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Abstract—This paper presents case study of real time system 2002 [4]. It has been observed that Rajasthan Power System
operation to reduce losses with optimum utilization of existing is lacking ways of optimum reactive power management [5]
transmission system elements. West-North part of Rajasthan thus creating higher losses. Therefore different case study
power system having one 400 kV GSS, five 220 kV GSS and with simulations has been carried from previously recorded
nineteen 132 kV GSS have been selected to carry out case study literature methods and which are presently not actively taking
and simulated in PSSE software. Simulation model consists of 55 part in grid operations in Rajasthan State power system.
buses, 34 transmission lines, 66 transformers and 34 capacitor
banks. Total system load is 594.95 MW & 325.56 MVAR. Eight II. OBJECTIVES OF CASE STUDY
cases have been simulated considering the effect of transformer In power system, On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) is
tap position, closing of opened transmission lines and shunt attached with power transformers to change the tap ratio to
capacitors. From simulation studies it is found out that regulate the voltage in different grid conditions but due to
transmission losses are reduced by 50.36 % in addition to manual operation of OLTC sometimes it is not operated at few
improve network voltage profile and reduce loading.
Grid Substations (GSS). In this research paper, effect of
Keywords—Grid Substation; Transformer Tap Setting; Load flow change of transformers tap position on loading of transformers
studies; transmission loss reduction; voltage profile improvement. & lines, network voltage profile and system losses have been
simulated. Capacitor banks are installed at 33 kV bus of every
I. INTRODUCTION EHV GSS to improve the 33 kV bus power factor upto 0.98 in
Reactive power management is a fixed part of power peak load condition and operated as per loading condition of
system. India has one of the highest levels of electricity losses individual GSS. Under low load condition of a GSS , capacitor
in the world. Consistently research has been carried over role bank is kept out of circuit whereas particular area of power
of reactive power management in Rajasthan power system. By system is deficit of reactive power. In this research paper,
observing poor power factor of lines and transformers, higher under this scenario capacitor banks have been switched ON to
transmission losses, increased loading and poor voltage profile simulate the effect on grid parameters and losses. In Rajasthan
of the network. A case study of Rajasthan power system has power system 132 kV transmission system is radially operated
been presented and studied to evaluate transmission losses and to control the power flow in various system conditions.
to diagnosis the actual condition of real time system under Therefore, approximately one hundred fifteen 132 kV
operation. Therefore loss reduction of real time test system transmission lines are opened. These transmission lines are
through routine activities has been evaluated. From the used in contingency of grid. Moreover, parallel 220 kV
literature presented by early researchers improvements in transmission lines are got opened by State Load Despatch
terms of voltage profile and loss reduction could be achieved Center (SLDC) under high voltage condition. Due to
by effective coordination of equipment’s working at sub communication gap and responsibility, opened transmission
stations. lines are not taken in circuit when system voltage is under
control. In this research paper, effect of closing of opened
Losses have been increased drastically no concern is being transmission lines on loading of transformers & lines, network
carried for transformer tap position and transmission lines voltage profile and system losses have been simulated.
connection on/Off status etc. Evaluation of various literature
procedures has not yet been appropriately applied in Rajasthan III. TEST SYSTEM DATA
State Power System. As instructed by Carson W. Taylor static Simulation model have 55 buses comprising one 400 kV bus,
var compensators were designed specifically for transmission six 220 kV buses, twenty four 132 kV buses and twenty four
voltage regulation [2]. Genetic algorithm have also paved the 33 kV buses. Simulation model have 34 transmission lines
path for optimal reactive power dispatch proposed by W.N.W
comprising seven 220 kV voltage level and twenty seven 132
Abdullah H. Saibon [3] by scheduling reactive power in an
kV voltage level. There are total sixty six number of
optimum manner which reduces circulating VAR of system
and thus promoting consistent voltage profile and appreciable transformers are out of which two 400/220 kV, elven 220/132
MW saving. kV and fifty three 132/33 kV transformers. Thirty four
capacitors of 5.43 MVAR individual rating and total 184.62
Shunt capacitors compensation power loss reduction by MVAR capacities are connected to 33 kV buses. Single line
maintaining system voltage profile and reducing the lines and diagram of test system is placed at Fig-1.
transformer loading were briefed by A.A. Sallam et al. in
In Case I, one circuit of 220 kV D/C Bikaner –Gajner line is
opened which closed and again simulated while other
conditions remains unchanged. In Case I, five no of 132 kV
S/C lines are opened which closed and again simulated while
other conditions remains unchanged. In case IV the opened
220 kV and 132 kV circuits are closed. In case I, capacitor
banks at bus 39 & 42 are switched OFF which are switched
on. In case I, voltage of most of 220kV and 132kV buses are
below 0.95pu. Therefore, tap position of 400/220 kV
transformers is increased from 9 to 13 and 220/132kV
transformers at Gajner, Nokha, Badnu & Sridungargarh is
increased from 9 to 11 and at Bikaner from 9 to 13 and case is
simulated. In this case voltage of all 132kV & 220kV buses
are above 0.95pu. In case VI, voltage of 33kV bus no. 34, 35
Fig. 1 Single Line Diagram of Test System and 46 are below 0.95 pu. Therefore, tap position of 132/33kV
transformers connected to these buses is also increased from 9
Total system load is 594.95 MW and 325.56 MVAR having to 13 to increase voltage of these buses above 0.95pu. In case
constant power characteristic and connected at 33 kV voltage VIII firstly all, opened lines and shunt capacitor banks are
level. Detailed data of Simulation model are placed at closed and simulated. In case VI, voltage of 33kV bus no. 34,
Appendix-1. 35 and 46 are below 0.95 pu. Therefore, tap position of
IV. LOAD FLOW STUDY. 132/33kV transformers connected to these buses is also
Actual power flow on lines & transformers, 33 kV bus increased from 9 to 13 to increase voltage of these buses
load, bus voltage, transformer tap positions, operating status above 0.95pu. Results are plotted from fig. 2 to fig. 9.
of lines & capacitor banks for West-North part of Rajasthan
have been collected on 31.12.2016 at 1 PM. Actual operating
condition has been simulated in PSSE software. 400 kV Bus
of 400 kV GSS Bikaner is set as swing bus with 1.02 PU
voltage setting to carry out simulations. Load flow study
results with actual operating condition are plotted at Fig. 2 and
analyzed here under :-
Transmission losses are 22.219MW (3.734%) which are
higher than bench mark viz. 2 %.
Voltage of all buses is below 0.95 PU
Minimum bus voltage at 220kV, 132kV & 33kV are
0.8826PU, 0.7752PU & 0.7435PU respectively.
Swing bus power factor is 0.81
One 220kV and five 132kV transmission lines are opened.
Two capacitor banks are switched OFF.
All transformers tap position is at nominal. Fig. 2 Load Flow Results of Case I
To simulate the effect of change of transformers tap position,
closing of opened transmission lines and shunt capacitors,
following eight cases have been simulated in PSSE software :-
Case I Load flow study (LFS) for existing operating
condition
Case II LFS with closing of opened 220kV line
Case III LFS with closing of opened 132kV lines
Case IV LFS with closing of opened 220kV&132kV lines
Case V LFS with switching ON of switched OFF shunt
capacitor banks
Case VI Increase of tap position of 400/220 kV and
220/132 kV transformers
Case VII Increase of tap position of 400/220 kV, 220/132
kV & 132/33kV transformers
Case VIII Closing of opened lines & capacitor banks and
increase of tap position of transformers Fig. 3 Load Flow Results of Case II
Fig. 8 Load Flow Results of Case VII
Fig. 4 Load Flow Results of Case III
From Bus No. To Bus No. Id Total Tap Positions Full load loss (kW) Specified X (pu) Rating (MVA)
1 2 1 17 430 0.13 315
1 2 2 17 430 0.13 315
3 25 1 21 160 0.12 100
3 25 2 21 160 0.12 100
3 25 3 21 160 0.12 100
4 14 1 21 185 0.12 160
4 14 2 21 160 0.12 100
5 20 1 21 185 0.12 160
5 20 2 21 160 0.12 100
6 24 1 21 185 0.12 160
6 24 2 21 185 0.12 160
7 28 1 21 160 0.12 100
7 28 2 21 160 0.12 100
8 49 1 17 65 0.1 25
9 33 1 17 65 0.1 25
9 33 2 17 65 0.1 25
10 34 1 17 65 0.1 25
11 35 1 17 140 0.1 50
11 35 2 17 65 0.1 25
12 36 1 17 140 0.1 50
12 36 2 17 65 0.1 25
13 37 1 17 65 0.1 25
13 37 2 17 65 0.1 25
13 37 3 17 65 0.1 25
14 38 1 17 140 0.1 50
14 38 2 17 65 0.1 25
14 38 3 17 65 0.1 25
15 39 1 17 55 0.1 12.5
15 39 2 17 55 0.1 0
16 40 1 17 65 0.1 25
16 40 2 17 65 0.1 25
16 40 3 17 65 0.1 25
17 41 1 17 55 0.1 12.5
17 41 2 17 55 0.1 12.5
18 42 1 17 65 0.1 25
18 42 2 17 65 0.1 25
19 43 1 17 65 0.1 25
20 44 1 17 140 0.1 50
20 44 2 17 140 0.1 50