PES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BANGALORE – SOUTH CAMPUS

Hosur Road, (1K.M. Before Electronic City), Bangalore – 560 100

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SCHEME AND SOLUTION – 2nd INTERNAL TEST

Subject : Basic Thermodynamics
Semester: 3
Sub. Code: 10ME33 Section: A, B &C
Name of the faculty : Dr. SSK / YTH / TG R

Q.No A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion which follows a relationship Marks
p = a + bV, where a and b are constants. The initial and final pressures are 1000 kPa 10
and 200 kPa respectively and the corresponding volumes are 0.20 m3 and 1.20 m3.
The specific internal energy of the gas is given by the relation u = l.5 pv – 85 kJ/kg
Where p is the kPa and v is in m3/kg. Calculate the net heat transfer and the
maximum internal energy of the gas attained during expansion
2. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three processes beginning at an initial state 10
where p1 = 1 bar, V1 = 1.5 m3 and U1 = 512 kJ. The processes are as follows:
(i) Process 1–2: Compression with pV = constant to p2 = 2
bar, U2 = 690 kJ
(ii) Process 2–3: W23 = 0, Q23 = –150 kJ, and
(iii) Process 3–1: W31 = +50 kJ. Neglecting KE and PE changes,
Determine the heat interactions Q12 and Q31.
3 a) derive expression for specific heat at constant volume and constant pressure. 05

The specific heat is defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a
substance by one degree. In general, this energy depends on how the process is executed. In
thermodynamics, we are interested in two kinds of specific heats: specific heat at constant
volume cv and specific heat at constant pressure cp. Physically, the specific heat at constant
volume cv can be viewed as the energy required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a
substance by one degree as the volume is maintained constant. The energy required todo the
same as the pressure is maintained constant is the specific heat at constant pressure cp. The
specific heat at constant pressure cp is always greater than cv because at constant pressure the
system is allowed to expand and the energy for this expansion work must also be supplied to the
system. Now we attempt to express the specific heats in terms of other thermodynamic
properties. First, consider a fixed mass in a stationary closed system
undergoing a constant-volume process (and thus no expansion or compression work is
involved). The conservation of energy principle ein _ eout _ _esystem for this process can be expressed
in the differential form as

dein _ deout _ du
The left-hand side of this equation represents the net amount of energy transferred to the
system. From the definition of cv, this energy must be equal to cv dT, where dT is the
differential change in temperature. Thus,

Cv dT = du at constant volume

Similarly, an expression for the specific heat at constant pressure cp can be obtained by
considering a constant-pressure expansion or compression process. It yields
4
5. A turbo compressor delivers 2.33 m3/s at 0.276 MPa, 43°C which is heated at this
pressure to 430°C and finally expanded in a turbine which delivers 1860 kW. During the
expansion, there is a heat transfer of 0.09 MJ/s to the surroundings. Calculate the turbine
exhaust temperature if changes in kinetic and potential energy are negligible.
6. Define Kelvin – Planck statement and Clausius statement of second law and show that they
are equivalent.

The Kelvin–Planck statement: It is impossible to construct a device that will operate in a cycle
and produce no effect other than the raising of a weight and the exchange of heat with a single
reservoir.

The Clausius statement: It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and
produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a cooler body to a hotter body
Two statements of the second law are equivalent. Two statements are equivalent if the truth of
either statement implies the truth of the other or if the violation of either statement implies the
violation of the other. That a violation of the Clausius statement implies a violation of the
Kelvin–Planck statement may be shown. The device at the left in Fig is a refrigerator that requires
no work and thus violates the Clausius statement. Let an amount of heat QL be transferred from
the low-temperature reservoir to this refrigerator, and let the same amount of heat QL be
transferred to the high temperature reservoir. Let an amount of heat QH that is greater than QL be
transferred from the high-temperature reservoir to the heat engine, and let the engine reject the
amount of heat QL as it does an amount of work, W, that equals QH − QL. Because there is no net
heat transfer to the low-temperature reservoir, the low-temperature reservoir, along with the heat
engine and the refrigerator, can be considered together as a device that operates in a cycle and
produces no effect other than the raising of a weight (work) and the exchange of heat with a
single reservoir. Thus, a violation of the Clausius statement implies a violation of the Kelvin–
Planck statement

.
7. A) Define COP of refrigerator and show that COP of heat pump is greater than the
COP of refrigerator by unity

The efficiency of a refrigerator is expressed in terms of the coefficient of performance (COP),

denoted by COPR. The objective of a refrigerator is to remove heat (QL) from the refrigerated
space. To accomplish this objective, it requires a work input of Wnet,in. Then the COP of a
refrigerator can be expressed as

The measure of performance of a heat pump is also expressed in terms of the coefficient of
performance COPHP, defined as

Adding COPs of both we get

7 B) what is a reversible process and irreversible process and explain the causes for
irreversibility.
A reversible process for a system is defined as a process that, once having taken place, can be
reversed and in so doing leave no change in either system or surroundings or A reversible
process is defined as a process that can be reversed without leaving any trace on the
surroundings. Processes that are not reversible are called irreversible processes.
Causes for irreversibility are :