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LPU

ASSIGNMENT
NO1 OF
NETWORKS

SUBMITTED TO
SUBMITTED BY
MISS. JASLEEN VARUN
KATOCH
E
3801B53
BC
A-MCA

Q 1. Computer network is similar to distributed network


give your comment?
Ans 1.
A computer network, often simply referred to as a
network, is a group of computers and devices
interconnected by communications channels that
facilitate communications among users and allows users
to share resources. Networks may be classified according
to a wide variety of characteristics. A computer network
allows sharing of resources and information among
interconnected devices. In the 1960s, the Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA) started funding the
design of the Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network (ARPANET) for the United States Department of
Defense. It was the first computer network in the world.
[1] Development of the network began in 1969, based on
designs developed during the 1960s. Distributed
Networking is a distributed computing network system,
said to be "distributed" when the computer programming
and the data to be worked on are spread out over more
than one computer, usually over a network. Prior to low-
cost computer power on the desktop, computing was
centralized. Although such centers still exist, distribution
networking applications and data operate more
efficiently over a mix of desktop workstations, local area
network servers, regional servers, Web servers, and
other servers. A popular trend has been client/server
computing which is simply the view that a client
computer can provide certain capabilities for a user and
request others from other computers that provide
services for the clients. (The Web's Hypertext Transfer
Protocol is an example of this idea.)

Q 2. Client server network model is obsolescing peer to


peer networking why it so?
Ans 2.
The term client-server refers to a popular model for
computer networking that utilizes client and server
devices each designed for specific purposes. The client-
server model can be used on the Internet as well as local
area networks (LANs). Examples of client-server systems
on the Internet include Web browsers and Web servers,
FTP clients and servers, and DNS.
Client and Server Devices
Client/server networking grew in popularity many years
ago as personal computers (PCs) became the common
alternative to older mainframe computers. Client devices
are typically PCs with network software applications
installed that request and receive information over the
network. Mobile devices as well as desktop computers
can both function as clients. A server device typically
stores files and databases including more complex
applications like Web sites. Server devices often feature
higher-powered central processors, more memory, and
larger disk drives than clients.

Client-Server Applications
The client-server model distinguishes between
applications as well as devices. Network clients make
requests to a server by sending messages, and servers
respond to their clients by acting on each request and
returning results. One server generally supports
numerous clients, and multiple servers can be networked
together in a pool to handle the increased processing load
as the number of clients grows. A client computer and a
server computer are usually two separate devices, each
customized for their designed purpose. For example, a
Web client works best with a large screen display, while a
Web server does not need any display at all and can be
located anywhere in the world. However, in some cases a
given device can function both as a client and a server for
the same application. Likewise, a device that is a server
for one application can simultaneously act as a client to
other servers, for different applications. Some of the
most popular applications on the Internet follow the
client-server model including email, FTP and Web
services. Each of these clients features a user interface
(either graphic- or text-based) and a client application
that allows the user to connect to servers. In the case of
email and FTP, users enter a computer name (or
sometimes an IP address) into the interface to set up
connections to the server.
Local Client-Server Networks
Many home networks utilize client-server systems
without even realizing it. Broadband routers, for
example, contain DHCP servers that provide IP addresses
to the home computers (DHCP clients). Other types of
network servers found in home include print servers and
backup servers.
Client-Server vs Peer-to-Peer and Other Models
The client-server model was originally developed to
allow more users to share access to database
applications. Compared to the mainframe approach,
client-server offers improved scalability because
connections can be made as needed rather than being
fixed. The client-server model also supports modular
applications that can make the job of creating software
easier. In so-called "two-tier" and "three-tier" types of
client-server systems, software applications are
separated into modular pieces, and each piece is installed
on clients or servers specialized for that subsystem.
Client-server is just one approach to managing network
applications The primary alternative, peer-to-peer
networking, models all devices as having equivalent
capability rather than specialized client or server roles.
Compared to client-server, peer to peer networks offer
some advantages such as more flexibility in growing the
system to handle large number of clients. Client-server
networks generally offer advantages in keeping data
secure.

Q 3. If wireless and mobile wireless technology differs at


any point?
Ans 3.
Wireless Internet (WiFi) is used to share a broadband
connection like DSL in a small area while mobile
broadband connects devices directly to the Internet using
the mobile 3G network over a larger geographical area.
Both are used to access the Internet without a physical
network connection.
LAN vs WAN
Wireless Local Area Networking (LAN) refers to an over-
the-air networking protocol that connects compatible
devices together in a local area using the 802.11
networking standard that defines WiFi. Mobile
broadband refers to the 3G wide-area network (WAN),
which is used by mobile phones and other mobile
broadband-enabled devices to transmit and receive data
over large geographical distances.
Speeds
WiFi speeds vary from a top speed of 11 Megabits per
second (Mbps) on older 802.11b networks while newer
802.11n networks can reach up to 150 Mbps. In
comparison, 3G network averages about 1 Mbps,
depending on the carrier. For both WiFi and mobile
broadband connections, strength of signal affects the
data transfer speed.

Coverage
WiFi connections are very limited, defined by the range
of the wireless gateway used to project the signal. In
comparison, mobile broadband covers a larger
geographic area, with limitations defined by the mobile
company's coverage area.
Part B
Q 4. Multichannel transmission enhances communication
over network where as single transmission is quality
factor why?
Ans 4
Single channel per carrier (SCPC) refers to using a single
signal at a given frequency and bandwidth. Most often,
this is used on broadcast satellites to indicate that radio
stations are not multiplexed as subcarriers onto a single
video carrier, but instead independently share a
transponder. It may also be used on other
communications satellites, or occasionally on non-
satellite transmissions.
In an SCPC system, satellite bandwidth is dedicated to a
single source. This makes sense if it is being used for
something like satellite radio, which broadcasts
continuously. Another very common application is voice,
where a small amount of fixed bandwidth is required.
However, it does not make sense for burst transmissions
like satellite internet access or telemetry, since a
customer would have to pay for the satellite bandwidth
even when they were not using it.
Where multiple access is concerned, SCPC is essentially
FDMA. Some applications use SCPC instead of TDMA,
because they require guaranteed, unrestricted
bandwidth. As satellite TDMA technology improves
however, the applications for SCPC are becoming more
limited. A Multichannel Transmission Systems Operator-
Maintainer works directly on communication devices
and equipment that communicate through more than one
channel. They are responsible for installation, repair,
operation and maintenance check of these devices,
antennae and associated equipment.
Duties performed by Soldiers in this MOS include:
Installs, operates, and performs unit level maintenance
on multichannel line-of-site and tropospheric scatter
communications systems, antennas and associated
equipment. Analyzes BIT/BITE diagnostics to isolate
faults to the Line Replaceable Unit. Installs, operates,
performs strapping, restrapping, preventive
maintenance checks and services, and unit level
maintenance on communication security devices.
Operates and performs Preventive Maintenance Checks
and Services on assigned vehicles. Installs, operates, and
performs preventive maintenance checks and services on
assigned power generators.
Q 5. Role of windows 2003 server differs from role
played by windows xp over network. What are they?
Ans 5.
Windows Server 2003 (also referred to as Win2K3) is a
server operating system produced by Microsoft,
introduced on 24 April 2003. An updated version,
Windows Server 2003 R2, was released to
manufacturing on 6 December 2005. Its successor,
Windows Server 2008, was released on 4 February
2008.
According to Microsoft, Windows Server 2003 is more
scalable and delivers better performance than its
predecessor, Windows 2000.[2]
Windows XP is an operating system produced by
Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home
and business desktops, laptops, and media centers. It was
first released in August 2001, and is currently one of the
most popular versions of Windows. The name "XP" is
short for "eXPerience."[3]
Windows XP is the successor to both Windows 2000 and
Windows Me, and is the first consumer-oriented
operating system produced by Microsoft to be built on the
Windows NT kernel and architecture. Windows XP was
released for retail sale on October 25, 2001, and over 400
million copies were in use in January 2006, according to
an estimate in that month by an IDC analyst. It was
succeeded by Windows Vista, which was released to
volume license customers on November 8, 2006, and
worldwide to the general public on January 30, 2007.
Direct OEM and retail sales of Windows XP ceased on
June 30, 2008. Microsoft continued to sell XP through
their System Builders (smaller OEMs who sell assembled
computers) program until January 31, 2009. XP may
continue to be available as these sources run through
their inventory or by purchasing Windows 7 Ultimate,
Windows 7 Pro, Windows Vista Ultimate or Windows
Vista Business, and then downgrading to Windows XP.
The most common editions of the operating system are
Windows XP Home Edition, which is targeted at home
users, and Windows XP Professional, which offers
additional features such as support for Windows Server
domains and two physical processors, and is targeted at
power users, business and enterprise clients. Windows
XP Media Center Edition has additional multimedia
features enhancing the ability to record and watch TV
shows, view DVD movies, and listen to music. Windows
XP Tablet PC Edition is designed to run stylus
applications built using the Tablet PC platform.
Q 6. Signals needs to be amplified for long distance
transmission. Why?
Ans 6.
Of course, the signal gets weaker over time - it effectively
dissipates into the environment. But as long as the signal
were uncorrupted, one could wait until the signal arrived
at its destination to amplify it. The real problem is that
there is background noise, and after a certain point in the
loss of signal strength, the signal is no longer strong
enough to tell which is the signal and which is the noise.
While the signal is strong enough to tell the difference, we
can sort of 'repair' most real loss and recreate the pure
signal - especially if it is digital. Analog signals are more
difficult, and we can never regain the perfect signal, but
we can do pretty well. So we use 'repeaters' at intervals
that allow us to capture the information while it is still
'strong enough' to sort it from the background noise.

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