Zero-sequence impedance in single-phase induction motor

by H C Chopra
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Committee in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering
Montana State University
© Copyright by H C Chopra (1948)
Abstract:
The purpose of this project was to bring to light more facts regarding the zero-sequence impedance in
single-phase induction motors.
It had been observed in the laboratory that while a three- phase induction motor (wye-connected and
neutral available) is running at certain speed, if we change the connections such that power is applied
between one line terminal and the neutral as shown in Fig. 1, the motor continues to run at one-third the
previous speed. This is the customary method of measuring the zero-sequence quantities and forms the
basis of this project.
In the following pages it has been shown that the zero- sequence impedance definitely exists in the
stator circuit, as well as in the rotor circuit of a single phase induction motor.
« The value of the. winding pitch is found to affect to certain extent the actual value of the
zero-sequence impedance. 
 Z2R 0-8BQBBNCE IMPEDABGB IB
SlMGLE-PHASE IBDUCTIOB'MOTOR

by

8 * CHOPRA

A TBE8I8 -

Submitted te the Graduate Committee

In

partial fulfillaeht of the requirements■

" for the degree of

' . ' - - '
Easter of S e i e n d e .i n rElee.trl^al.;Engineering

- . Montana State'College

I n Charge of M h J o r W p f k

a i r m a n / G n ^ n a t^Corniaittee

iontana
 y 3 7 f

cJ f P
i 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Abstract 3
Nomenclature 4

History and Introduction 5

Definition of the Zero-Sequence

Impedance and the related theory 5

Description of the Equipment ana the

Test Procedure 7

Assumptions 12

Mathematical Equations 15

Apparatus Specifications and the Test

Data 18

Connections 28

Calculations 43

Summary and Conclusion 47

Reference 48

K!
%

x
x
V' X I,' S=

■ ■>.
 3
ABSTBAG2

The purpose o f ■this project was to bring to light'more

facts regarding the zero-sequence impedance .in single-phase in­

duction motors »

Xt -had been observed In the laboratory that while a three-

phase induction motor (wye-connected and neutral available) is

running at certain speed. z if we change the connections such

that power is applied between one line' terminal and the. neutral

a s shown in Flg» I s the motor continues to run at one-third the

previous speed,. This is the customary method of measuring the

sere-Seqmeiice quantities and forms the basis of this project.®

In the following; pages it has been shown that the: hero-'

sequence impedance definitely euis.ts in the stator circuit5 as

w e l l as in the rotor circuit of a single.phase induction motor,

The value, of the. winding pitch is found to affect to certain

extent the actual value of the zero-sequence impedance^

 4
ROMBNCLATmE

Meanlne-_______ . . -

/ Superscript ■ Positire-sequeuee

- Superscript Regatire-sequince

■ o Superscript Zero-sequence

1 Subscript Stator circuit

2 Subscript. Botor circuit

e Subscript, or without any Stator and rotor circuit

subscript combined

an? bn? en. Subscript GorrespeBding terminal to

neutral •

S Subscript InduptlTC . '

.lmpedanee measured by single

■ phase- supply

3-0% Impedance measured by three

:
pha.se supply ■

Operator for rotation of

vector by 120°

S (in equations) Slip

S and M (in. Winding Diagram) South and Sorth pole res­

pectively

tj_5 tg? tgg X in .Winding Diagram) Starting point of the three

phases respectively

n (in Winding, Diagram) Weutral Feint

F . The factor a s .defined o n .

Page 24 .
 Z m o ^ E Q i m N O E IBPBBAEOE IB

EISIORY A m lNm<a)OCl%OB _ .

The general concept of -the gero«seqnenc.e ImperJance of a

single-phase induction motor% these days^ is that Ittis present

only- In the stator.circuit and none I n the rotor oireuit,. 'B h t ,

the previous, record does-, not shew m u c h work having been done

to give'a sufficiently positive, proof to this belief and.--&ore-

over certain observations In the lahcratory work did not agree

with this conception*. It was w i t h this aim of establishing.'a

..satisfactory interpretation of sero-sequence Impedance pertain-=

log to single-phase induction motors* that the wor k of this

project has been attempted* Ero m the experimental data and

the discussion thera-upoB, It w i l l be seen that th e %ere»sequenee

impedance does not consist of that i n the stator circuit only '

hut Is also present in the rotor circuit o f the single-phase

induction motor*. It seems desirable to- explain the term yEERO--

OEQDSNOE a to make the paper more explanatory in it-

self-e .
op zEEBsi z m o ^ ^ m ^ c E 1 # # ^ # A m 3 #

The term *^Zero-8equencey .owes its origin to the application

Of Symmetrical-Components theory to the solution of unbalanced -

polyphase circuits or balanced circuits with unbalanced terminal

conditions* in Electrical Engineering* Without going into much

detail* it would suffice to mention a theorm of the ^Symmetrical

Components1’ l*e*
 11Apy system of u n b a > a m e d 5 three phase currents, or voft^

. a g e s «, whose vector sum Is not zero may be represented by. two

symmetrical component systems .and one single phase system which.,

.have been given the- specific names as .belows

1# Po sitive-sequence component*

2* Begative-sequence component*

3* Zero^seqtaenee component*

A system of three symmetrical vectors I s .one in whi c h the three

vectors are equal In magnitude and are displaced from each other

b y equal angles*0 .

Ihe zero-seqnetice component consists of three equal vectors

i*e»* of the same'magnitude, a n d in the same direction* Also 11'

• - - • ■ .

■has been shown by EeSsers6.Wagpef and: Bvans in their book

I1S Z m m i R i a A L o m p o m a M l S 0 that I n symmetrical systems the

different sequences do not react upon -each other i*,e*.5 positive^

sequence, currents produce only positive sequence ‘voltages..^ . .

Pegative-Sequenee currents produce only negative' sequence volt-

'a g e s ;and zero-sequence currents produce only zero-sequence volt­

ages* Sow when voltage of a given sequence is applied, to a piece

of apparatus* a very definite current of the same, sequence flows

and the apparatus is said to -have a definite amount of Impedance

to the particular sequence* Ihus the impedance to zero— sequence

currents is called the zero-sequence impedance* In a similar

manner t h e .positive-sequence .impedance and the ne gative-sequence .

impedance are' defined*

 7

- Xt had .been observed I n the laboratory Shat while a .three-

phase induct ion motor, star-connected w i t h its neutral available „

9

is r u n n i n g i f the connections are changed, such that the power

is applied between on© line terminal and Bentral9 as in Fig? I 9 '

the motor continues to r m 9 but,, at one-third the previous speed*

then the Question, arose what did make the motor keep rimming?

Fr o m "where did it get its torque to continue to run if there are

n o 2ero-sequence currents in the rotor circuiti

A s Fig* I -ShGWS9 the three phases, of f he stator windings

are now in parallel and a single phase supply has been put across

its two e n d s 9 one' being the neutral a nd the other being one of

the" terminals,,. The three.'phases-'are' 120 degrees apart in space

but under these circumstances the same voltage vector i s .across

each of those and as such only the zero-sequence currents are'

in the circuit* As the motor keeps running*, it shows t h a t :there

is current flowing in the rotor circuit* Still sometimes it is

argued on the basis, of Fig. I and F i g , la that as t h e three;m.m.fs

are- 120 degrees apart and also equal in magnitude9 their sum is.

zero* which means there is nothing to. cause the currents to. flow|

and therefore zero-sequence impedance does not exist in the rotor

circuit.. All this led to the idea of making investigations as

to the actual presence of zero-sequence, impedance in the rotor

circuit or otherwise to find the cause of the motor having con­

tinued to r u n o
 8
On the basis of these observations? many different types

of three-phase induction motors were taken to collect sufficient

data for the purpose of discussion=, k single-phase winding is

considered to be a part of a h imaginary three-phase5 star-con­

nected winding under the conditions of Jhig=. 1» Further it "is

known that power taken by the motor under "91Ioeked Botor Iesttf.=,. _•

is almost entirely due to copper losses, increasing as the- square

of the current, Hie- iron losses are only- small evenb&t the maxi­

mum voltage employed In this particular test? because the iron

saturation takes place much below the normal working value of ,

the vdltase* Thus the readings of voltage and, current- give the

egalValent total impedance of the motor, l»e», the im­

pedance o f the stator and the rotor* Because the current taken

b y the motor will (Jepnsnd chiefly on the resistances of the wind­

ings^ & slight lack of symmetry may produce a .considerable i m ­

balance, the currents taken b y the three phases may hot

be equal. It is therefore found desirably to employ am,ammeter

-and a watt meter in- each line. ,

fhe single-phase winding is being considered as an imsgin-

ary three-phase case, to comply wit h the theory of symmetrical

components and under these conditions I^ & Ief- o, whereas

wh e n we employ the blocked rotor test on three-phase connections,

these conditions are not exactly fulfilled, because I# and I<,

are not each equal to zero=* Thne it looked logical to mea­

sure the impedance per phase of the motor b y applying single-

 9
phase supply to one of :the phases only? ,which satisfies the -eon-

ait I on . % vs. Ie. a. djk -it was thus observes that the- equivalent

Impedance per phase measured. I n 'these two-different'ways was

n o t 'necessarily always the s a m e lhese two values differed ■

to a lesser'or a greater degree? d e p e n d i n g ,upon the value' of ,.the ;

pitch?-.at full pitch the. two' values being lust the Sbmev for:

the sake of comparison.? both the sets of readings are recorded

for all the motors* As far a s ’,this project is concerned?, the

equivalent impedance Measured by the second method shall be

employed i n the calculations^ It may?, however? be noted that

the equivalent impedance obtained, by the. three-phase blocked?-

rotor test? itself is. equal to the positive sequence impedance

and. the negative sequence Impedanes.respectively under the -stand­

still conditions? Ipev9 when S. 1» '

:Ihe resistance of the stator windings can be -measured con-

veniently by. passing small? direct^current through them and then

determining the current and voltage» for this set of observations

a commercial, potentiometer was used to make the matter easy* It

- ' 1 1
is necessary to find the resistance of the stator circuit to find

separate stator impedmice and the rotor impedance from the equiv-

a lent impedance of t h e circuit*.

W h e n the M o c k e d Botor Test* is performed on th e 3ame

motor- with the connections -as shown..jn .Fig* I? and the current

and. voltage readings are recorded;.?."then: the equivalent zero- .

sequence impedance of the motor c a n be calculated* Ihus the .

 3.0

-nLocked Botor Testn was performed under two different conditions

o n different motors, (three-phase % star* connected and with the

neutral ,arallahle) :. . -

The mathematical treatment which Is ..'recorded on pages 15 to 17

also goes to prove the existence of zero^sequence: impedance §

both in the stator and the rotor circuit of a ;sliigle-»pha'se in­

duction Tnotgr5 w h e n considered on.the basis of an imaginary

three phase= '-It .was-first intended to make calculations for

the rotor reactance from the design, data of different motors

and compare w i t h :the experimental data, but the design data ,

Conld not b e procured from the manufacturers, quickly enoughc

■ For every motor'which .had beam picked up for collecting

experimental data in connection w t h ,this project,, a set of wind*-/

ing diagrams has been prepared* ■- Qne diagram shows the flow of

insta'nteneous current in the stator windings, whe n the connections

are as- shown in Big* I, i 6.e,».5 single*phase connections and the

other diagram shows the flow of current when the Connections'

are normal three-phase star - connections» These diagrams very

clearly show how the change in number of. poles takes place, i n '

case of every motor 9. when three-phase star-connections are • .'

changed to those of' .-Figs- I* It ma y be .-noted that the value of

pitch marked on both the diagrams for the same, motor, i s ;the- fp ,

value of pitch as in the ease of three-phase winding* "

tp, tg, t3 in the diagrams represent the starting points

of the three phases and n represents the neutral point« The

 A s c r i p t i o n of the connections in these winding diagrams is

given on page ^8 9 fox ready reference to trace and check the

direction of current in the different phases of the windings*

The dash <3> stands for the particular coil' and { $ } represents

-the end connection between two different eol3s in one phase of

the windings. Another point is worth mentioning here* regarding

these winding diagrams* I =e»,9 in single-phase connections 9 the

amount of current in all the coil arms is the same at all vhe

instants, with the result that where in a particular slot tha

upper and the lower coil arms carry current in opposite direct-

ions* they cancel each other’s effect completely* fhis is true

at any Instant* but in the case of three-phase connections* .

the picture is a little bit different* because the current In

the different phases very differently from instant to instants

However* it should be noticed that w h e n the situation is con­

sidered over a certain length of time* the average •net effect

of the current flowing in opposite directions in upper and lower

coil arms in certain slots* is zero* in tnis ease also*

Io ascertain the presence of current in the rotor circuit 9

under the conditions of ?lg. I, w i t h the rotor blocked, the

problem was attacked from a different angle 9 f ° f t was

planned to measure current and voltage across one of the rotor

bars. It came to be noticed that there w a s g u i t e an appreciable

amount of current* but the voltage was only a few millivolts. -

fhe current wave shape showed up very well on the cathode ray. ■;.
 12

oscilloscope screen^ but a little ',further working proved ttial

there was not power enough i n the. rotor bar circuitf. as to g i v e .

" a 1r a w "shape of sufficient amplitude ? o n the G 0 E« oscillograph o''

I n short this part of the -circuit needed power s as well a s volt­

age amplification and-in the absence' of some handy amplifie#^ •

under the circumstances3 it was decided to take, pictures of .

the wave shape on the oscilloscope screen* Io place the timing

wave shape and the one o f rotor bar circuit, together side by side $

an electronic switch w a s used#

■■ A s would be noticed from photographs Io». 2 and Be-* 4 S the ■ '

60 cycles timing wave shape is slightly distorted*. This was

Observed'to be caused by the electronic switch^ but the., rotor ,

. b a r wave shape- was however not effected in any w a y by it, lhese

pictures clearly show that the wave shape of the rotor bar Current

under both the conditions, Ioeti9 three-phase and the simple phase

is definitely of the fundamental, frequency and that n o third .or

fifth harmonics are involved# This Is thus in support of .our- .

considering the' vectors of the fundamental frequency*

.. A SSUMPTION .. .

The assumption that the equivalent reactance o f 'the motor

consists that of ■stator and the rotor, as equal part., is fairly

correct for a n average Slse motor=. The Westinghouse SlecttlC’

Company has some.different values, for the ratio of the statori

reactance ah', to- tiie rotor reactance. These, as noted below,, are.

taken.from their b o o k ? Factory Testing of- ,Sleetric .Apparatus=#-;

 wT&e value of %2. ^nd •Zg depend upon the class of the
; 'i .

motor.

Glass. A « Motors are normal torque 5. norma I" st a.rting-- cur :eent s '

sauirrel-cage motors and are frequently called general purpose

motors

Glass -By- Motors are normal, torque 9 low-starting-current ?

;.squirrel-cage motors^

Glass CmjMotors are high starting torque 9 ■low-startlng-curren t g

■ squirrel-cage, motors*,’.

motors are high-slip squirrel-cage motors

Two and Three Fhase Motors %2_

Oiass A
Glass- B
Class G - -
Class D ' .
Sound' Rotbr- '-" 8 ^ S:l£
wwaiii-rmn

This assumption-of allocating the reactance in ,equal part,

to -.both the stator and the rotor can further be extended to

apply to the. component parts (positive sequence^ the negative

sequence and the zero-sequence ) equally well as to the equivalent

impedance o’ For. this purpose,," the actual measured value of the

zero-sequence impedance .will "he employed. ■

The winding diagrams of. the different motors, under the -

two different -conditions that are being considered in this pro-

Iect, show that .with the single phase connections in some eases,

the Effective, a mpere’turns which produce the flux, are consider-

 14
ably reduce# when t&e meter is throws over to the single^phase

'cGnBeetions^' ■Frdm- this it can be reasoned that the reactance

P B T t .of Sero-Seqnence impedance is affected t o - a ■certain extent^

©h this basis certain factor isferlsed which takes care of the

.change Sn-. the effective ampere turns and the change in the

number of poles with the change of the connections to single

phase. This helps os to find the aero-sequence impedance straight

off from the positive sequence impedance* These values are com­

pared with the ones obtained b y other methods*

Shls factor is found purely by physical .reasonings, based

o n the study of the winding diagrams of the particular motors

on which experimental data has been collected*. This factor whe n

attached t o the reactance part of the positive sequence Impedance

component* gives the .reactance part of the aero-sequence Impe^

dance of the motor ? as shown below* The- value of the factor

depends mostly on the value of the pitch* Ihus

F .a ( S ^ ^ ^ S c a ^ e r e ^ ^ ^ S p e r ^ ^ S H l o T ^ p o l e s J r n l - p h a s e

The factor is observed to apply in cert a i n eases fairly welly

a n d the results obtained In this w a y are compared wi t h the ones

obtained by other methods.

 15

M/? THE M t ) Tltn L EQ U flT lQ N Q.

Wt HHON TRcM THE THEQZiy O/ .SYMME m e pI. COZ>7 /Vf /V 7"^- T-///9 T. -

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— T ql y, Z -h -an Z T -ex>■» Z u

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H E aP T ZV E -S T eU E N C E j INJ) THE X E PC - SE Q U E N C E ZZVir T D /f N C E .

a
Tnyyi = ± -L J
( 1 CUyy + 1 A y l^ 1 C y y ) - 3
3
2 + Z
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= 3 Ta~
-L ( T a m T ^ + c k l Cr x ) = T ra ^
1 CYm =
3
cJS

Ii

S in c e THUS FROM THE EG UftTZCN NO: I NE HftVE

7Cyl = O •

Vfxil = JLl ±x ( z ++ z ~+z c)

04 3 Vg >,
(Z^ Z"+ Z") U)

FROM E Q U A T IO N /VO.- Z /T FO L L O W S THAT..

j a - J-CLy
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z>z°

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Z =
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Z ++ z + z a

Qovz SE Wf NEGLECT THE CONDUCTANCE ftnp THE S U S ^ EP TftN C E

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 16
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THE P o siT rvtz-S E E lO E rJC E /?-vj) Z/V^ P U 'G f t r t V E SEQUENCE COMPONENTS

OP TftB MOTOR IlV iP E D P N C E PKE E QUftE O N D E ft S T ftN D S T IL L C ONDITIONS

L.e \n H E N S-T
-t 'f-
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— (^f + j x i) 4- --- + J x z
*• Ji Zr S
= + J ( * • t-Xz)
An d w h e n S - I

^ = (^-f^ ^2.) -h f (
a l t h o u g h the Z EftO - S E Q U E N C E COMPONENT rs ft L SO ft P E S U L T OE

the S ftM E PPL QUE NC y C O N D ITIO N S , YET TT IS NoT N E C E S S ftftrty

THE SOME HS THE Po S r T / VE - S E Q U E N t £ ftNj) THE N E G ftT rvE -

SE Q U E N C E COM PONENTS, T iE C ftO S E THE Z E P o - SE. Q U E N C E C o P tL N IS

PPE Q U IT E D lP P E k E N r IN T H E ! ft SET UP ftN D PPoDUCt

ABSOLUTE L y D IE F E R E N T PLUS Cr N D IT IO N S , D E E S N D iN Q C H lE tL y

ON th e V ft L UE o r THE P lT C H i AS IS C LE ftP EPOM THE STuDy

CP CEft. T f t / n N IN lIN f9 D'ft Q P A m S TH ftT ft ft. E MADE POft T H /S

PROJECT.

NOW CON S lD E ftIN C i THE STftN D S T/L L C o n D /T /O N , Vv I T H THE

S i t i Gi L E PHASE SLPPL y A P P L IE D to o n e o e THE PHASES ONty^

 17

W£ HfiVE

La>i
\-$~t

C OfYl Pf i H IrMG, THE E Q O f i 7~f OfV S , (&) */Y2> (3) UV£ HfiVE.

(z+ + z-+ z°) = 3 Ze)

Bvr W £ HHVE S E E fif THHT fir S T/ffi/D S T f E L ._

Z = Z — (3-^.

2(3-,» Z,) >Z" = 3 (,.,Z,)

0,1 Z = 3 2 (s-^-Ze)
,4/VJ r///5 \f/9Lt/£ O STAIfifED 0 CAfif SE COfVl P A A E J) \ f i f f TH THE VALUE

Otf ZEAO- S EQ O E fifC E Im PE D A f i f CE AS fiHEfiS O A E D UNDER THE

CofifD/T/OfifS OE F f Q ! ,

\
APPAPtAl1US .
cpF,CIPICAY11 KS YBST DATA
I. Induction Kotor Ihree phase> star Connected
Volts 220. Amps 2.7
Cycles 60
No-Load Speed 36OO
H . F . 3/4
Cell Pitch . 1/2 Pole Pitch
No. of Slots 24
(Stator)

Table I Table II Table III

- I -------------- ,
LINL \OLTS Zj = R"+ J LINE. VOLTS Z./'vevcfTT H
CO

ZO /3.05 4 J 18-15 ZO 2,<5 35 H-J 34.05 35 21.25 +J 2 7.6

•

30 19.35 + J /6 92 41 26. 3 H- J 2 7.73 45 22 9 H J<2 6.^5

40 13.26 + J <5.36 IOO 26. /5 4 J 26 3 5o 21.9 + J 25.7

10 21.57 +J /4-955 /40 26 /9 H-J 25-S 60 2 3 .6 5 +J 2 4 9

go Zl- 6 3 + J /4-6/ I 160. 2g./ H- J 26.05 10 22.75 +JZ4-5

90 20. 8 2 + J 14-67 ZOO 30. 3-h J 25.2 30 2 Z ,9 -hJ Z4 -Z,

IOO 20.43 -hj /j.9& 90 23.25 Hj 23.5

:
L ___ I
 T
19
I. b.

The following set of observations was taken on the above

motor, but with the rotor removed and the stator circuit hav­

ing been connected as In Fig. I.

Table IV

LINE VOLTS Z s„=

IO / 4- 66 -I-J /0.38

15 /4-44 // 6 8

Zo /4 64 + J / 3. 95

30 14-73 + J lo.y

4o /4 g3 /0.76

I. c •

A cathode ray oscilloscope was connected across one of

*

the rotor bars and the wave shape was observed, with two dif­

ferent connections, i.e., first, with connections as shown In

Fig. I, and second, with the normal three-phase connections.

The photographs of, the different wave-shapes that were observed

are attached herewith on page

 20

PHOTOUhAPh MO. I

ROTOh BAR CURRENT WAVE-ShAPB

Connections as in Fig. I.
 21

PHOTOGBA P H NO. 2

COMPARISON OF WAVE-SHAPE PHOTOGRAPH

NO. I W I T H 60 CYCLES WAVE-SHAPE

(1) Top W a v e Shape 60 cycles timing wave

(2) Lower W a v e Shape Rotor-bar current w ith single

phase connections

i
 22

ROTOB B AB CUBBENT WA V E- SH AP E
Connections Three Phase
 23

COMPARISON OF WAVE-SHAPE PHOTOGRAPH

NO. 3 W I T H 60 CYCLES WAVE-SHAPE

(1) Top.Wave Shape Rotor bar current connections

(2) Lower F a v e Shape 60 cycle timing wave

2. Induction Kotor Three Phase, Star Connected

Cycles 60 Volts 220. Amps. 3.2

No-Load Speed 900

H.P. 1/2

No. of Slots 48 Coil Pitch s I

(Stator)

Table V Table VI Table VII

un£ vMrs LlHE VOLTS H-Ze -

LI NE VOLTS z° = R*+ J 34>Z€ " Re + J * c

3 5 7 + J 5 .5 9 2 20 5 .IZ + J 8 .0 4 15 4.63 + J 7-55

4

3c 5.15 + J 7 .4 4 ZO 4.76 + J 7.59

G 3-3 6 + J 5 . 3 o 2

3.3 9 9 + J 5 - 6 5 5 4-0 5 . 0 6 + J 7 .2 5 -! 25 4.G 2. +J 7. 36

IO

5o 5 . 0 g + J 7 . 21 50 4-4 + J 7 01
15 3 .3 8 7+ J 5 - 6 7

GO 5 - 2 ' + J 7.o7 35 4 . 3 6 + J 6.97

ZO 3 .5 4 9 + J 5 .5 6 2

3 .5 Z 5 + J 5 .4 3 70 5 J S + J 7 . 1Z 40 4 41 +J A 9/
23
■

I •
j
 4

3I Induction Motor Three Phase, Star Connected

Cycles 6C Volts 220. Acps 2.8

H.P. 2 No-Load Speed (Variable)

No. of Slots 36 Coil Pitch • (Variable)

(Stator)

Coil Pitch - I

Table VIII Table IX Table X

—
. ro
UNF V O t r s Ll NF VOLTS 3 = Re + J * e Ll NF VOLTS ,-^ z e = vi
zf = / Xd

10 9 - 9 2 5 + J /5. 4 6 Lo 9. I Z + J L 7.1 20 7-35 + J 1 6 -3 8

15 8- 6 ( + J 14.13 4 0 , 8 .5 + J 1641 30 7 .8 + J 16.05

20 ' 8-4 + J II. 8 8 CO '•»8,. 4 1 + J 15-56 40 7. 6 1 + J '4 .57

25 € .9 6 + J (2.33 80 8-28 -+J '4 99 ■ 50 7.4 Z S + J >3.57

f

35 6 . 8 7 +Jtl-IS I OO 8 .2 5 + J / 4 . 1G CO 7. 6 -h J ' 3 . 5

4 0 7 .0 3 5 + J '0.59 n o 8. 5 4 + J 13. 8

. 56 6 - 3 9 + J 10' C Z /20 8 -8 2 -5 + J '3.31

—
_______ _______
 #

3. (Continued) Coil Pitch « 2/3

Table XI Table XII Table XIII

Line volts Ze0= JX° UNE V O L T S 3 Ze = Rg +J LINE VOLTS

i f Zf = \ + J x e

Z 5 '7 6 + J 0 30 8.OZ-hJ /8-74 /5 7.4 -h J 1 4 . 9 Z

4 5. 5$ + JO 4o S- 6Z + J 15.9 ZO 7-G J i-J /3./3

6 5 . 5 5 + JO 50 S - 6 7 + J 14.5 30 7 '4 8 + J 10.95

6 5 * 4 3 + JC 70 9. Z + J 12. 8 40 7. 0 3 + J 3 . S 5
.
SC $.9 + J IZ .5 Z 4 5 6.16 + J S Gz

no 9.7 > J W 92 5 0
6 . 3 5 + J S 4 4

150 3 85 +Jf/.S 5 5 £-43 + J S- 3 5

_____I -

In this motor the ends of all the coils have been brought out and are arranged on

a circular board to facilitate the study of induction motor winding in the laboratory.
** '
This proved very handy for the purpose of this particular project, in obtaining dif­

ferent coil pitch values on the same machine. On this machine the toil pitch values

tried, are I and 2/3#

2.
4. Induction Motor Three Phase

Cycles 60 Volts 220— 440. Amps 26/13

H.P. 10 No-Load Speed 1800

No. of Slots 48 Coil Pitch « 3/4

(Stator)

Table XIV Table XV Table XVI

UNE VOLTS Z° - R0+ J %° LJA/£1^0^75 3_^Ze= R^+JX-e U/V£ VOZ.73 Zc-

0-699+ J O.S'ZS Io ZJI + J'.758 IO '.Z5 4 / '.57

3-Z

4-3 O. G9 + J 0 - 5 6 S ZO 1.7 3 5 + J Z Z9 ZO A/3 f //'57

S' 0 63 t J 0.66 3 3o / 4 97+ JZ 5 30 /.09/4 J /.33

II.Z 0. 631 + J O . 6 8 7 50 1.413 t J Z.42. 40 /.03 + J 1.948

Go /.4 2.3+ J 4.4/ 50 1.0 78 -I- J A 93

'3.9 0 . 6 39 +J 0.6&I

/£.45 O. 6 3 7+J 0.693 So /.4/5 4 J a.46. Go 1 . 0 % 7 - h J 1.94

30 lo /-063 4j/. 92
18.5 0.645 4 J 0 6&7 /.4' 4/2.475
 V

28
C oa /,v / c r/o/v s__

D/ 1SH — ’ RE P f i E S E f v r s COIL

COMMA REPRESENTS END C O N N E C TfO/\

FI Q 3.U F/6 J.& "

PHASE I. t (— — 3 - 3 , 4 - V , 16- 16, 1 5 - 1 5 , 1 4 - 1 4 , 1 3- 1 3— n

PHASE 2. t2 3-*>,I O - I o ' , n - n ytZ-l2,?A-Z'\, 2.1-Z?),ZZ-Il,

,Zl-Zl----

PHfISE 3. t 3 - ^ l 7 - i 7 /1 » 8 - / 8 , » 3 - l 9 ^ 2 0 - 2 0 /, 5 ? - 6 , 7 - 7 , 5 - 5 ----- »->l

FIQ -
eI-.cl /I D 4. b

PHHSE i, t(— *“ l - l ' , Z - 2 , 3 - 3 , I Z - I Z r I I - U , I O- I O , 1 9 -1 9 ', Z O - P o ' j Z I - Z I ,

, 3 0 - 3 0 , 2 9 - 2 9 , 2 8 - 2 8 ------- ► n

PHASE 2. n - ^ 4-4,5 -5', 6-€, 15'-15,14-14,13- i3rzz-2Z'Z3-z^

, Z 4 - z 4 y 33 —3 3 , 3 2 3 2 , 3 » - 3» — —

PHASE 3. t 3— *- 7 - 7 , ' 8 - S - a ' , ' g ' /S , / 7 / 7 , / 6 - / 6 , 2 5 -2 5,26-26^

, Zi-Zl', 3 6 - 3 6 , 3 5 - 3 5 , 3 4 - 3 4 -----

F / G . 5. a A/vz) / ^ /G 5- 6

PPASE I. t,— *-l-l',Z-2' 8- S,l'-1,13-13',14-14,Z0-Z0,19' 13,25-25'

yZG-Ze' 32- 3Z, 31' 31-------

 29
FIG S.^ ,4/VO F/C, 5. & (Co n t d )

Ph a s e z . t z— ^ 3 3 - 3 % 34-3V, 28-^6 ,zv-z?,zi-zi'za-za^ -

, 1 6 - 1 6, 15-15,§-S,tO-lo',4r'-4,3-3 ------- - n

PH/)SE 3, t3 *- 5- 5^ G-G,tl-lZ,n~n,l7-nf
,l&-l&/,Z^/-Z^,Z3,-Z3f

, 2 9 - 2 3':, 3 0- 3 o ' 3 6 - 3 6 , 3 5 - 3 5 --------- n

FIG 6. Q-,,AHD FIG> 6 . &

PHASE I. t,-- ^ H f z,2 - 2 Z, 8-8,7- 7, / 3 - / 3 ' , IA-MjZO-IOfI^-IS,

, 2 5 - 2 5 Z 2 6 —2 6 , 3 2 - 3 2 , 3 1- 3 1, 3 7 - 3 7 ' 3 8 - 3 8 '

, 4 4 - 4 4 , 4 3 - 4 3 ------- - n

PHASE 2. fc2 - 4 5 - 4 5 ' 4 6 - 4 6 ' , 4 0^-40, 3 9 - 3 9 , 33-33' 3 4 -3 4 '

, 2 8 - 2 8 , 2 7 - 2 7 , 2 / - 2 l ' 2 2 - 2 2 ' /6- / 6, 15-15, 9 - 3 ,

, 10-10 , 4 — 4 , 3 —3 ------ *-71

PHASE 3. t, * - 5 - 5 , 6 - 6 Z / 2-/2 /S-/<S, 2 4 - 2 4 ,

, 2 3 - 2 3 , 2 3 - 2 9' 3 o - 3 o ' 3 6 - 36, 35-35, 4 /-4 ^

, 4 2-42 , 4 8 - 4 8 ,4 7 - 4 7 —

FIG 7. a A/vj? F / G 7. 6

PHASE I t f— *- M , 2 - 2 , 3 - 3 , 4 - 4 , / 6 - / 6 , / 5 - / 5 , / 4 - / 4 , / 3- / 3,

, 2 6 - 2 6 ' 2 7*-2 7 ^ 2 8 - 2 8 ' , 4 0 - 4 0 , 3 3 - 3 9 ,

, 25-25Z

) 3 8 - 3 8 , 3 7 - 3 7 ' ------- «►n

 30
F /0,___7. A / I r / D f / 6 y. A (c'orvr o )

P"A?F Z t , ----- ~ 9-3, !O-ta', H-n', iz-iz', Z4~ Z^, ZZ-ZZ7

, Z / - <?/, 3 j - 33 , 3 4 - 3 4 , 35-35' 36-36,4 8 - 4 6,

i 4 7— 47, 4 6 — 4 6 1 46 — 4 7 ---

/ / / , , /
PH4 5 f 3 * 4 / - 4 f , 4 Z - 4 2 . 4 3 - 4 3 , 4 4 - 4 4, 3 Z - 3 2 i 3 / - 3%

, 30 - 3 0 . Z 9 - 2 9 , t'J-lj', 'Z-'8-1 !S-'S’Z-O Zo\

, Z - ?, 7 - 7, 6 ~ C , 5 - 5 --

A L .~ t t ,C 1 /IHD 1 3 /V/- r«f s r^/ir/N G Po/A/r o f PHfiC L

I , PHf SE Z, ANj) PHASE RES Pf C T/Vf L Y, /I,VS Zl HE PKL Sf/v P5 THt

HLt-sfL Po I n r .

/
 31
]

Ofl = M.M.F DUETO C U R R E N T IN OCl F I G . I

QG =M M-F DUETO C U R R E N T I N OC- FIGr.I

OC = M-M-Zr DUE TO C UR.R B N T I N OC FIG.I

FIG La.
i

32

FIGJ

'i r

r M Z W ^ V V n n ^ A y v W h
13 © ® *3 I ® ® 7

PITC H CONNECTIONS I-+

 >

F I G d J r
 I
SC 1 2
3? ® ® ® 3 n
® © ® 4
® ® 50 3'' 32' ,5 ® 5
® , 29 33' ®
34' ®
28
S , ® 6
27
30®® . t,
/m ®

30 ® ® 24' 2'® ® 8

2 9 ® 0 23' s '® ® 3

28 ® ® 22Z NO POLES FORMED 4'® ® IO

t
27 ® ® 2i 5 ® ® H

26 @ ®

®
18
9 8%
® 14
- io'
®® ^ l6 ' ' /
Z I' ®
2) ® 15 14 13 f2 15
® ®
® ®
“ ® I ® 'c i.
21 0 ® ® 17
20 12
f9

PITCH = f CONNECTIONS / - ?

FfG 4 a
 3 © ®

^ I 28 ® ® 2Z 4 ® ® »o

/ IO

PITCH CONNECTIONS 3*?

PITCH = / (m l ) CONNECTIONS 3-f

FfG 50
. .
(sftV S s

PiTCH = I (full) CONNECTIONS /-/

FfG 5.&
I
PITCH= I(full) CONNECTIONS Z ~ f

FIG 6.a
 40

.® ©
Q ©

33

^'®^3or © © /4

0 ©
© ©
25

P I T C H = I (“ 'LL) CONNECTIONS i-4>

R G G.&
I__ I
 47 4 8 , z 3
/6 @ 0 ® ,© ©
® © ©

../'",I"
□ V

" " " A ' ' ,

6 0©

C O N N E C T IO N S l-j>
PITCH = f

FIG 7a
 42

38 ® ®

r\ I 37 ® ® z8 4 ® ® '3

36 © ® 27

PITCH = C O N N E C T IO N S 2>-j>

FlGTfe
 43

CALCULATIONS

MOTOR NO. I PITCH = X- F = I T= 14-65

z _ 3 (i- <^> ^ (j /1 ^
= 3 ( z i . 9 t J Z 5 - 7 ) - Z ( 2 6 - n + J 2'S' 8)

= /33?.+;/^.

Z zz HI 5 7 XJ /4-955 MezisuRf1D value

/ * , + \
cJ Z = + J * * F )

- H 60 3 T J H,t> g > f

- Z6-13 T J Z5 ■S

T/lh/fva JHE M E /! SuHED VEfLOE TO SE THE KfiSfS , Wf Hf i V£

THE STfiTCn AND Re T OH Z L fiO -S tR V E N C E //V fP E D A N CE

CO/VI P O N E N T S SE PARATE L V _

4- J.X(
° = i, 4

»4 -3 -5 +J 7.

/?ZVD

g 7 ^ -hj 7 4 8

I
 44
MOTOk HO. 2 P'TCW = I F = I I, = 2 .4 6 6

Z = 3 ^ ( 3 -^ ^ e)

= 3 ( 4 - 4 + J 7-01} - z (5 . o G+J7-Z5J

= 3.06 + J 6 ’ 53

Z = 3.3 93 + J 5 - 6 5 5 measured value

c) Z° = 5 - oG > / 7 .4 5 x I

— 5 . O G T *T 1 . 2 . 5

v\ — 2 •4 6 6 T J 4 - S 3

Ahd Zj = 0 9 3 3 + J 2.-6 3

Motor ho . 3 pitch = I F = I t , = 4-57

a; Z = 3 ( i-<f> Z c ) - Z ( Ze ^

- 3 ( 7 S f T j 1 4 - 5 7 ) - 2 -(6 -4 8 + J '4-69)

= 6 - 3 7 + J 13.33

0 \
y Z = € . 9 G -HJ 12-33 measured value

Z° = 2 - Z 8 + J f4-83 x 1

= % .Z 8-tJ 14-69
M O TO R NO, (Co n t q )

Z, = 4-57 + J &'IG

4/vj Z = Z.3S+J 6,16

NOW F on PITCH= 4- A -O *L, - 4 5"7

d

o
Z = 3 (^i-

3 (7 0 3-^/9.^5) (9 6 7 ^ Jf

3.75 + J c «55

S-S 8 + J p N U J fiS U R a o U f iL U C
0

c) Z - 8-674 Ji4-f7*o

3.674J0

0
Z:,1 — -4-57 + J o
d
An O / +0! F J 0

P itch = 7, - 0. 4 9
Mo t o r n o , -4
i

Z = 0( Z e) — 2 (3— Zt )

- 3 (i o o i + J i - 5 3 ) - Z ( F 4 i 3 + J Z-4Z)

_ 0 - 4 4 7 -F J 0 - ^ 5
 46

M o T O fi no. 4 (co/vrs)

IJ Z 0= O '631 + J O ' £ 6 7 m e * so* £ d v /u - u a

C) Z 0 - A 4/3 + J Z . 4 2 » - L

- 1-413 + J O- &07

Z,0= 0.49+JC.345
and x ° l= o - H / - f J o. 3 4 3
 47
AmmABY m D oQNcmsrm

it s h o n M be stated here that .the -field a f M Y esti^atioh

o f this project is- limited to the -standstill eond it ions c Gnly~»:

The careful examination <f the calculations..shows that

in some eases# the. directly.-measured, value of zefolsequehce?

compares very, closely to the one. obtained-by ;the method ex­

plained under the, heading "Mathematical Equations" and one thing

however is absolutely -clear from ou r data and the calculations

thereupon# that the value of winding -pitch ,definitely comes

into the picture as far- as the actual amount of zero-sequence v

Impedance of the motor concerned*. -. Some of the self-evident

points in-' this connection are noted belowy .

1» ' Eero^sequenee impedance is present in'the rotors of. -

most single-phase-induction motors, ■ '

The Winding pitch affects, the amount of zero-sequence

impedance.*

3* Eor 2/3 pitch there is no zero-sequ'ence reactance’in

either-' stator or rotor* The zero-sequence'impedance for this

condition consists.of stator resistance- ,only*

4v ■ A W y e -connected three-phase motor having 2/3 pitch W i t h

' - - - - q
-its three terminals connected to form -one line -connecfibn and. its

neutral t h e d t h e r ^ A l l not ti . o n single-phase*. It develops no

torque* - -'
To - Zero-sequence impedance- at -standstill for full pitch

motor is# according to. test resu l t s , essentially equal to the-

 48

standstill positive-»«*and standstill negative— sequence impedance*

•A study.of current distribution charts would indicate that.this

is to be expected* . •

6p I t appears that positive-* negative+-* and zero-sequence

impedance for use i n the equations developed in this thesis refers

■ to value measured 'with three-phase current*

7-* In contrast, with the statement above the positive-*

and negative—sequence values of impedance to be used in the

conventional two-phase-symmetrical component theory refer to

values obtained by actual single-phase measurement*

8, ' lhe zero-sequence current-in the rotor at standstill

is of fundamental frequency* The flux distribution in space

around the periphery of the rotor is a third harmonic of the

fundamental* '

.I
 49

BEFEEBMQB.

I cl Sjnmnetrieal Components (a Pook) ) C= F, W ag n e r and Eo .P 0

Bvansl9 IIcSrawrEill -Book Company*' Ine01* Bew I o r k s
1933» ■ ' .■■■■'. '

/2=. . .Induction- Motors .on Unbalanced Boltages5 S 0 P» See d and. ;---

E 0 J >0 W 0 Koopman0. Transactions s Volume 55s Bovember_s
I9369 pages .1206.^13!O ...

3» Split-phase Starting o f .Three-Phase Motorss G. F. Tracyj

and W*. 1». Wysss AlEB Transactionss Vol '54s October, 1935?
-v , . p a g w ,1069^72^ . " . '

5V FacteiyTesting of .Electric Apparatus (a handbook) 5 West-

lnghouse Bleetrie and Bannfaetnring Company? East Pittsbnrggh9/
 MONTANA STATF iiiutvcbcttv, -__

J i/b 2 10013327

N378 __
045z uop. it.
Chopra, H 4 C .

single-phase induction motor

N37& 34370
045%
Cop. 2