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The simplest turbines have one moving part, a rotor assembly, which is a
shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades, or the
blades react to the flow, so that they move and impart rotational energy to
the rotor. Early turbine examples are windmills and water wheels.
Gas, steam, and water turbines usually have a casing around the blades that
contains and controls the working fluid. Credit for invention of the steam
turbine is given both to the British Engineer Sir Charles Parsons (1854–1931),
for invention of the reaction turbine and to Swedish Engineer Gustaf de Laval
(1845–1913), for invention of the impulse turbine. Modern steam turbines
frequently employ both reaction and impulse in the same unit, typically
varying the degree of reaction and impulse from the blade root to its
periphery.
Claude Burdin coined the term from the Latin turbo, or vortex, during an
1828 engineering competition. Benoit Fourneyron, a student of Claude
Burdin, built the first practical water turbine.
TYPES OF TURBOINES:_
Steam turbines are used for the generation of electricity in thermal power
plants, such as plants using coal or fuel oil or nuclear power. They were once
used to directly drive mechanical devices such as ships' propellors (eg the
Turbinia), but most such applications now use reduction gears or an
intermediate electrical step, where the turbine is used to generate electricity,
which then powers an electric motor connected to the mechanical load. Turbo
electric ship machinery was particularly popular in the period immediately
before and during WWII, primarily due to a lack of sufficient gear-cutting
facilities in US and UK shipyards.
Shrouded turbine. Many turbine rotor blades have shrouding at the top, which
interlocks with that of adjacent blades, to increase damping and thereby
reduce blade flutter. In large land-based electricity generation steam
turbines, the shrouding is often complemented, especially in the long blades
of a low-pressure turbine, with lacing wires. These are wires which pass
through holes drilled in the blades at suitable distances from the blade root
and the wires are usually brazed to the blades at the point where they pass
through. The lacing wires are designed to reduce blade flutter in the central
part of the blades. The introduction of lacing wires substantially reduces the
instances of blade failure in large or low-pressure turbines.
Bladeless turbine uses the boundary layer effect and not a fluid impinging
upon the blades as in a conventional turbine.
Water turbines
Wind turbine. These normally operate as a single stage without nozzle and
interstage guide vanes. An exception is the Éolienne Bollée, which has a
stator and a rotor, thus being a true turbine.
[edit]Other
REACTION TURBINES
The reaction turbine, as the name implies, isturned by reactive force rather
than by a directpush or impulse. In reaction turbines, there areno nozzles as
such. Instead, the blades that projectradially from the periphery of the
rotor areformed and mounted so that the spaces betweenthe blades have,
in cross section, the shape ofnozzles. Since these blades are mounted
on therevolving rotor, they are called moving blades.Fixed or stationary
blades of the same shapeas the moving blades (fig. 10-18) are fastened tothe
stator (casing) in which the rotor revolves. Thefixed blades guide the gas into
the moving bladesystem and, since they are also shaped
andmounted to provide nozzle-shaped spaces betweenthe blades, the
freed blades also act as nozzles.A reaction turbine is moved by three
mainforces: (1) the reactive force produced on themoving blades as the
gas increases in velocity asit expands through the nozzle-shaped
spacesbetween the blades; (2) the reactive force producedon the
moving blades when the gas changesdirection; and (3) the push or
impulse of the gasimpinging upon the blades. Thus, as previouslynoted,
a reaction turbine is moved primarily byreactive force but also to some
extent by directimpulse.Impulse and reaction blades can be combinedto
form an impulse-reaction turbine. This turbinecombines the rotational
forces of the previouslydescribed turbines; that is, it derives its
rotationfrom both the impulse of the gas striking theturbine blades and
the reactive force of the gaS CHANGING DIRECTION.
USES:-
Almost all electrical power on Earth is produced with a turbine of some type.
Very high efficiency steam turbines harness about 40% of the thermal
energy, with the rest exhausted as waste heat.
Most jet engines rely on turbines to supply mechanical work from their
working fluid and fuel as do all nuclear ships and power plants.
Turbines are often part of a larger machine. A gas turbine, for example, may
refer to an internal combustion machine that contains a turbine, ducts,
compressor, combustor, heat-exchanger, fan and (in the case of one
designed to produce electricity) an alternator. Combustion turbines and
steam turbines may be connected to machinery such as pumps and
compressors, or may be used for propulsion of ships, usually through an
intermediate gearbox to reduce rotary speed.
Turbines can have very high power density (ie the ratio of power to weight, or
power to volume). This is because of their ability to operate at very high
speeds. The Space Shuttle's main engines use turbopumps (machines
consisting of a pump driven by a turbine engine) to feed the propellants
(liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen) into the engine's combustion chamber.
The liquid hydrogen turbopump is slightly larger than an automobile engine
(weighing approximately 700 lb) and produces nearly 70,000 hp (52.2 MW).
PELTON TURBINE:-
Pelton turbines are suited to high head, low flow applications. Typically, to
work this type of turbine, water is piped down a hillside so that at the lower
end of the pipe it emerges from a narrow nozzle as a jet with very high
velocity. The Pelton turbine can be controlled by adjusting the flow of water
to the buckets. In order to stop the wheel a valve is used to shut off the water
completely. Small adjustments, necessitated by alterations in the load on the
generator, are more safely made by a device which deflects part of the water
jet away from the buckets.
Pelton wheels are are used in storage power stations with downward
gradients up to 2,000 meters and can contain up to 6 nozzles. Compare with
the Francis turbine and the Kaplan turbine.
COMPRESSORS:-
Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and
both can transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the
compressor also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively
incompressible, so the main action of a pump is to pressurize and
transportCompressors are often described as being either open, hermetic, or
semi-hermetic, to describe how the compressor and motor drive is situated in
relation to the gas or vapour being compressed.
An open compressor has a motive drive which is outside of the system, and
provides drive to the compressor by means of an input shaft with suitable
gland seals. Open compressors driven by an input shaft can be powered by
various means, such as by an electric motor, or internal combustion engine or
turbine, or any other engine liquids.
Centrifu
gal compressors:-
Many large snowmaking operations (like ski resorts) use this type of
compressor. They are also used in internal combustion engines as
superchargers and turbochargers. Centrifugal compressors are used in small
gas turbine engines or as the final compression stage of medium sized gas
turbines. Sometimes the capacity of the compressors is written in NM3/hr.
Here 'N' stands for normal temperature pressure (20oC and 1 atm ) for
example 5500 NM3/hr.
Axial-flow compressor:-
The arrays of airfoils are set in rows, usually as pairs: one rotating and one
stationary. The rotating airfoils, also known as blades or rotors, accelerate
the fluid. The stationary airfoils, also known as stators or vanes, decelerate
and redirect the flow direction of the fluid, preparing it for the rotor blades of
the next stage.[1] Axial compressors are almost always multi-staged, with
the cross-sectional area of the gas passage diminishing along the compressor
to maintain an optimum axial Mach number. Beyond about 5 stages or a 4:1
design pressure ratio, variable geometry is normally used to improve
operation.
Axial compressors can have high efficiencies; around 90% polytropic at their
design conditions. However, they are relatively expensive, requiring a large
number of components, tight tolerances and high quality materials. Axial-flow
compressors can be found in medium to large gas turbine engines, in natural
gas pumping stations, and within certain chemical plantsDiagonal or mixed-
flow compressors
[edit]Axial-flow compressors
The arrays of airfoils are set in rows, usually as pairs: one rotating and one
stationary. The rotating airfoils, also known as blades or rotors, accelerate
the fluid. The stationary airfoils, also known as stators or vanes, decelerate
and redirect the flow direction of the fluid, preparing it for the rotor blades of
the next stage.[1] Axial compressors are almost always multi-staged, with
the cross-sectional area of the gas passage diminishing along the compressor
to maintain an optimum axial Mach number. Beyond about 5 stages or a 4:1
design pressure ratio, variable geometry is normally used to improve
operation.
Axial compressors can have high efficiencies; around 90% polytropic at their
design conditions. However, they are relatively expensive, requiring a large
number of components, tight tolerances and high quality materials. Axial-flow
compressors can be found in medium to large gas turbine engines, in natural
gas pumping stations, and within certain chemical plants.
[edit]Reciprocating compressors
Household, home workshop, and smaller job site compressors are typically
reciprocating compressors 1 1/2 hp or less with an attached receiver tank.
[edit]Scroll compressors
A scroll compressor, also known as scroll pump and scroll vacuum pump,
uses two interleaved spiral-like vanes to pump or compress fluids such as
liquids and gases. The vane geometry may be involute, archimedean spiral,
or hybrid curves.[10][11][12] They operate more smoothly, quietly, and
reliably than other types of compressors in the lower volume range
Often, one of the scrolls is fixed, while the other orbits eccentrically without
rotating, thereby trapping and pumping or compressing pockets of fluid or
gas between the scrolls.
[edit]Diaphragm compressors
Diaphragm compressors are used for hydrogen and compressed natural gas
(CNG) as well as in a number of other applications.
The prototype alternative fueling station was built in compliance with all of
the prevailing safety, environmental and building codes in Phoenix to
demonstrate that such fueling stations could be built in urban areas.