boundary conditions including the elastic warping constraint and distributed
support.
• Solution for the complete lateral torsional buckling problem or for the plain lateral buckling
problem with disregard of the normal force.

For the calculation of the lateral torsional buckling safety for an individual beam, according to

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BDK | Task Description

DIN 18800-2, the assumptions of this design code hold. This implies that the design is strictly
valid only for double symmetric I and H sections, without the intended torsional loading.

Materials, section profiles and the design code to comply with, are selected by the user at the
early steps of defining the total structural system. Regardless of the initial design standard
selection, the user may explicitly redefine in the BDK task the specification of a different design
standard (see NORM). This practice should be done with caution, since significant differences
exist between the design codes, regarding material mechanical behaviour and properties as
well as the considered safety factors.

Warning

! At the current version of BDK, it is possible to calculate only the effective properties
for THIN-WALLED cross-sections (Iterative Method). Another apporach would be to use
the SIG NEFF input in AQUA, which works both for solid, as well as for thin-walled cross-
sections. Please refer to the VERiFiCATiON Manual Design - Example DCE-EN 30.

Furthermore, a cross-section of class 4 of EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993-1-5 can be treated,

since the calculation of the effective cross-section values in BDK is available.

For the determination of the critical force and moment for buckling, always an eigenvalue anal-
ysis is performed, except of explicitly user-defined buckling lengths. In the unlikely event that
the eigenvalue analysis fails, analytical formulas are used.

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 Theoretical Principles | BDK

2 Theoretical Principles

2.1 Model System

A model system can consist of several beam or truss elements, forming a member, although
there are no individual supports between its endings, other than the optionally defined. The
user can select any straight beam or truss element to cut out of the entire structural system.
Each selected member is then treated by BDK as an individual independent system, taking
into account the inner forces and displacements derived from the parental system analysis for
a considered loadcase. For a member that represents a subsystem of the total system, the
corresponding support conditions have to be defined carefully. This applies in particular to
the sway perpendicular to the system plane, for the case where the system was entered as a
planar system.

2.2 Boundary Conditions

BDK assumes that there are no intermediate individual supports between the endings of the
selected individual beams, other than the optionally defined intermediate supports (CVM), lat-
eral restrainst (CVL) and continuous supports (CV). The start and end support conditions may
be defined in two ways:

The user should explicitly define the exact boundary conditions by assigning spring constant
values or fixities, for each end to suppress a number of degrees of freedom (CVA / CVE / CVL
/ CVM / CV).

Warning

! Default start and end boundary conditions are assumed as Fork-Fork. Therefore, it
is recommended for the user to explicitly enter the support conditions!
• See CVA, CVE, CVL, CVM, CV.

2.3 Buckling Types

Literature and design codes distinguish between the following cases for beam structures:

• Lateral Torsional Buckling: the most general case of buckling where deflections towards
both axes as well as torsional rotation (twist) occur.
• Lateral Buckling: lateral deflection and torsional rotation (twist).
• Flexural Buckling: buckling about the strong or weak axis, in-plane deformation, no tor-
sional rotation.
• Torsional Buckling: buckling about the longitudinal axis, torsional rotation (twist), the
beam axis remain straight.

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BDK | Theoretical Principles

2.4 Eigenvalues
The case of buckling will occur if an element will suffer from large forces due to small defor-
mations induced by geometric non-linear effects. This will limit the ultimate load for slender
structures.

The elasto-static theory of stability will not account for material non-linearities, while the stan-
dard plastic design method will not account for the geometric non-linearities. As both theories
are not applicable in a general case, their results will define basic design parameters used for
the combined design of the effects.

For the quite general case treated within the program a solution based on an analytical ap-
proach is no longer available. The solution is obtained by a variational approach based on
the energy. The expression of the energy comprehends quite a lot of terms and is given and
explained in detail in the book of Petersen [4] (eq. 7.65 page 675) or Roik, Carl, and Lindner
[5]. BDK uses an extended formulation according to Schroeter [6].

Z
 = 1/ 2 {E z y 00 + E y z 00 + ECm δ00 + G t δ0 +

 
N 2z m y 0 δ0 − 2ym z 0 δ0 + y02 + z02 + 2
m
δ 02
−
(2.1)
€ Š € Š
My −2 z 00 δ − ry δ02 +Mz 2 y 00 δ + rz δ02 +

M r δ02 − 2Mt y 0 z 00 + z 0 y 00 }

For the deformations the program uses hermitian polynoms with a degree up to 8, which can
also be selectable by the user. The energy integrals will be evaluated numerically with Gaus-
sian quadrature based on the available internal forces and moments, stiffnesses and loads in
the database. A complete eigenvalue analysis will give the positive and negative eigenvalues.

The support conditions are defined by springs or distributed beddings. Independently BDK tries
to determine the values for these supports, by using the displacements and internal forces and
moments of the investigated loadcase. The user is also able to change these manually. It is
recommended for the user to explicitly enter the support conditions!

During the analysis one can stipulate if the influence of the normal force should be taken into
account or if these terms should be ignored (lateral buckling).

All buckling cases described in Section 2.3 are special cases of the general-case this equation
2.1 stands for. Therefore, depending on the nature of the problem under consideration, the
corresponding equation components are omitted.

2.5 Modes of analysis

BDK provides the option to the user to partly simplify the problem by selecting one of three
available eigenvalue analysis variants via the MEMB record:

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 Theoretical Principles | BDK

• FLEX mode: buckling due to the axial force. BDK assumes a centrally applied axial force
and ignores the effects of loading eccentricities, transverse loadings and bending moments.
• LAT mode: buckling due to transverse loadings and bending moments. Axial forces effects
are ignored but not the effect of their potential eccentricity on the inner moments.
• LTB mode: buckling due to a combination of loadings. All loading effects and their excen-
tricities are taken into consideration.

2.6 Design: Buckling Curves

Most current design rules for beams under compression (e.g. DIN 18800-2 / EN 1993-1-1) use
a buckling curve, which considers a scaling of the linear Euler-hyperbola for large slenderness
values for the yield stress of a elasto-plastic buckling theory.

The design is performed e.g. for central buckling by means of a degree of utilisation of the
buckling load.

N
=
≤ 1 (2.2)
κ · Nps,d

For the evaluation of κ we need the normalized slenderness:

sK sK
λK = =p (2.3)
 / A

v
u E
λ = π (2.4)
t
ƒy,k

λK
λK = (2.5)
λ

A very simple buckling curve is implemented as type E:


 1 p


 2 ; λ> 2
κ= λ 2 (2.6)

 λ p
1 −
 ; λ< 2
4

This function has been used for many years in the AISC code, but as it is unsafe for the
transition region, therefore one has to use sufficiently high safety factors when implementing
this function.

For steel we therefore utilise four reduced buckling curves, which are defined by the following

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BDK | Theoretical Principles

functions:


λK ≤ 0.2



 1.0 ;


 1
; λK > 0.2

κ= (2.7)
r
2

 k + k 2 − λk
1



; λK > 3.0


λK (λK + α)


1.1

1.0

0.9
0
0.8

0.7 b
0.6 c
χ d
0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
λ

Figure 2.1: Buckling curves according to EN 1993-1-1

2.7 Lateral torsional buckling according to EN 1993-1-1 [2]

Eurocode’s approach to the beam stability design checks depends mostly on two important
factors:

1. The type of loading:

(a) Compressive axial force (EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.1)
(b) Major axis bending moment (EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2)
(c) Combined bending and axial compression (EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.3)
2. The type, shape and properties of the cross-section.

BDK performes the design check for the combined bending and axial compression, as it is
described in EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.3, Eq. 6.61 and 6.62 with the interaction factors kyy , kyz , kzy ,

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 Theoretical Principles | BDK

kzz . Interaction factors are calculated according to Method 1, Annex A, Table A.1.

NEd My,Ed Mz,Ed

+ kyy + kyz ≤1 (2.8)
χy · NRk / γM1 χLT · My,Rk / γM1 Mz,Rk / γM1

NEd My,Ed Mz,Ed

+ kzy + kzz ≤1 (2.9)
χz · NRk / γM1 χLT · My,Rk / γM1 Mz,Rk / γM1

Special care should be taken for the case of angle cross-sections. In Eurocode it is stated that
all rules relate to principal axis properties, which are generally defined by the axes ”y-y” and
”z-z”, but for the sections such as angles are defined by the axes ”u-u” and ”v-v”, as shown in
Fig. 2.2. BDK performs the check with respect to ”y-y” and ”z-z” and not ”u-u” and ”v-v”.

y
z

Figure 2.2: Axes of angle section

A more pictorial representation of the design algorithm according to EN 1993-1-1, for compres-
sion and for bending can be visualised in Fig. 2.3 and 2.4.

As mentioned earlier, for the determination of the critical load Ncr and moment Mcr , an eigen-
value analysis is performed. In the unlikely event that the eigenvalue analysis fails, e.g. due to
non adequate input of the system definition, a fallback solution with approximatively analytical
formulas is used. For the case of the elastic critical load for flexural buckling Ncr the Euler
Formula with effective buckling length factor β = 1.0 is used:

π 2 E
Ncr = (2.10)
(β · L)2

where L is the total beam length of the defined subsystem.

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BDK | Theoretical Principles

In case the eigenvalue analysis fails, it is recommended, that the user inputs manually an
effective buckling length factor, in order to ensure that a more accurate representation of the
critical force will be used in the design check.

Accordingly, for the case of the critical lateral buckling moment Mcr a fallback approximate
formula is considered, as described in ECCS TC 8 - No. 119 [7]:
v
π2 E t L2 Gt ω
u
Mcr = C1 + (2.11)
L2 π2 E 

where C1 is determined for the same distinction of the moment distribution cases as in the
determination of kc in EN 1993-1-1, Table 6.6.

2.7.1 Interaction factors - Annex A, Annex B

For the determination of the interaction factors kyy , kyz , kzy , kzz , both methods of Annex A and
B of EN 1993-1-1[2], have been implemented. The interaction factors have been derived from
two alternative approaches. The National Annex may give a choice from alternative method 1
or alternative method 2. The application range of the two methods is in both cases basically
a single span member of doubly symmetrical cross section subjected to axial compression,
end-moments and transverse loading [8].

• Annex A, Method 1: The intention of the formulae for Method 1 is to present general,
transparent, consistent and accurate interaction criteria, as described in ECCS TC 8 - No.
119 [7]. Each factor involved in this formulae is linked with a physical effect, which allows
for the influence of the different phenomna to be represented. This method can represent
both members susceptible and not susceptible to torsional deformation.

Various factors in this method, need to be determined explicitly. BDK employs the eigen-
value analysis to determine them and does not derive them from analytical formulas, in
order to offer a more accurate representation of the system under consideration:

– λ̄0 , representing the reduced slenderness for lateral torsional buckling for the partic-
ular case of constant bending moment,

– C1 , the factor depending on the bending moment distribution and end restraints con-
ditions,

– Ncr,T , the torsional critical force,

– λ̄m , the maximum non-dimensional slenderness.

• Annex B, Method 2: Method 2 distinguishes the two standard cases of torsionally stiff
and torsionally flexible members separately [8]. It has been developed principally in such
a way that the application range also covers members with intermediate lateral restraints,
which may not be effective for in plane flexural buckling.

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 Theoretical Principles | BDK

START

Eigenvalue Analysis - only axial force (KNIC)

Input
Yes
of SKy
and SKz

No

No Eig. Anal.
successful

Yes

Euler
Critical force Ncr NEd / Ncr ≤ 0.4
Formula

Calculate non
dimensional
Slenderness λ
slenderness λ, EN Effects of flexural
1993-1-1, 6.3.2 buckling may be
ignored, EN 1993-
1-1, 6.3.1.2(4)

Determine buckling curve EN 1993-1-1, Table 6.2

Imperfection factor α,
EN 1993-1-1, Table 6.1

Calculate , EN 1993-1-1, Table 6.3.1.2

Calculate reduction factor χ ≤ 1.0, EN 1993-1-1, Table 6.3.1.2

Reduction factor χ

Calculate design buckling resistance Nb,Rd , EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.1.1(3)

Calculate utilisation
Design buckling
NEd / Nb,Rd , EN
resistance Nb,Rd
1993-1-1, 6.3.1.1(1)

NEd / Nb,Rd

END

Figure 2.3: Flexural Buckling check flowchart

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START

Eigenvalue Analysis - only axial force (KNIC)

Analytical Effects of lateral torsional

No Eig. Anal.
formulas buckling may be ignored
successful
ECCS TC 8 EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2.2(4)

Yes Yes
2
Critical force Mcr MEd / Mcr ≤ λLT,0

Wy = Wp,y cross-section class 1 or 2,

Wy = We,y for cross-section class 3,
Wy = Weƒ ƒ ,y for cross-section class 4

Calculate non-dimensional slenderness λLT

EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2.2

Slenderness λLT

Determine buckling curve No
EN 1993-1-1, Table 6.5
Imperfection factor αLT
EN 1993-1-1, Table 6.3
Determine correction factor kc
Calculate LT
EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2.3(1)
LT
Cross-section
Yes Determine buckling curve
G1-G3
EN 1993-1-1, Table 6.4
general case
Imperfection factor αLT
EN 1993-1-1, Table 6.3
EN 1993-1-1, Table 6.6 Calculate LT
EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2.2(1)
ƒ ≤ 1.0
EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2.3(2) LT

Calculate modified reduction factor

Calculate reduction
χLT,mod Calculate reduction
factor χLT ≤ 1.0
EN 1993-1-1, Eq. 6.58 factor χLT ≤ 1.0
or χ ≤ 1.0/ λ2LT
EN 1993-1-1, Eq. 6.56
EN 1993-1-1, Eq. 6.57
Reduction factor χLT,mod

Reduction factor χLT Reduction factor χLT

Calculate design buck-
ling resistance Mb,Rd
EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2.1(3)

Design of buckling resistance Mb,Rd

Calculate utilisation MEd / Mb,Rd

EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2.1(1)

MEd / Mb,Rd

END

Figure 2.4: Lateral Buckling check flowchart

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 Theoretical Principles | BDK

2.8 Lateral torsional buckling according to DIN 18800-2 [1] / OEN 4300
The analysis procedure for the lateral torsional buckling design is made according to DIN
18800, Part 2 Element 301, where it says: For the simplification of beams, continuous
beams and frames, one can evaluate flexural buckling and lateral torsional buckling separately.
Whereby the flexural buckling analysis is followed by the lateral torsional buckling analysis.
Each analysis is made for individual beams, which are picked from the entire system. Each
beam is subjected to the beam-end internal forces and moments, which are determined for the
entire system.

The flexural buckling analysis is made with the programs STAR2 or ASE. All the individual
beams, of the system being analysed for flexural buckling, are provided with support conditions,
usually torsional restraints are applied. The STAR2 or ASE calculation has to be made with
ultimate loads or γ-factor loads. Whereby the analysis procedure elastic-elastic or plastic-
plastic (non-linear theory) according to DIN 18800, Part 2 Table 101 is possible in STAR2
or ASE. All the elasto-plastic regions must be fixed laterally against torsion and deformation,
which is required for the conservation of the cross-section.

The individual checks are then calculated with the equations from the elements 310, 318 and
321 of the DIN 18800-2.

2.9 British Standard - BS 5950

If you set the record NORM BS within the program AQUA, you will check lateral-torsional
buckling, according to chapter 4.3 of BS 5950-1:2000. The essential equation is:

Mb
M ≤ (2.12)
mLT

M maximum major axis moment in the segment,

mLT equivalent uniform moment factor according to Table 18.
It may be input also directly with CURV BMY/BMZ,
Mb buckling resistance moment (depends on the class of
cross section)
QKL 1+2: Mb =pb ·S (with S =Wp
QKL 3: Mb =pb ·Z (with Z =We )
QKL 4: Mb =pb ·Z,eƒ ƒ (with Z,eƒ ƒ =We,eƒ ƒ )

pb is a reduced value of the yield strength, which is calculated with the formulas of Annex B.2.1.
BDK will determine the equivalent slenderness λLT directly from the calculated eigenvalues.
With this method we avoid the limits of the specified profile types. If λLT is not more than the
limiting slenderness λL0 , pb is taken as equal to py .

SOFiSTiK 2018 2-9

BDK | Theoretical Principles

2-10 SOFiSTiK 2018

 Input Description | BDK

3 Input Description

3.1 Input Language

The input is made in the CADINP language (see general manual SOFiSTiK: ”FEA / STRUC-
TURAL Installation and Basics”).

Start

System Definition Design Parameters

Loadcase selection LC EN parameters CTRL

DIN parameters
Support conditions CVA,CVE, CV, CVM, CVL BS parameters

Element selection MEMB

Type of analysis Template variables TVAR

Eigenvalue analysis

Design check

Output ECHO

Figure 3.1: BDK Input representation

3.2 Input Records

The following records are defined:

Record Items
CVA CB CY CZ DX DY DZ
CVE CB CY CZ DX DY DZ
CVM TYPE NO CB CY CZ DX
DY DZ
CVL REF S CY DX HDIV
CV DX CY CZ
TVAR NAME VAL SCOP CMNT
CTRL OPT CURV SCL BETA LLT0 TAB BMY
BMZ BMQY BMQZ SFAC LCST SWY SWZ

Table continued on next page.

SOFiSTiK 2018 3-1

BDK | Input Description

Record Items
LTB MTHD
LF NO
MEMB REF FROM TO INC SKY SKZ TYPE
ECHO OPT VAL

The record MEMB is used to start a calculation. The other records describe the attributes of
an analysis. They have to be defined before MEMB.

The records HEAD, END and PAGE are described in the general manual SOFiSTiK: ”FEA /
STRUCTURAL Installation and Basics”.

A description of the individual records is given in the following sections.

3.3 Conversion of Projects

3.3.1 CADINP Commands
In this BDK version some CADINP commands have been replaced by new ones (SOFiSTiK
FEA 2014 → SOFiSTiK FEA 2018). Below, a list of the corresponding changes is provided, for
the right conversion of projects:

• CURV has been replaced by CTRL

• EIGE has been replaced by MEMB and LC

• ECHO BDK has been replaced by ECHO MEMB

3-2 SOFiSTiK 2018

 Input Description | BDK

3.4 CVA – Support at the beginning

See also: CVE, MEMB

CVA

Item Description Unit Default

CB Spring constant warping bi-moment kNm3 *

CY Spring constant for lateral kN/ m *
displacement y kN/ m *
CZ Spring constant for lateral
displacement z
DX Rotational spring constant Torsion kNm *
DY Rotational spring constant Moment My kNm *
DZ Rotational spring constant Moment Mz kNm *

As a default BDK employs a fork support condition.

The supports are in the local directions of the beam and are defined as spring constants
(positive values) or as fixities (negative values). The value -1.0 or the literal FIX represent a
fixed constraint.

These input values are active only for the subsequent MEMB input.

SOFiSTiK 2018 3-3

BDK | Input Description

3.5 CVE – Support at the end

See also: CVA, MEMB

CVE

Item Description Unit Default

CB Spring constant warping bi-moment kNm3 *

CY Spring constant for lateral kN/ m *
displacement y kN/ m *
CZ Spring constant for lateral
displacement z
DX Rotational spring constant Torsion kNm *
DY Rotational spring constant Moment My kNm *
DZ Rotational spring constant Moment Mz kNm *

As a default BDK employs a fork support condition.

The supports are in the local directions of the beam and are defined as spring constants
(positive values) or as fixities (negative values). The value -1.0 or the literal FIX represent a
fixed constraint.

These input values are active only for the subsequent MEMB input.

3-4 SOFiSTiK 2018

 Input Description | BDK

3.6 CVM – Intermediate Support

See also: CVA, CVE, CVL, MEMB

CVM

Item Description Unit Default

TYPE Node Selection Type LT -

SPT Structural Points
NODE FEM Nodes
NO Node number −/ !
CB Spring constant warping bi-moment kNm3 *
CY Spring constant for lateral displacement y kN/ m *
CZ Spring constant for lateral displacement z kN/ m *
DX Rotational spring constant Torsion kNm *
DY Rotational spring constant Moment My kNm *
DZ Rotational spring constant Moment Mz kNm *

The supports are in the local directions of the beam and are defined as spring constants
(positive values) or as fixities (negative values). The value -1.0 or the literal FIX represent a
fixed constraint.

A lateral-torsional restraint for e.g. SPT 1001 and NODE 1002 is defined by:

+PROG BDK
HEAD
! ...
CVM TYPE SPT NO 1001 CY FIX CZ FIX DX FIX
! ...
END

These input values are active only for the subsequent MEMB input.

SOFiSTiK 2018 3-5

BDK | Input Description

3.7 CVL – Lateral Restrains

See also: CVA, CVE, MEMB

CVL

Item Description Unit Default

REF Reference LT *

STRT Distance from Start of Member
END Distance from End of Member
MID Distance from Mid of Member
XI Relative position between Start and End of
Member [from 0 to 1]
S Distance / Position m/ − 0
CY Spring constant for lateral displacement y kN/ m *
DX Rotational spring constant Torsion kNm *
HDIV Equal partitioning of beam, e.g. HDIV 3 will split the − *
member on three equal parts

The supports are in the local directions of the beam and are defined as spring constants
(positive values) or as fixities (negative values). The value -1.0 or the literal FIX represent a
fixed constraint.

+PROG BDK
HEAD
! ...
CVL REF STRT S 1.0 CY FIX DX FIX
CVL REF MID S 0.5 CY FIX DX FIX
CVL REF END S 0.5 CY FIX DX FREE
CVL REF XI S 0.4 CY FIX DX FREE
CVL HDIV 4 CY FREE DX FIX
! ...
END

These input values are active only for the subsequent MEMB input.

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 Input Description | BDK

3.8 CV – Continuous support

See also: MEMB

CV

Item Description Unit Default

DX Torsional support kNm/ m 0

CY Support in local y-direction kN/ m2 0
CZ Support in local z-direction kN/ m2 0

For the torsional support the user has to manually add the flexural stiffness of the flange to the
value DX, for the case where the support is created by the support CX or CY.

These input values are active only for the subsequent MEMB input.

SOFiSTiK 2018 3-7

BDK | Input Description

3.9 TVAR – Template Variables

See also: CTRL

TVAR

Item Description Unit Default

NAME Name of a variable Lt16 !

VAL Value of the variable or Lt64 !
expression in the format ”=expression”
SCOP Scope of variable − *
If specified, the variable will be saved to the database
CMNT Comment to the variable Lt32 -

SOFiSTiK variables, defined via STO# or LET# are globally valid. For more complex tasks, it
becomes necessary to define variables valid only within a scope. TVAR allows a very general
definition of those numeric variables within a freely selectable scope. The definition of literals
or the definition of tables or functions is not possible.

There is a range of variables in the Eurocodes allowing to adopt national factors called boxed
values. They are defined in the INI files in general. A survey of the accepted names is given in
the file master.ini.

For special cases, these values may be defined with TVAR. If for example a change of the
material safety factor is required, for the design according to a specific National Annex, then it
is possible to specify the factor GAM-S for SCOP DESI:

+PROG BDK
HEAD
NORM DC "EN" NDC "1993-2005"
TVAR NAME GAM-S VAL 1.1 SCOP DESI
! ...
END

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 Input Description | BDK

3.10 CTRL – Controlling Parameters

CTRL

Item Description Unit Default

OPT A literal from the following list: LT -

EN EN 1993-1-1
DIN DIN 18800-2 / OEN 4300
BS BS 5950
CURV Lateral torsional buckling curve − AUTO
SCL Cross section class − AUTO
BETA Additional parameter for analysis option − 0.75
LLT0 Additional parameter for analysis option − 0.4
TAB Additional parameter for analysis option − NO
BMY Moment coefficient for lateral torsional buckling pri- − *
mary bending
BMZ Analogous transverse bending − *
BMZ − *
BMQY Moment from transverse load in global y-direction − 1.35
BMQZ Analogous transverse bending − 1.35
SFAC System factor n − 2.5
LCST Loadcase number for results − -
SWY Sway in y direction (EC 3, Method 2) − NO
SWZ Sway in z direction (EC 3, Method 2) − NO
LTB Susceptible to torsional deformations (EC 3, Method − AUTO
2)
MTHD EN 1993-1-1, Method 1 or 2 − 1
1 EN 1993-1-1, Method 1 (Annex A)
2 EN 1993-1-1, Method 1 (Annex B)

3.10.1 EN 1993-1-1

EN Description Unit Default

CURV Lateral torsional buckling curve: − AUTO

a, b, c, d or AUTO (Chapter 6.3.2)
SCL Cross section class: − AUTO
1, 2, 3 or AUTO (Ch. 6.3.2.3 Rolled or equivalent welded
sections)
Table continued on next page.

SOFiSTiK 2018 3-9

BDK | Input Description

EN Description Unit Default

G1, G2, G3 or AUTO:G (Chapter 6.3.2.2 General case)

BETA β (Chapter 6.3.2.3) − 0.75
LLT0 λLT,0 (Chapter 6.3.2.3) − 0.4
TAB Correction factor kc from Table 6.6 (Chapter 6.3.2.3). YES − NO
activates the table
LCST Load case number for results − -
SWY Sway in y direction (EC 3, Method 2) − NO
SWZ Sway in z direction (EC 3, Method 2) − NO
LTB Susceptible to torsional deformations (EC 3, Method 2) − AUTO
MTHD EN 1993-1-1, Method 1 or 2 − 1
1 EN 1993-1-1, Method 1 (Annex A)
2 EN 1993-1-1, Method 1 (Annex B)

3.10.2 DIN 18800-2 / OEN 4300

DIN Description Unit Default

BMY βMy moment coefficient for lateral torsional buckling pri- − *

mary bending (Chapter 3.5.1, Tab. 11)
BMZ βMz analogous transverse bending − *
BMQY βM,Qy moment from transverse load in global y-direction − 1.35
(Chapter 3.5.1, Tab. 11)
BMQZ βM,Qz analogous transverse bending − 1.35
SFAC System factor n (Chapter 3.3.4, Tab. 9) − 2.5
LCST Load case number for results − -

3.10.3 BS 5950

BS Description Unit Default

SCL Cross section class: 1, 2, 3 or AUTO − AUTO

BMY βMy moment coefficient for lateral torsional buckling pri- − *
mary bending (Chapter 4.3.6.6, Tab. 18)
BMZ βMz analogous transverse bending − *
LCST Load case number for results − -

The control values according to DIN 18800-2, EN 1993-1-1, BS 5950-1, can be defined with
this input record.

For design according to EN 1993-1-1 and BS 5950-1, a cross-section class is needed. An

automatic cross section classification is performed with respect to AQB. No separate run of the

3-10 SOFiSTiK 2018

 Input Description | BDK

module AQB is needed. Then this AQB-deliverd class is taken over as default for the design.
If this is not the case, then a class 3 will be assumed. For design according to EN 1993-1-
1, a class of G1-G3 can be defined, corresponding to class 1-3, but design with respect to
EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2.2 denoted as "general case". If design according to EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2.3
(default case), is to be performed, then cross-section class 1-3 has to be input. Input AUTO
treats cross-section class respectively to EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2.3 while AUTO:G - respectively to
EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2.2. As already mentioned, BDK may also treat class 4 cross sections. If the
section is classifed as 4, the non effective parts according EN 1993-1-5 will be calculated and
taken into account.

Since the default case for lateral torsional buckling design according to EN 1993-1-1, is done
with respect to section 6.3.2.3, the values of β and λLT,0 are chosen from the file for the design
code (INI file) mostly with 0.75 and 0.4, respectively. If design according to section 6.3.2.2 is
requested through the cross-section class G1-G3, then β and λLT,0 are chosen 1.0 and 0.2,
respectively, leading to the simplification of equation 6.57 to 6.56.

The lateral torsional buckling curve is equivalently determined from tables 6.4 and 6.5. For
rolled steel shapes of I-section, if no curve is specified, an automatic determination is per-
formed, taking into account the ratio of h/b. For classification of these sections as welded,
a zero root radius has to be input in the cross-section definition (see AQUA record PROF).
In case the automatic determination is not able to deliver a curve for the type of the cross-
section, a default type d is assumed, corresponding to "other cross-sections" as denoted in EN
1993-1-1, Table 6.4.

The correction factor kc (EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2.3), is by default calculated by BDK and not taken
by the limited eight only cases that are provided in EN 1993-1-1, Table 6.6. According to DIN
EN 1993-1-1, C1 = kc−2 holds. This enables the option to determine a more representative
value for kc , according to the moment distribution of the system under consideration, through
the eigenvalue analysis and the C1 factor. In case the user wants to limit the solution to the
eight cases presented in EN 1993-1-1, Table 6.6, then CTRL TAB YES has to be provided and
both kc and C1 will be derived by the table values.

With the option of CTRL LCST a loadcase number can be provided, where the results of
enveloping of the corresponding loadcases and members, i.e. the maximum utilisation level
for the designed members, will be stored and can then be represented in WinGRAF or Result
Viewer. If CTRL LCST 0 is input, then any further design will not be considered to the previous
LCST specified.

These input values remain active for the subsequent MEMB-inputs, as long as they are not
newly defined.

SOFiSTiK 2018 3-11

BDK | Input Description

3.11 LC – Selection of the Loadcase to be Designed

See also: MEMB

LC

Item Description Unit Default

NO Loadcase number 1

LC activates a loadcase. LC is used to select the loadcases to be designed. Loadcases

should consist of calculated loadcases and their respective loads. Superimposed loadcases
are usually not proper.

3-12 SOFiSTiK 2018

 Input Description | BDK

3.12 MEMB – Selection of the Elements to be Designed

See also: LC, CVA, CVE, CVM, CV, CVL, CTRL

MEMB

Item Description Unit Default

REF Reference type LT CONT

BEAM Beam number
SLN Structural line number
TRUS Truss number
CONT Continuation record
FROM First element number or structural line − 1
TO Last element number − FROM
INC Increment of element number − 1
SKY Effective buckling length factor for major axis bending − -
SKZ Effective buckling length factor for transverse bending − -
TYPE FLEX Centric compression LT LAT
LAT Major axis bending
LTB Combined bending and axial compression
ID Design-Element: Identification number − SLN No.

The ID number represents the Design Element number. If nothing is defined BDK will automat-
ically try to use the SLN Number as ID. In case the user has defined a sequence of Structural
lines and nothing is defined, then BDK will randomly use an ID that is available.

+PROG BDK
HEAD Example
! ...
! ID = 3 for SLN 5 (User defined)
MEMB SLN 5 TYPE LTB ID 3

! ID = 6 (BDK - automatic)
MEMB SLN 6 TYPE LTB

! ...
END

For every MEMB record an analysis is made for the selected series of beams or trusses.
Therefore an MEMB record must always come last in the input order, because it concludes
the input definition of the requested analysis. A series of beams or trusses should generally
not have any supports, bends or extreme point loads between its endings, because only a
continuous deflection curve is generated.

SOFiSTiK 2018 3-13

BDK | Input Description

The input option CONT serves as a continuation line, offering the possibility to enter a number
of different elements to be considered in the designed member. For example, the following
input would process the member consisting of structural lines 5, 3, 11:

+PROG BDK
HEAD Example
! ...
MEMB SLN 5 TYPE LTB
CONT 3
CONT 11
! ...
END

For the buckling design, further eigenvalue analyses may be performed internally for the deter-
mination of the critical loads, depending on the specified standard. This is done independently
of the specification of the MEMB input.

3-14 SOFiSTiK 2018

 Input Description | BDK

3.13 ECHO – Control of Output

ECHO

Item Description Unit Default

OPT A literal from the following list: LT -

FORC Design forces and moments
SECT Sectional values
MAT Materials
BOUN Support conditions
EIGE Buckling eigenvalues
MEMB Buckling Resistance of Steel Members
SUM Summary of the results
FULL Select all the options
DESE Design elements
CLAS Cross-Section Classification

VAL Extent of the Output LT -

NO No output
YES Normal output
FULL Extended output
EXTR Extreme extended output

All options have a normal extent of output as default, except of EIGE with a default of no output
and SUM with an extreme output as default. The effect of the individual options can be seen in
Chapter 4: Output Description.

SOFiSTiK 2018 3-15

BDK | Input Description

3-16 SOFiSTiK 2018

 Output Description | BDK

4 Output Description

4.1 Design Forces and Moments

This table contains the design forces and moments for each beam section.

DESIGN FORCES AND MOMENTS

Beam Beam number

x[m] x-value of the beam section
SNo Cross-section number
N[kN] Normal force
Vy[kN] Shear force
Vz[kN] Shear force
Mt[kNm] Torsional moment
My[kNm] Bending moment
Mz[kNm] Bending moment
Mb[kNm2] Warping moment
Mt2[kNm] Secondary torsional moment

ECHO FORC

NO Table is not printed

YES Table is printed

4.2 Sectional Values

SECTIONAL VALUES

SNo Cross-section number

Mat Material number
A[m2] Cross-sectional area
It[m4] Torsional moment of inertia
CM[m6] Warping resistance
Iy[m4] Area moment of inertia
Iz[m4] Area moment of inertia
N-pl,Rd[kN] Design plastic resistance to normal forces
N-c,Rk[kN] Characteristic value of resistance to compression
M-pl,y,Rd[kNm] Design plastic resistance to bending moments

SOFiSTiK 2018 4-1

BDK | Output Description

M-pl,y,Rk[kNm] Characteristic value of resistance to bending mo-

ments
M-pl,z,Rd[kNm] Design plastic resistance to bending moments
M-pl,z,Rk[kNm] Characteristic value of resistance to bending mo-
ments

ECHO SECT

NO Table is not printed

YES Table is printed

4.3 Materials

MATERIALS

Mat Material number

E Young’s modulus
G Shear modulus
f-y Yield stress

ECHO MAT

NO Table is not printed

YES Table is printed

4.4 Support Conditions

4.4.1 Start/End

START/END

S Beginning of beam
E End of beam
CB[kNm3] Warping moment
CY[kN/ m] Displacement
CZ[kN/ m] Displacement
DX[kNm] Torsion
DY[kNm] Rotating spring
DZ[kNm] Rotating spring

positive values are real spring constants

4-2 SOFiSTiK 2018

 Output Description | BDK

negative values are fixities (-1.0 = fully fixed)

4.4.2 Continuous

CONTINUOUS

DX[kNm/ m] Torsional bedding

CY[kN/ m2] Bedding in local y-direction
CZ[kN/ m2] Bedding in local z-direction

4.4.3 Intermediate

INTERMEDIATE

Position[m] Section position

CB[kNm/ m] Warping
CY[kN/ m2] Displacement in local y-direction
CZ[kN/ m2] Displacement in local z-direction
DX[kNm/ m] Torsion
DY[kN/ m2] Rotation in local y-direction
DZ[kN/ m2] Rotation in local z-direction

4.4.4 Lateral

LATERAL

Position[m] Section position

DX[kNm/ m] Torsion
CY[kN/ m2] Displacement in local y-direction

ECHO BOUN

NO Table is not printed

YES Table is printed

4.5 Buckling eigenvalues

The buckling eigenvalues are given out in a table.

BUCKLING EIGENVALUES

TYPE Type of eigenvalue analysis

No. Eigenvalue number

SOFiSTiK 2018 4-3

BDK | Output Description

Buckling factor Buckling factor

ECHO EIGE

NO Table is not printed

YES Table is printed

4.6 Cross section Classification

The cross section classification is presented in a table.

Maximum width-to-thickness ratios for compression parts

Position section position

ε factor depending on fy
σ (z-), σ (z+) stress at extreme upper/lower fibre
c width or depth of a part of a cross-section or outer
diameter of circular tubular sections
t thickness
c/t maximum c/t or d/t-ratio
c/t-lim limit of stress distribution in cross-section parts
SCL cross-section class
ψ stress ratio
k-σ buckling factor

ECHO EIGE

NO Table is not printed

YES Table is printed

4.7 Buckling Resistance of Steel Members

4.7.1 EN 1993-1-1

DESIGN VALUES

Selection Selection type and element or sequence to be de-

signed
Length[m] Total length of the selected member
SNo Cross-section number
SCL Cross-section class
γ-M1 Partial safety factor

4-4 SOFiSTiK 2018

 Output Description | BDK

Loadcase Loadcase number

N-Ed [kN] Maximum compressive force ( < = 0.0)
M-y,Ed [kNm] Absolute maximum moment My
M-z,Ed [kNm] Absolute maximum moment Mz

FLEXURAL BUCKLING/TORSIONAL BUCKLING

N-cr [kN] Elastic critical flexural buckling force

L-cr [m] Comparative buckling length
y − y, z − z Buckling curve for a cross-section
α Imperfection factor
λ Non-dimensional slenderness
χ Reduction factor for flexural buckling
N-b,Rd [kN] Design buckling resistance of a compression mem-
ber

LATERAL BUCKLING

M-cr [kNm] Elastic critical moment for lateral torsional buckling

C-1 Moment factor, depending on bending moment di-
agram and support conditions
LTB Recommended lateral torsional buckling curve
α -LT Imperfection factor for lateral torsional buckling
λ-LT Slenderness for lateral torsional buckling
λ-LT0 Plateau length for the lateral torsional buckling
curve
-LT Value to determinate the reduction factor
β Correction factor for the lateral torsional buckling
curve
χ-LT Reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling
k-c Correction factor for moment distribution
f Modification factor
χ-LT,mod Modified reduction factor for lateral torsional buck-
ling
M-b,Rd [kNm] Design buckling resistance moment

SOFiSTiK 2018 4-5

BDK | Output Description

INTERACTION FACTORS

k-yy, k-yz, k-zy, k-zz Interaction factors

AUXILIARY TERMS

λ-0 Non-dimensional slenderness for lateral torsional

buckling due to uniform bending
N-cr,T[kN] Elastic critical torsional buckling force
C-my,0, C-mz,0 Equivalent uniform moment factor

CHECK OF FLEXURAL BUCKLING/TORSIONAL BUCKLING

n-y N-Ed / N-b,y,Rd

n-z N-Ed / N-b,z,Rd

CHECK OF LATERAL BUCKLING

m-y M-y,Ed / M-b,Rd

CHECK OF LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

n-y N-Ed / N-b,y,Rd

n-z N-Ed / N-b,z,Rd
m-y M-y,Ed / M-b,Rd
m-z M-z,Ed / M-b,Rd
nm-y Buckling resistance according to EN 1993-1-1, Eq.
6.61
nm-z Buckling resistance according to EN 1993-1-1, Eq.
6.62

ECHO MEMB

NO No printing of results

4-6 SOFiSTiK 2018

 Output Description | BDK

YES Only design values table and corresponding utili-

sation table is printed according to type FLEX, LAT,
LTB
FULL All tables are printed

4.7.2 DIN 18800/ OEN 4300

DESIGN VALUES

Selection Selection type and element or sequence to be de-

signed
Length[m] Total length of the selected member
SNo Cross-section number
γ-M1 Partial safety factor
Loadcase Loadcase number

min-N[kN] Maximum compressive force ( < = 0.0)

NKi-bdk Lateral torsional buckling load according to the
elasticity theory
NKi-y Euler-load primary bending according to the elas-
ticity theory
NKi-z Euler-load lateral bending according to the elastic-
ity theory
NKi,d Applied branching load/γ for design
NKi-(Eig) Normal force due to the smallest factored load from
the numerical solution of the real beam

max-My[kN] Absolut maximum moment

max-Mz[kN] Absolut maximum moment
MKi,d Lateral torsional buckling moment according to the
elasticity theory, only due to the effects of the mo-
ments My
Eigenvalue Eigenvalue

Kappa-z Reduction factor for sway perpendicular to the

beam axis
Lambda-Kz Corresponding slenderness ratio, only due to com-
pression

SOFiSTiK 2018 4-7

BDK | Output Description

ky Coefficient used to consider the moment distribu-

tion My and the corresponding slenderness ratio
Lambda-Kz
kz analogous to y
ay Coefficient
az Ccoefficient
Kappa-M Reduction factor for the lateral torsional buckling
Lambda-M Corresponding slenderness ratio, only due to
bending moment effects

Beta-My Moment coefficient to find the shape of the bending

moments My
Beta-Mz analogous to y
Beta-Mqy Moment shape coefficient for the lateral direction
Beta-Mqz analogous to y
System-Faktor System factor according to Table 9 DIN 18800 Part
2
Buckling Curves According to Table 4 DIN 18800 Part 2

CHECK OF TORS.-FLEXURAL BUCKLING

BDK Utilisation of the lateral torsional buckling safety

ECHO MEMB

NO No printing of results
YES Only design values table and utilisation table is
printed
FULL All tables are printed

4.8 Summary of the results

4.8.1 EN 1993-1-1

SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS

Selection Selection type and element or sequence to be de-

signed

4-8 SOFiSTiK 2018

 Output Description | BDK

Loadcase Loadcase number

n-y N-Ed / N-b,y,Rd
n-z N-Ed / N-b,z,Rd
m-y M-y,Ed / M-b,Rd
m-z M-z,Ed / M-b,Rd
nm-y Buckling resistance according to EN 1993-1-1, Eq.
6.61
nm-z Buckling resistance according to EN 1993-1-1, Eq.
6.62
Check Passed or Not passed

4.8.2 DIN 18800/ OEN 4300

SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS

Selection Selection of elements forming the member to be

designed
Loadcase Loadcase number
BDK Utilisation of the lateral torsional buckling safety
Check Passed or Not passed

4.8.3 BS 5950

SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS

Selection Selection type and element or sequence to be de-

signed
Loadcase Loadcase number
BDK Utilisation of the lateral torsional buckling safety
Check Passed or Not passed

ECHO SUM

NO Table is not printed

YES Table for globally maximum utilisation level will be
printed
FULL Table of utilisation level for every member will be
printed
EXTR Full table of utilisation level for every member and
every loadcase will be printed

SOFiSTiK 2018 4-9

BDK | Output Description

4-10 SOFiSTiK 2018

 Literature | BDK

Literature

[1] DIN 18800-2:2008. Stahlbauten, Teil 2: Stabilitätsfälle - Knicken von Stäben und Stabw-
erken. DIN. 2008.
[2] EN 1993-1-1:2005. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures, Part 1-1: General rules and
rules for buildings. CEN. 2005.
[3] BS 5950-1:2000. Structural use of steelwork in building, Part 1: Code of practice for design
- Rolled and welded sections. BSi. 2001.
[4] Chr. Petersen. Statik und Stabilität der Baukonstruktionen. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig,
1980.
[5] K. Roik, J. Carl, and J. Lindner. Biegetorsionsprobleme gerader dünnwandiger Stäbe.
Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, 1972.
[6] H. Schroeter. Berechnung idealer Kipplasten von Trägern veränderlicher Höhe mit Hilfe
Hermit’scher Polynome. Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für Bauingenieurwesen I, Heft 5
Technische Universität München, 1980.
[7] N. Boissonnade et al. Rules for Member Stability in EN 1993-1-1, Background documen-
tation and design guidelines. ECCS Technical Committee 8 - Stability. No. 119. 2006.
[8] R. Greiner and J. Lindner. “Interaction formulae for members subjected to bending and ax-
ial compression in EUROCODE 3 - the Method 2 approach”. In: Journal of Constructional
Steel Research 62 (2006), pp. 757–770.

SOFiSTiK 2018 4-11