Module 3

1
 Learning Units of Module 3
M3.1 Stress-Strain Concepts in Three-
Dimension

M3.2 Introduction to Anisotropic Elasticity

M3.3 Tensorial Concept and Indicial Notations

M3.4 Plane Stress Concept

2
Action of force (F) on a body

Figure: Action of force (F) on a body

3
Action of force (F) on a body

Figure: Stress at a Point

4
Action of force (F) on a body

Figure: Elements 3-dimensional stress. All stresses

have positive sense.
5
Global 1D Strain:

Figure: Global 1-dimensional strain.

6
Global 1D Strain:

Figure: Infinitesimal 1-dimensional strain.

7
Global 3D Strain:

Figure M3.1.4: General definition of 3D-strain

8
Global 3D Strain:

Figure M3.1.4: General definition of 3D-strain

9
 Stress-Strain Curve of Composites
¾Composite behavior:
Matrix yields, fibers take load
Failure at, εf but not catastrophic

10
 Lamina
Stress-Strain
Relationships

11
 Stress Components

9 components of stress:

σ ij i , j = 1, 2 , 3

12
 Types of Stress

1. Normal Stress i=j

2. Shear Stress i≠j

13
 Subscripts

• First subscript refers to direction of outer normal

• Second subscript refers to the direction in which
the stress acts

14
 Stress Cube

σ 22

σ 23 σ 21
σ 12
σ 32 1
σ 31 σ 13 σ 11
σ 33

3
15
 Stress Cube

2
σ2

τ 21
τ 23 τ12

τ 23
σ1
1
τ 31 τ13
σ3

3
16
 Strain

9 Corresponding to each stress component,

there is a strain component, εij describing
the deformation at a point.

9 Normal strains describe the extension per

unit length.

9 Shear strains describe distortional

deformation.

9 Tensor and Engineering Shear Strains

17
 STRESSES STRAINS
Tensor Contracted Tensor Contracted
Notation Notation Notation Notation
σ11 (σ1) σ1 ε11 (ε1) ε1

σ22 (σ2) σ2 ε22 (ε2) ε2

σ33 (σ3) σ3 ε33 (ε3) ε3

τ23 (σ23) σ4 γ23 = 2ε23 ε4

τ31 (σ31) σ5 γ31 = 2ε31 ε5

τ12 (σ12) σ6 γ12 = 2ε12 ε6

18
 General Formula

Stresses and strains are related to each

other. The most general form of this
relationship is:

σ ij = f ij ( ε 11 , ε 12 , ε 13 , ε 21 , ε 22 , ε 23 , ε 31 , ε 32 , ε 33 )

19
 Linear Elastic Material

⎧σ11 ⎫ ⎡C1111 C1122 C1133 C1123 C1131 C1112 C1132 C1113 C1121⎤⎧ε11 ⎫
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢C C2222 C2233 C2223 C2231 C2212 C2232 C2213 C2221⎥⎪ε22 ⎪
⎪ 22 ⎪ ⎢ 2211 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪σ33 ⎪ ⎢C3311 C3322 C3333 C3323 C3331 C3312 C3332 C3313 C3321⎥⎪ε33 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢C ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪⎪σ23 ⎪⎪ ⎢ 2311 C2322 C2333 C2323 C2331 C2312 C2332 C2313 C2321⎥⎪ε23 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎨σ31 ⎬ = ⎢C3111 C3122 C3133 C3123 C3131 C3112 C3132 C3113 C3121⎥⎨ε31 ⎬
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢C C1222 C1233 C1223 C1231 C1212 C1232 C1213
⎥
C1221⎥⎪ε12 ⎪
⎪ 12 ⎪ ⎢ 1211 ⎪ ⎪
⎪σ32 ⎪ ⎢C3211 C3222 C3233 C3223 C3231 C3212 C3232 C3213 C3221⎥⎪ε32 ⎪
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢C C1322 C1333 C1323 C1331 C1312 C1332 C1313
⎥⎪ ⎪
C1321⎥ ε13
⎪ 13 ⎪ ⎢ 1311 ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩σ21 ⎪⎭ ⎢⎣C2111 C2122 C2133 C2123 C2131 C2112 C2132 C2113 C2121⎥⎦⎪⎩ε21 ⎪⎭

20
 9 Stresses x 9 Strains =
81 Components in relationship

21
 Symmetry

σ ij = σ ji i≠j
and
ε ij = ε ji i ≠ j

22
 Symmetry

C ijkl = C jikl
and
C ijkl = C ijlk

6 Stresses x 6 Strains =
36 Components in relationship

23
Contracted Notation: Stresses

σ11 = σ1
σ22 = σ2
σ33 = σ3
σ23 = σ32 = σ4
σ31 = σ13 = σ5
σ12 = σ21 = σ6
24
Contracted Notation : Strains

ε11 = ε1
ε22 = ε2
ε33 = ε3
2ε23 = 2ε32 = γ 23 = γ 32 = ε4
2ε13 = 2ε31 = γ13 = γ 31 = ε5
2ε12 = 2ε21 = γ12 = γ 21 = ε6
25
 Hooke’s Law (Stiffness)

• S is the inverse of C. These equations

encompass all anisotropic crystalline behavior.

26
 Hooke’s Law (Stiffness)

σ i = C ij ε j i , j = 1, 2 ,Κ , 6
or
{σ } = [C ]{ε }

27
 Hooke’s Law

⎧σ1 ⎫ ⎡C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 ⎤⎧ε1 ⎫

⎪σ ⎪ ⎢C ⎥
C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 ε2⎪ ⎪
⎪ 2 ⎪ ⎢ 21 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪σ3 ⎪ ⎢C31 C32 C33 C34 C35 C36 ⎥⎪ε3 ⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
σ C
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ 41
4 C42 C43 C44 C45 C46 ⎥⎪ε4 ⎪
⎪σ5 ⎪ ⎢C51 C52 C53 C54 C55 C56 ⎥⎪ε5 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎩σ6 ⎭ ⎣C61 C62 C63 C64 C65 C66 ⎦⎩ε6 ⎭
28
 Hooke’s Law (Compliance)

ε i = S ij σ j i , j = 1, 2 ,Κ , 6
or
{ε } = [S ]{σ }

29
 Inverse Relationship

−1
S = C
[S] and [C] are symmetric matrices!

30
 Heterogeneous Composite

σ2 σ2

Equivalent Homogeneous Composite

σ2 σ2

31
 σ2 ε2

σ2 ε2
σ2 = C22 ε22
C22 → effective modulus .

stress strain
32
 Average Stresses and Strains

∫ σ i dV ∫ σ i dV
V V
σi = =
∫ dV V
V
i = 1, 2 ,Κ , 6
∫ ε i dV ∫ ε i dV
V V
εi = =
∫ dV V
V

33
 Average Values

{σ} = [C]{ε} We use the effective

(or average ) values
of stress, strain and
moduli when
and referring to lamina

{ε} = [S]{σ}
behavior.

34
Strain Energy Density

1
W = C ij ε i ε j
2
and
∂W
σi = = C ij ε j
∂ε i
35
Second Derivatives

2
∂ W
= C ij
∂ε i ∂ε j
and
2
∂ W
= C ji
∂ε j ∂ε i

36
Symmetry
Cij = C ji
and
Sij = S ji

37
 Symmetry: 21 Components

⎧σ1 ⎫ ⎡C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 ⎤⎧ε1 ⎫

⎪σ ⎪ ⎢ Μ C C ⎥
C24 C25 C26 ε2⎪ ⎪
⎪ 2⎪ ⎢ 22 23 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪σ3 ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ C33 C34 C35 C36 ⎥⎪ε3 ⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬
⎪σ4 ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ Λ C44 C45 C46 ⎥⎪ε4 ⎪
⎪σ5 ⎪ ⎢ Μ SYM Λ Λ C55 C56 ⎥⎪ε5 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎩σ6 ⎭ ⎣ Μ Λ Λ Λ Λ C66 ⎦⎩ε6 ⎭

38
 Monoclinic Material; 13 Components

⎧σ1 ⎫ ⎡C11 C12 C13 0 0 C16 ⎤⎧ε1 ⎫

⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪σ2 ⎪ ⎢ Μ C22 C23 0 0 C26 ⎥⎪ε2 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ 1 plane of
⎪⎪σ3 ⎪⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ C33 0 0 C36 ⎥⎪⎪ε3 ⎪⎪ symmetry
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬
⎪σ4 ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ Λ C44 C45 0 ⎥⎪ε4 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪σ5 ⎪ ⎢ Μ SYM Λ Λ C55 0 ⎥⎪ε5 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩σ6 ⎪⎭ ⎢⎣ Μ Λ Λ 0 0 C66 ⎥⎦⎪⎩ε6 ⎪⎭

39
Orthotropic Material: 9 Constants
Three planes of symmetry 3

y
θ
2

1
x
40
 Specially Orthotropic Material

Three planes of symmetry 1-2-3 Directions

are principal coordinate directions
corresponding to symmetry planes, as shown
on previous slide.

41
 Orthotropic Stiffness Matrix
9 Components

⎧σ1 ⎫ ⎡C11 C12 C13 0 0 0 ⎤⎧ε1 ⎫

⎪σ ⎪ ⎢ Μ ⎥
C22 C23 0 0 0 ε2⎪ ⎪
⎪ 2⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪σ3 ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ C33 0 0 0 ⎥⎪ε3 ⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
⎪σ4 ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ Λ C44 0 0 ⎥⎪ε4 ⎪
⎪σ5 ⎪ ⎢ Μ SYM Λ Λ C55 0 ⎥⎪ε5 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎩σ6 ⎭ ⎣ Μ Λ Λ Λ Λ C66 ⎦⎩ε6 ⎭
42
 Transversely Isotropic Material
Three planes of symmetry 3
2 and 3 directions the same.

y
θ
2

1
x
43
 Stiffness Matrix
5 Components

⎧σ1 ⎫ ⎡C11 C12 C12 0 0 0⎤ ε

⎧ 1⎫
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢ Μ C22 C23 0 0 0 ⎥⎪ε ⎪
⎪ ⎪
2 ⎢ ⎥⎪ 2 ⎪
⎪ 3⎪
σ ⎢ Μ Λ C22 0 0 0 ⎥⎪ε ⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ (C22 −C23) ⎥⎨ 3 ⎬
⎪σ4 ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ Λ
2
0 0 ⎥⎪ε4 ⎪
⎪σ5 ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ε ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ Μ SYM Λ Λ C66 0 ⎥⎪ 5 ⎪
⎩σ6 ⎭ ⎢⎣ Μ Λ Λ Λ Λ ⎥ ⎩ε
C66 ⎦ 6 ⎭
44
 Isotropic Material

Three planes of symmetry

1,2 and 3 directions the same.

45
 Stiffness Matrix
2 Components
⎡C11 C12 C12 0 0 0 ⎤
⎢ Μ C11 C12 0 0 0 ⎥
⎧σ1 ⎫ ⎢ ⎥⎧ε1 ⎫
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ C11 0 0 0 ⎥⎪ε2 ⎪
⎪ 2⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪σ3 ⎪ ⎢ Μ (C11 −C12) ⎥⎪ε3 ⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ Λ Λ 0 0
2 ⎥⎨ε4 ⎬
⎪σ4 ⎪ ⎢ (C11 −C12) ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪σ5 ⎪ ⎢ Μ SYM Λ Λ 0 ⎥⎪ε5 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ 2
⎥⎪⎩ε6 ⎪⎭
⎩σ6 ⎭ (C11 −C12) ⎥
⎢ Μ Λ Λ Λ Λ
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
46
 Anisotropic Material

⎧σ1 ⎫ ⎡C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16⎤⎧ε1 ⎫

⎪σ ⎪ ⎢ Μ C22 C23 C24 C25 C26⎥⎪ε2 ⎪
⎪ 2⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪σ3 ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ C33 C34 C35 C36⎥⎪ε3 ⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬
⎪σ4 ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ Λ C44 C45 C46⎥⎪ε4 ⎪
⎪σ5 ⎪ ⎢ Μ SYM Λ Λ C55 C56⎥⎪ε5 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎩σ6 ⎭ ⎣ Μ Λ Λ Λ Λ C66⎦⎩ε6 ⎭

47
 Anisotropic Material
Extension

⎧σ1 ⎫ ⎡C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16⎤⎧ε1 ⎫

⎪σ ⎪ ⎢ Μ C22 C23 C24 C25 ⎥⎪
C26 ε2 ⎪
⎪ 2⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪σ3 ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ C33 C34 C35 C36⎥⎪ε3 ⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬
σ
⎪ ⎪ ⎢
4 Μ Λ Λ C44 C45 C46⎥⎪ε4 ⎪
⎪σ5 ⎪ ⎢ Μ SYM Λ Λ C55 C56⎥⎪ε5 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎩σ6 ⎭ ⎣ Μ Λ Λ Λ Λ C66⎦⎩ε6 ⎭
48
 Anisotropic Material
Extension-Extension Coupling
Extension

⎧σ1 ⎫ ⎡C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16⎤⎧ε1 ⎫

⎪σ ⎪ ⎢ Μ C22 C23 C24 C25 ⎥⎪
C26 ε2 ⎪
⎪ 2⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪σ3 ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ C33 C34 C35 C36⎥⎪ε3 ⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬
⎪σ4 ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ Λ C44 C45 C46⎥⎪ε4 ⎪
⎪σ5 ⎪ ⎢ Μ SYM Λ Λ C55 C56⎥⎪ε5 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎩σ6 ⎭ ⎣ Μ Λ Λ Λ Λ C66⎦⎩ε6 ⎭
49
 Extension-Extension Shear-Extension
Coupling Coupling
Extension
⎧σ1 ⎫ ⎡C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16⎤⎧ε1 ⎫
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢ Μ C22 C23 C24 C25 ⎥⎪
C26 ε2 ⎪
⎪ 2⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪σ3 ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ C33 C34 C35 C36⎥⎪ε3 ⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬
⎪σ4 ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ Λ C44 C45 C46⎥⎪ε4 ⎪
⎪σ5 ⎪ ⎢ Μ SYM Λ Λ C55 C56⎥⎪ε5 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎩σ6 ⎭ ⎣ Μ Λ Λ Λ Λ C66⎦⎩ε6 ⎭
50
 Extension-Extension Shear-Extension
Coupling Coupling
Extension
⎧σ1 ⎫ ⎡C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16⎤⎧ε1 ⎫
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢ Μ C22 C23 C24 C25 ⎥⎪
C26 ε2 ⎪
⎪ 2⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪σ3 ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ C33 C34 C35 C36⎥⎪ε3 ⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬
⎪σ4 ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ Λ C44 C45 C46⎥⎪ε4 ⎪
⎪σ5 ⎪ ⎢ Μ SYM Λ Λ C55 C56⎥⎪ε5 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎩σ6 ⎭ ⎣ Μ Λ Λ Λ Λ C66⎦⎩ε6 ⎭
Shear
51
 Extension-Extension Shear-Extension
Coupling Coupling
Extension
⎧σ1 ⎫ ⎡C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16⎤⎧ε1 ⎫
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢ Μ C22 C23 C24 C25 ⎥⎪
C26 ε2 ⎪
⎪ 2⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪σ3 ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ C33 C34 C35 C36⎥⎪ε3 ⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬
σ
⎪ ⎪ ⎢
4 Μ Λ Λ C44 C45 C46⎥⎪ε4 ⎪
⎪σ5 ⎪ ⎢ Μ SYM Λ Λ C55 C56⎥⎪ε5 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎩σ6 ⎭ ⎣ Μ Λ Λ Λ Λ C66⎦⎩ε6 ⎭
Shear
Shear-Shear
Coupling
52
 Material Nonzero Terms Independent terms
3D
Anisotropic 36 21
Generally Orthotropic 36 9
Specially Orthotropic 12 9
Transversely Isotropic 12 5
Isotropic 12 2

2D
Anisotropic
Generally Orthotropic
Specially Orthotropic
Balanced Orthotropic
Isotropic
9 6
9 4
5 4
5 3
5 2

53
Uniaxial Load in Fiber Direction
σ1

σ1
54
 Resulting Strains
σ1
ε1 =
E1
σ1
ε2 = − ν12ε1 = − ν12
E1
σ1
ε3 = − ν13ε1 = − ν13
E1
γ12 = γ 23 = γ13 = 0 or ε6 = ε4 = ε5 = 0
55
 Transverse Load

σ2
σ2

56
 Resulting Strains

σ2
ε2 =
E2
σ2
ε1 = −ν 21ε 2 = −ν 21
E2
σ2
ε 3 = −ν 31ε 2 = −ν 31
E2
γ 12 = γ 23 = γ 13 = 0 or ε 6 = ε 4 = ε 5 = 0
57
 Shear Load
σ 12 = σ 6

σ 12 = σ 6

58
 Resulting Strains

σ6
γ 12 = ε6 =
G 12
ε 1 = ε 2 = ε 3 = γ 23 = γ 13 = 0
or
ε4 = ε5 = 0
59
 Engineering Material Properties
⎡ 1 ν21 ν31 ⎤
⎢ E − − 0 0 0 ⎥
E E
⎧ ε1 ⎫ ⎢ 1 2 3
⎥⎧ σ1 ⎫
ν 1 ν
⎪ ⎪ ⎢− 12 − 32 0 0 0 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪ ε2 ⎪ ⎢ E1 E2 E3 ⎥⎪σ2 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ν13 ν23 1 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪⎪ ε3 ⎪⎪ ⎢− E − E E3
0 0 0 ⎥⎪ σ ⎪
⎪ 3⎪
⎨ ⎬= ⎢ 1 2 ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
⎪γ23⎪ ⎢ 0 0 0
1
0 0 ⎥ ⎪τ23⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ G23 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪γ31⎪ ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎪τ31⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩γ12 ⎪⎭ ⎢ G31 ⎥⎪τ ⎪
⎢ 1 ⎥⎩ 12 ⎭
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎣ G12 ⎦
60
Engineering Material Properties
⎡ 1 ν21 ν31 ⎤
⎢ E − − 0 0 0 ⎥
E2 E3
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ ν12 1 ν32 ⎥
⎢− − 0 0 0 ⎥
⎧ε1 ⎫ ⎢ E1 E2 E3 ⎥ ⎧σ1 ⎫
⎪ε ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪σ2 ⎪
⎪ 2 ⎪ ⎢− ν13 − ν23 1
0 0 0 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪⎪ε3 ⎪⎪ ⎢ E1 E2 E3 ⎥ ⎪⎪σ3 ⎪⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥ ⎨σ4 ⎬
⎪ε4 ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 0
1
0 0 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪ε5 ⎪ ⎢ G23 ⎥ ⎪σ5 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎪σ ⎪⎪
⎪⎩ε6 ⎪⎭ ⎢ 1
0 0 0 0 0 ⎥⎩ 6⎭
⎢ G31 ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0
⎢⎣ G12 ⎥⎦
61
 Engineering Material Properties

E1 ,E2 ,E3 = Young's moduli in 1-, 2- and 3- directions

ν12 , ν13 , ν23 = Poisson's ratios (extension-extension coupling)

G23 ,G31 ,G12 = Shear moduli in 2- 3,3-1,and 1- 2 directions

62
 Symmetry

[S] = [C] −1

Due to Symmetry :
ν ij ν ji
=
Ei Ej
63
 1
∆2

2
σ L
σ
1

L
1
∆1

64
 σ
2
∆1
2
∆2

L 1

σ
L
65
1 σ 1 ν12 σ
ε1 = ε2 = −
E1 E1
1 σL 1 ν12 σL
∆1 = ∆2 = −
E1 E1

2 ν 21σ 2 σ
ε1 = − ε2 =
E2 E2
2 ν 21σL 2 σL
∆1 = − ∆2 =
E2 E2

66
 1 2
∆ 2 = ∆1
ν12 σL ν 21σL
− =−
E1 E2
ν 12 ν 21
=
E1 E2

67
 Inverse Relationship

[S ] = [C ] −1

[S] and [C] are symmetric matrices!

68
 Inverse Relationship

2
S 22S 33 − S 23 S13S 23 − S12S 33 S12S 23 − S13S 22
C11 = C12 = C13 =
S S S
2 2
S11S 33 − S13 S12S13 − S 23S11 S11S 22 − S12
C22 = C23 = C33 =
S S S
1 1 1
C44 = C55 = C66 =
S 44 S 55 S 66

2 2 2
S = S11S 22S 33 − S11S 23 − S 22S13 − S 33S12 + 2S12S 23S13

69
 Inverse Relationship
1 − ν 23 ν 32 1 − ν13 ν 31 1 − ν12 ν 21
C11 = C22 = C33 =
E2E3 ∆ E1E3 ∆ E1E2 ∆
C44 = G 23 C55 = G 31 C66 = G 12
ν 21 + ν 31ν 23 ν 12 + ν 32 ν13
C12 = =
E2E3 ∆ E1E3 ∆
ν 31 + ν 21ν 32 ν 13 + ν 12 ν 23
C13 = =
E2E3 ∆ E1E2 ∆
ν 32 + ν 12 ν 31 ν 23 + ν 21ν13
C23 = =
E1E3 ∆ E1E2 ∆
1 − ν12 ν 21 − ν13 ν 31 − ν 23 ν 32 − 2ν 21ν 32 ν13
∆=
E1E2 E3

70
Isotropic Material

E1 = E2 = E3 = E
E
G=
2 (1 + ν )
−1 < ν < 0.5
71
Orthotropic Material Constraints

S11 ,S 22 ,S 33 ,S 44 ,S 55 ,S 66 > 0
⇓
E1 , E2 , E3 ,G 23 ,G 31 ,G 12 > 0

72
 Orthotropic Material Constraints

C11 ,C22 ,C33 ,C44 ,C55 ,C66 > 0

⇓
(1 − ν 23ν 32 ) , (1 − ν13ν 31 ) , (1 − ν12ν 21 ) > 0
1 − ν12 ν 21 − ν13 ν 31 − ν 23 ν 32 − 2ν 21ν 32 ν13
∆= >0
E1E2 E3

73
Orthotropic Material Constraints

S 23 < S 22S 33
S13 < S11S 33
S12 < S11S 22

74
Orthotropic Material Constraints
(1 − ν 23ν 32 ) , (1 − ν13ν 31 ) , (1 − ν12ν 21 ) > 0
ν ij ν ji
= i, j = 1, 2, 3
Ei Ej

E2 E3 E1
ν 21 < ν 32 < ν13 <
E1 E2 E3
E1 E2 E3
ν12 < ν 23 < ν13 <
E2 E3 E1
75
 Plane Stress
Orthotropic Material
σ 3 = σ4 = σ5 = 0
or
σ 3 = τ 23 = τ 31 = 0

⎧ ε 1 ⎫ ⎡ S 11 S 12 0 ⎤ ⎧ σ1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ ε 2 ⎬ = ⎢ S 21 S 22 0 ⎨ σ2 ⎬
⎥
⎪γ ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 S 66 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ σ 12 ⎪⎭
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎣

76
 Plane Stress
Orthotropic Material

⎧ ε1 ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫ ⎡ S11 S12 0 ⎤ ⎧ σ1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪σ ⎪
⎨ε 2 ⎬ = ⎨ ε 2 ⎬ = ⎢S 21 S 22 0 ⎥⎨ 2⎬
⎪ε ⎪ ⎪ γ ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
S 66 ⎦ ⎩ τ12 ⎭
⎩ 6 ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎣

77
 Plane Stress
Orthotropic Material

⎧ε 3 ⎫ ⎧ ε 3 ⎫ ⎧S13 σ1 + S 23 σ 2 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ ε 4 ⎬ = ⎨ γ 23 ⎬ = ⎨ 0 ⎬
⎪ε ⎪ ⎪ γ ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪
⎩ 5 ⎭ ⎩ 31 ⎭ ⎩ ⎭

78
 Compliances :
1
S 11 =
E1
1
S 22 =
Compliance E2
ν 21 ν 12
S 12 = S 21 =− =−
E2 E1
1
S 66 =
G 12
79
Compliance

⎡ 1 ν12 ⎤
⎢ − 0 ⎥
⎢ E E1 ⎥ ⎧σ ⎫
⎧ ε1 ⎫ 1

⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ν12 ⎥⎪ ⎪ 1
1
⎨ε 2 ⎬ = ⎢ − 0 ⎥ ⎨σ 2 ⎬
⎪ε ⎪ ⎢ E 1 E2 ⎥ ⎪σ ⎪
⎩ 6⎭ ⎢ ⎥ ⎩ 6⎭
1
⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎢⎣ G 12 ⎥⎦

80
 Compliance

{ε} = [S ]{σ} Compliances:

S11 =
1
E1
1 * 1
S 22 = S =
44
E2 G 23
ν12 * 1
S12 = S 21 = − S =
55
E1 G 13
1
S 66 =
G 12
81
 Stiffness

{σ} = [Q]{ε}

82
 Lamina Stiffness Matrix

⎧ σ1 ⎫ ⎡ Q11 Q12 0 ⎤ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ 2 ⎬ = ⎢Q 21 Q 22 0 ⎥ ⎨ ε2 ⎬
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 ⎪ ⎪
Q 66 ⎦⎥ ⎩ γ 12 ⎭
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎣

83
 Stiffness Terms
S 22 E1
Q11 = =
(S 11S 22 − S 2
12 ) (1 − ν12ν 21 )
S11 E2
Q 22 = =
( 2
S11S 22 − S12 ) (1 − ν12ν 21 )
S12 ν12 E2
Q12 = Q 21 = − =
( 2
S11S 22 − S12 ) (1 − ν12ν 21 )
1
Q 66 = = G 12
S 66

84
Some Typical Properties

85
 E1 E2 G12
Material n12
(Msi) (Msi) (Msi)
T300/934
19.0 1.5 1.0 0.22
Graphite /Epoxy
AS/3501
20.0 1.3 1.0 0.3
Graphite /Epoxy
p-100/ERL 1962
68.0 0.9 0.81 0.31
Pitch Graphite /Epoxy
Kevlar® 49 /934
11.0 0.8 0.33 0.34
Aramid/Epoxy
Scotchply® 1002
5.6 1.2 0.6 0.26
E-glass/Epoxy
Boron/5505
29.6 2.678 0.81 0.23
Boron/Epoxy
Spectra® 900/826
4.45 0.51 0.21 0.32
Polyethylene/Epoxy
E-glass/470-36
3.54 1.0 0.42 0.32
E-glass/Vinylester
86
Generally Orthotropic Lamina
y
2

1
+θ
x

Positive Angle

87
Generally Orthotropic Lamina
y
2

x
−θ
1

Negative Angle

88
 Stress Element
σ 2 dA sin θ
y σ 12 dA sin θ
2

σ xy dA
1
σ 12 dAcosθ σ x dA
θ
θ
x
σ 1 dA cos θ

89
 Equilibrium

∑F x = σxdA − σ1dA cos θ − σ2dA sin θ

2 2

+ 2σ12dA sin θ cos θ = 0

∑F y = σxydA − σ1dA sin θ cos θ + σ2dA sin θ cos θ

+ σ12dA(sin2 θ − cos2 θ) = 0

90
 Stress Transformation

2 2
σ x = σ1 cos θ + σ 2 sin θ − 2σ12 sin θ cos θ

(
σ xy = σ1 sin θ cos θ − σ 2 sin θ cos θ + σ12 cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
Similar derivation for σy

91
 Transformation in Matrix Form

⎧ σx ⎫ ⎡ cos 2 θ 2
sin θ − 2 cos θ sin θ ⎤ ⎧ σ 1 ⎫
⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎨ σy ⎢
⎬ = sin θ
2 2
cos θ ⎥
2 cos θ sin θ ⎨ σ 2 ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪⎭ ⎢⎣ cos θ sin θ − cos θ sin θ cos θ − sin θ ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ σ 12 ⎪⎭
2 2
⎪⎩ σ xy

92
 Condensed Matrix Form

⎧ σ x ⎫ ⎡c2 s 2 −2cs ⎤ ⎧ σ1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎨ σy ⎬ = ⎢s c 2cs ⎥ ⎨σ 2 ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ cs −cs c 2 − s 2 ⎥ ⎪σ ⎪
σ
⎩ xy ⎭ ⎣ ⎦⎩ 6⎭

c = cos θ and s = sin θ

93
 Transformation Matrix: [T]

⎧ σx ⎫ ⎧ σ1 ⎫ ⎧ σ1 ⎫ ⎧ σx ⎫
⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
−1 ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σy ⎬ = [T] ⎨ σ2 ⎬ or ⎨ σ2 ⎬ = [T]⎨ σy ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩σxy ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩σ12 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩σ12 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩σxy ⎪⎭

94
 ⎡c 2
s − 2cs ⎤
2

⎢ ⎥
[T] = ⎢ s c
−1 2 2
2cs ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢cs − cs c 2 − s2 ⎥
Matrices ⎣ ⎦
⎡c 2
s 2cs ⎤
2

⎢ ⎥
[T] = ⎢ s c − 2cs ⎥
2 2

⎢ ⎥
⎢ − cs cs c 2 − s2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
95
 ⎧ ε ⎫ ⎡c 2 s2 − 2 cs ⎤ ⎧ ε 1 ⎫
Strain ⎪ x
⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢s2 ⎪ ⎪
⎨ εy ⎬= c 2
2 cs ⎥ ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
⎪γ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎢ cs 2 2 ⎥ γ 12
− cs c − s ⎦ ⎪
⎪⎩ xy 2 ⎪⎭ ⎣ ⎩ 2 ⎪⎭
or
⎧ ε ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ x ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ −1 ⎪ ⎪
⎨ εy ⎬ = [T ] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
⎪γ ⎪ ⎪γ ⎪
⎪⎩ xy 2 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ 12 2 ⎪⎭

96
 ⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ σ1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ x
−1 ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T] ⎨ σ 2 ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪τ ⎪
Stress τ
⎩ xy ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭
and and
Strain ⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
⎪ εx ⎪ ⎪ ε1 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ −1 ⎪ ⎪
⎨ εy ⎬ = [ T] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪γ ⎪
⎪ γ xy ⎪ ⎪⎩ 12 2 ⎪⎭
⎩ 2 ⎭

97
 ⎧ ⎫
⎧ ε1 ⎫ ⎡ 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎪ ε1 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ε ⎪
ε
⎨ 2⎬ ⎢= 0 1 0 ⎥⎨ 2 ⎬
⎪ γ ⎪ ⎢0 0 2⎥ ⎪ γ ⎪
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪ 12 ⎪
⎩ 2⎭
Stress ⎧ ⎫
⎧ ε ⎫ ⎡1 0 0⎤ ⎪ ε ⎪
and ⎪ x⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪
x
⎪
Strain ⎨ εy ⎬ = ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⎨ εy ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎢0 0 2⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ γ xy ⎭ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪ γ xy ⎪
⎩ 2 ⎭
Reuter's Matrix:
⎡1 0 0⎤
[ R ] = ⎢⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 2 ⎥⎦
98
 Lamina Stiffness Matrix

⎧ σ1 ⎫ ⎡ Q11 Q12 0 ⎤ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ 2 ⎬ = ⎢Q 21 Q 22 0 ⎥ ⎨ ε2 ⎬
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 Q 66 ⎦⎥ ⎩⎪ γ 12 ⎭⎪
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎣

99
 Stiffness Terms

S 22 E1
Q11 = =
(S S
11 22 − S 2
12 ) (1 − ν12ν 21 )
S11 E2
Q 22 = =
(S S
11 22 − S 2
12 ) (1 − ν12ν 21 )
S12 ν12 E2
Q12 = Q 21 = − =
(S S
11 22 − S 2
12 ) (1 − ν12ν 21 )
1
Q 66 = = G 12
S 66

100
 ⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ σ1 ⎫
⎪ x
⎪ −1 ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [T ] ⎨ σ 2 ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪σ ⎪
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭
⎧ σ1 ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ 2 ⎬ = [Q ] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
⎪σ ⎪ ⎪γ ⎪
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ x
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T ] [Q ] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
−1

⎪ ⎪ ⎪γ ⎪
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭
101
⎧ ε1 ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ ε 2 ⎬ = [R ] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
⎪γ ⎪ ⎪γ 2⎪
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭
⎧ ε1 ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ −1 ⎪ ⎪
⎨ ε 2 ⎬ = [R ] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
⎪γ 2⎪ ⎪γ ⎪
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭

102
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ x
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T ] [Q ] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
−1

⎪ ⎪ ⎪γ ⎪
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭
⎧ ε1 ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ ε 2 ⎬ = [R ] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
⎪γ ⎪ ⎪γ 2⎪
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ x
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T ] [ Q ][ R ] ⎨ ε 2
−1
⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪γ 2 ⎪⎭
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ 12
103
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ x
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T ] [ Q ][ R ] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
−1

⎪ ⎪ ⎪γ 2⎪
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭

⎧ ε1 ⎫ ⎧ ε ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ x
⎪
⎨ ε 2 ⎬ = [T ] ⎨ ε y ⎬
⎪γ 2⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎩ γ xy 2 ⎭
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ ε ⎫
⎪ x
⎪ ⎪ x
⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T ] [ Q ][ R ][ T ] ⎨ ε y ⎬
−1

⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ γ xy 2 ⎭
104
⎧ ε ⎫ ⎧ε ⎫
⎪ x
⎪ −1 ⎪
x
⎪
⎨ ε y ⎬ = [R ] ⎨ ε y ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ γ xy 2 ⎭ ⎩ γ xy ⎭
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ ε ⎫
⎪ x
⎪ ⎪ x
⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T ] [ Q ][ R ][ T ] ⎨ ε y ⎬
−1

⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ γ xy 2 ⎭
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ε ⎫
⎪ x ⎪ ⎪ x ⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T ] [ Q ][ R ][ T ][ R ]
−1 −1
⎨ εy ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ γ xy ⎭
105
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ε ⎫
⎪ x ⎪ ⎪ x ⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T ] [ Q ][ R ][ T ][ R ]
−1 −1
⎨ εy ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ γ xy ⎭

[ R ][ T ][ R ] = [T ]
−1 −T

-T = in verse tran sp ose

106
General Stress-Strain Behavior

⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ε ⎫
⎪ ⎪ x
−T ⎪
x
⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T] [ Q ][ T] ⎨ ε y ⎬
−1

⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
σ
⎩ ⎭xy γ
⎩ xy ⎭

[Q ] = [T] [Q][T]
−1

107
 Stress-Strain Behavior

⎧ σx ⎫ ⎡ Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 ⎤ ⎧ ε x ⎫
⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪
⎨ σy ⎬ = ⎢ Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 ⎥ ⎨ ε y ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩ σ xy ⎪⎭ ⎢⎣ Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ γ xy ⎪⎭

108
 Explicit Relationships

Q11 = Q11 cos 4 θ + Q 22 sin 4 θ + 2 ( Q12 + 2Q 66 ) sin 2 θ cos 2 θ

(
Q12 = ( Q11 + Q 22 − 4Q 66 ) cos 2 θ sin 2 θ + Q12 sin 4 θ + cos 4 θ )
Q 22 = Q11 sin 4 θ + Q 22 cos 4 θ + 2 ( Q12 + 2Q 66 ) sin 2 θ cos 2 θ

109
 Explicit Relationships

Q16 = (Q11 − Q12 − 2Q66 ) cos3 θ sin θ

+ (Q22 − Q12 − 2Q66 ) cos θ sin θ
3

Q26 = (Q11 − Q12 − 2Q66 ) cos θ sin 3 θ

+ (Q22 − Q12 − 2Q66 ) cos θ sin θ
3

Q66 = (Q11 + Q22 − 2Q12 − 2Q66 ) cos θ2 sin 2 θ

+ Q66 (cos θ + sin θ)
4 4

110
 Stress-Strain Behavior

⎧ εx ⎫ ⎡ S 11 S 12 S 16 ⎤ ⎧ σ x ⎫
⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪
⎨ εy ⎬ = ⎢ S 12 S 22 S 26 ⎥ ⎨ σ y ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩ γ xy ⎪⎭ ⎢⎣ S 16 S 26 S 66 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ σ xy ⎪⎭

111
Stress-Strain Behavior

⎡⎣ S ⎤⎦ = [ T] [ S ][ T]
T

⎧ε ⎫ ⎧σ ⎫
⎪ ⎪ x
⎪ ⎪ x

⎨ ε y ⎬ = ⎡⎣ S ⎤⎦ ⎨ σ y ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎭γ xy σ
⎩ xy ⎭

112
Inverse Relationship

[ Q ] = [S ] −1

[S ] = [ Q ] −1

Symmetric matrices!

113
 Explicit Relationships

S11 = S11 cos4 θ + S 22 sin 4 θ + (2S12 + S66 )sin 2 θ cos2 θ

S12 = (S11 + S 22 − S66 ) cos θ sin θ + S12 (sin θ + cos θ)
2 2 4 4

S22 = S11 sin 4 θ + S 22 cos4 θ + (2S12 + S66 )sin 2 θ cos2 θ

114
 Explicit Relationships

S16 = (2S11 − 2S12 − S66 ) cos θ sin θ

3

+ (2S 22 − 2S12 − S66 ) cos θ sin 3 θ

S26 = (2S11 − 2S12 − S66 ) cos θ sin θ 3

( )
+ 2S 22 − 2S12 − S66 cos θ sin θ
3

S66 = 2(2S11 + 2S 22 − 4S12 − S66 ) cos θ sin θ

2 2

+ S66 (cos θ + sin θ)

4 4

115
 Engineering Constants

1 1 1
S11 = S22 = S66 =
Ex Ey G xy
ν xy ν yx
S12 = − =−
Ex Ey
ηxy ,x ηx ,xy ηxy ,y ηy ,xy
S16 = = S26 = =
Ex G xy Ey G xy

116
Engineering Constants

S16
= ηxy ,x
S11

S26
= ηy ,xy
S66

117
 Coefficients of Mutual Influence

η x , xy and η y , xy
Coefficients of mutual influence of the first kind
Characterize stretching in the x or y direction
caused by shear stress in the xy plane.
εx
η x , xy = for σ xy = τ all other stresses = 0
γ xy

118
 Coefficients of Mutual Influence

η xy , x and η xy , y
Coefficients of mutual influence of the second kind.
Characterizes shearing in the xy plane caused by
normal stress in the xy plane.
γ xy
η xy , x = for σ x = σ all other stresses = 0
εx

119
 Engineering Constants

1 1 4 ⎡ 1 2ν12 ⎤ 2 2 1 4
= c +⎢ − ⎥ sc + s
Ex E1 ⎣ G12 E1 ⎦ E2
1 1 4 ⎡ 1 2ν12 ⎤ 2 2 1 4
= s +⎢ − ⎥ sc + c
Ey E1 ⎣ G12 E1 ⎦ E2

120
 Engineering Constants

⎡ ν12 4 4 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 2 2⎤
= Ex ⎢ (c + s ) − ⎢ +
1 1
− ⎥ sc ⎥
νxy ⎣ E1 ⎣ E1 E2 G12 ⎦ ⎦
⎡2 2 4ν12 1 ⎤2 2 1 4 4
1
Gxy
= 2⎢ + + − ⎥ sc + (c +s )
⎣ E1 E2 E1 G12 ⎦ G12

121
 Engineering Constants

⎡ ⎡ 2 2 ν 12 1 ⎤ 3 ⎡ 2 2 ν 12 1 ⎤ 3 ⎤
η xy , x = Ex ⎢ ⎢ + − ⎥ sc − ⎢E + − ⎥s c⎥
⎣ ⎣ E1 E1 G 12 ⎦ ⎣ 2 E1 G 12 ⎦ ⎦
⎡ ⎡ 2 2 ν 12 1 ⎤ 3 ⎡ 2 2 ν 12 1 ⎤ 3⎤
η xy , y = Ey ⎢⎢ + − ⎥ s c−⎢ + − ⎥ sc ⎥
⎣ ⎣ E1 E1 G 12 ⎦ ⎣ E2 E1 G 12 ⎦ ⎦
G xy G xy
η x , xy = η xy , x η y , xy = η xy , y
Ex Ey

122
T300/934 Graphite/Epoxy
140

120

100

80 Ex
Ey
60 Gxy

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

123
 Trig Identities
1
cos θ = ( 3 + 4 cos 2 θ + cos 4 θ )
4
8
1
sin θ = ( 3 − 4 cos 2 θ + cos 4 θ )
4
8
1
cos θ sin θ = ( 2 sin 2 θ + sin 4 θ )
3
8
1
cos θ sin θ = ( 2 sin 2 θ − sin 4 θ )
3
8
1
cos θ sin θ = (1 − cos 4 θ )
2 2
8
124
Alternate Form for Stiffness
Q 11 = U 1 + U 2 cos 2 θ + U 3 cos 4 θ
Q 12 = U 4 − U 3 cos 4 θ
Q 22 = U 1 − U 2 cos 2 θ + U 3 cos 4 θ
U2
Q 16 = sin 2 θ + U 3 sin 4 θ
2
U2
Q 26 = sin 2 θ − U 3 sin 4 θ
2
1
Q 66 = ( U 1 − U 4 ) − U 3 cos 4 θ
2

125
 Invariants
1
U1 = ( 3 Q 11 + 3 Q 22 + 2 Q 12 + 4 Q 66 )
8
1
U2 = (Q 11 − Q 22 )
2
1
U3 = (Q 11 + Q 22 − 2 Q 12 − 4 Q 66 )
8
1
U4 = (Q 11 + Q 22 + 6 Q 12 − 4 Q 66 )
8

126
Alternate Form for Compliances

S11 = V1 + V2 cos 2 θ + V3 cos 4 θ

S12 = V4 − V3 cos 4 θ
S 22 = V1 − V2 cos 2 θ + V3 cos 4 θ
S16 = V2 sin 2 θ + 2 V3 sin 4 θ
S 26 = V2 sin 2 θ − 2 V3 sin 4 θ
S 66 = 2 ( V1 − V4 ) − 4 V3 cos 4 θ

127
 Invariants

1
V1 = ( 3 S 11 + 3 S 22 + 2 S 12 + S 66 )
8
1
V2 = (S 11 − S 22 )
2
1
V3 = (S 11 + S 22 − 2 S 12 − S 66 )
8
1
V4 = (S 11 + S 22 + 6 S 12 − S 66 )
8

128
 Q 11

U4

2θ p

4θ p

U3 U1 U2

Q 11
129
Transversely Isotropic Material

E2 = E3
G 12 = G 13
ν 21 = ν 31
ν 23 = ν 32
E2
G 23 =
2 (1 + ν 32 )

130
Balanced Orthotropic Material

131
 Balanced Orthotropic Lamina

1. 0o and 90o cross-plies

2. Woven Materials
3. 3 Components
E1 = E2
Q11 = Q22
S11 = S 22

132