PHYSIOLOGY

1. The molecules that allow cells to join and adhere to one another and or
objects are made of _____.(Protein)
2. When energy is being used to move a solute from low to high areas of
concentration, the process is called ______________.(active Transport)
3. Muscle tissue is characterized by the ability to _____.(Shorten)
4. The external ear and epiglottis are made of _____ cartilage(elastic)
5. True / False: Skeletal cartilage is avascular TRUE
6. The three functional classifications for joints are _____, _____, and _____.
(synarthrotic; amphiarthrotic;Diarthrotic)
7. Striations are seen in cardiac and skeletal muscle because the _____ are
_____.(myofilaments; aligned)
8. Place the following in order from small to large: myofibril, myofilament,
muscle, fascicle,muscle fiber.( myofilament, myofibril, muscle, fiber,
fascicle, muscle)
9. There are _____ cervical vertebrae, _____ thoracic vertebrae, and _____
lumbar vertebrae.( 7; 12; 5)
10. Receptors in body structures dedicated to receiving information from the
environment, such as the eyes and ears, are _____ receptors and the
structures themselves are called the _____ organs.( complex; special sense)
11. In the autonomic nervous system, the neurotransmitters are _____ and
_____, which can be _____ or _____ depending on the effector involved.
( acetylcholine; norepinephrine; excitatory; inhibitory)
12. Steroids, one of the two major hormone classes, are made from _____.
(Cholesterol)
13. The pituitary gland is suspended from (and connected to) the
_____(hypothalamus)
14. Homeostasis

refers to the unwavering control of a physiological setpoint.

refers to maintaining a stable internal environment. X

refers to maintaining a stable external environment.

A and B.

A and C.

15. Some neurons in the vagus nerve terminate on sinoatrial (pacemaker)

 cells in the heart. These neurons secrete acetylcholine, which
ultimately results in a decreased heart rate. This is an example of

endocrine control.

exocrine control.

hormonal control.

neural control. X

none of the above.

16. ATP

is formed during the hydrolysis of ADP.

is used by cells for the storage of energy.

represents the energy “currency” of all cells. X

A and C.

B and C.

17. When glucose is catabolised in the absence of oxygen,

pyruvate formed in glycolysis will generally be converted to lactate. X

pyruvate formed in glycolysis will generally be converted to acetyl

coenzyme A, which will enter the Krebs cycle.
 the number of ATP moles formed per mole of glucose will be less
than the number formed in the presence of oxygen.

A and C.

B and C.
18. Thick filaments in skeletal muscle are composed of

actin.

myosin.

troponin.

calmodulin.

tropomyosin.

19. In skeletal muscle, calcium facilitates contraction by binding to

tropomyosin.

actin.

troponin.

myosin.

the thick filament.

20. Which of the following is not true regarding the comparison of type I
(slow oxidative) and type II b (fast-glycolytic) skeletal-muscle fibres?
 Type I fibres have more abundant mitochondria.

Type I fibres fatigue more readily.

Type I fibres have more abundant myoglobin.

Type I fibres have more abundant capillaries.

Type I motor units contain fewer fibres than type IIb motor units.
21. John is a sprinter who specialises in quick and powerful bursts of speed
followed by periods of rest. Jim is a marathon runner who specializes
in long, steady runs. Compared to Jim, John is likely to have

legs with a larger diameter.

legs with a smaller diameter.

hypertrophy of type I muscle fibres.

A and C.

B and C.
22. Which of the following statements is not true of the endocrine system?

It is one of two major regulatory systems of the body.

It is composed of glands that secrete chemical messengers into the blood.

It is an important regulator of homeostatic mechanisms.

It influences and is influenced by the nervous system

 None of the above.
23. An ECG would be useful for determining a patient's

heart murmur.

stroke volume.

cardiac output.

blockage of conduction of electrical signals between the atria and the

ventricles.

none of the above.

24. Cardiac output is the

volume of blood pumped per minute by both ventricles.

volume of blood flowing through the systemic circulation each minute.

product of the number of heartbeats per minute and the volume

pumped per beat.

A and C.

B and C.
25. Inhalation/inspiration occurs as a result of

an upward movement of the diaphragm.

movement of the ribs closer together due to contraction

of the inspiratory/ inhalatory intercostal muscles.
 a downward movement of the diaphragm.

A and B.

B and C
26. During a physical examination, Joe learns that his resting tidal volume is
500 mL; his average resting respiratory rate is 12 breaths per minute; his
total lung capacity is 6000 mL; and his anatomic dead space is 150 mL.
Joe's resting alveolar ventilation is
72.0 L×min-1.

6.0 L×min-1.

4.2 L×min-1.

1.8 L×min-1.

0.5 L×min-1
27. Which of the following would cause a decrease in the binding affinity of
haemoglobin for oxygen?

Increased pH of the blood.

Increased temperature of the blood.

Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes.

A and B.

B and C.
28. Insulin

increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by muscle and

adipose-tissue cells.
 increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by most nerve cells.

decreases the uptake of amino acids by muscle cells.

A and B.

A and C.
29. Which of the following tissues is most dependent upon a constant blood
supply of glucose?

Liver.

Brain.

Adipose tissue.

Skeletal muscle.

Cardiac muscle.
30. Cardiac muscle tissue is also known as endocardium

A. True

B. False

31. The myocardium is mainly aerobic

A. True

B. False
32. The energy for the myocardium is mainly carbohydrates
A. True

B. False
33. Systole during heavy exercise is longer than diastole during heavy exericse

A. True

B. False
34. During heavy exercise, the heart beats at_ bpm

200

150

165

180

35. Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic

pressure

A. True

B. False
36. Long term regulation by the mean arterial blood pressure is influenced
by

The heart

The kidneys
 The adrenal glands

The circulatory system

37. One should stop exercise if their exercise induced ST segment is
greater than 1mm

A. True

B. False

38. The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute is known as
the _

End Volume Systole

Frank Starling Mechanism

Stroke volume

Cardiac output
39. The average cardiac output is 6 L/m

A. True

B. False

40. Plasma contains(check all that apply)

Ions

Proteins
 Hormones

Red blood cells

41. Max heart rate is found by subtracting ones age from 230

A. True

B. False
42. Endurance athletes typically have a stroke volume of 160 - 200 ml
during exercise

A. True

B. False
43. Increased HR is due to an increase in cardiac output

A. True

B. False
44. VO2 = Cardio Output x VO2 difference; which equation is this?

Fick Equation

Blow Resistance Equatio

Blood Flow Equation

Rick Equation

None of the above

45. During incremental exercise (check all that apply)
 Diastolic pressure increases

Diastolic pressure remains fairly constant

Systolic pressure increases

Systolic pressure drops

46. Receptors that are sensitive to muscle metabolites

Barorecptors

Heart mechanoreceptors

Muscle mechanoreceptors

Muscle chemoreceptors
47. Amount of air moved per breath (normal breathing)

Dead space ventilation

Breathing frequency

Alveolar ventilation

None of the above

48. The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs per min

Systemic ventilation

Dead space ventilation

 Pulmonary ventilation

Tidal volume
49. Hemoglobin has a higher affinity for O2 than myoglobin

A. True

B. False
50. In an untrained subject doing incremental exercise,
ventilation increases linearly up to

~50 - 75% VO2 max

~65 - 85% VO2 max

~50 - 60 % VO2 max

None of the above