Professional Documents
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PRESENTED BY:
A.PRIYADHARSHINI M.Sc (N)
LECTURER,
JAI INSTITUTE OF NURSING AND RESEARCH,
GWALIOR.
DEFINITION:
Spina bifida (Latin: "split spine") is a
developmental congenital disorder caused by the
incomplete closing of the embryonic neural tube.
Some vertebrae overlying the spinal cord are not
fully formed and remain unfused and open.
If the opening is large enough, this allows a portion
of the spinal cord to protrude through the opening in
the bones.
There may or may not be a fluid-filled sac
surrounding the spinal cord.
INCIDENCE:
Spina bifida is one of the most common birth
defects, with an average worldwide incidence of
one to two cases per 1000 births, but certain
populations have a significantly greater risk.
Myelomeningocele is the most significant and
common form, and this leads to disability in most
affected individuals.
This condition is more likely to appear in females;
the cause for this is unknown.
CAUSES:
Maternal diabetes
Family history
Obesity
Increased body temperature from fever or external
sources such as hot tubs and electric blankets may
increase the chances of delivery of a baby with a spina
bifida.
Medications such as some anticonvulsants.
Pregnant women taking Valproic acid have an increased
risk of having children with spina bifida
Genetic basis.
Folic acid deficiency
EMBRYOLOGY:
Spina bifida is caused by the failure of the neural
tube to close during the first month
of embryonic development (often before the mother
knows she is pregnant).
Under normal circumstances, the closure of the
neural tube occurs around the 23rd (rostral closure)
and 27th (caudal closure) day after fertilization.
TYPES:
Spina bifida malformations fall into three categories:
spina bifida occulta
spina bifida cystica with meningocele
spina bifida cystica with myelomeningocele.
(The most common location of the malformations is
the lumbar and sacral areas)
SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA:
Occulta is Latin for "hidden". This is the mildest
form of spina bifida.
In occulta, the outer part of some of the vertebrae is
not completely closed.
The splits in the vertebrae are so small that the
spinal cord does not protrude.
The skin at the site of the lesion may be normal, or
it may have some hair growing from it; there may
be a dimple in the skin, or a birthmark.
The incidence of spina bifida occulta is
approximately 10% of the population, and most
people are diagnosed incidentally from spinal X-
rays
MENINGOCELE:
Physical Signs:
Orthopedic abnormalities (i.e., club foot, hip
dislocation)
Bladder and bowel control problems, including
incontinence, urinary tract infections, and poor renal
function.
Pressure sores and skin irritations
Speech therapy
IMMEDIATE CARE:
Place the child in prone position.
Cover the affected area with sterile gauze piece
dipped in normal saline.
Maintain hydration.
Hydrocephalus
Meningitis