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General Biology I
Cell Structure and Function
The Nucleus
Nuclear pores keep nuclear material in, while allowing water, ions, and small
molecules to pass.
Chromatin
• The interior of the nucleus is filled with chromatin, DNA associated with proteins,
which form chromosomes for cell division.
Chromosomes are long strands of DNA and its associated proteins that become
“condensed” (thicker and shorter) for cell division.
Nucleolus
• “Little Nuclei”
Ribosomes
. • Located freely throughout the cytoplasm or associated with the nuclear envelope
and endoplasmic reticulum.
• A set of membrane bound organelles that connect the nucleus with the outside.
– Vesicles
•Membrane bound sacs that act as shuttles between to an from the organelles.
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The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
•Smooth ER
•Without ribosomes.
•Rough ER
•With ribosomes.
•Without ribosomes.
•Manufacture of lipids.
– Synthesizes polysaccharides
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Lysosomes
• Enclosed vesicles housing digestive enzymes (to break apart “food” subunits)
• Merge with food vacuoles to digest “food” into amino acids, fatty acids, and
monosaccharides.
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
• Allow eukaryotic cells to use oxygen in the otherwise anaerobic digestion of food,
obtaining 16x more ATP.
•Example: Muscles
Chloroplast
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