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EMPIRICAL FORMULA
Chemical formula with the smallest integer subscripts for
a given composition.
MJ Bojan Chem 110 FA 2010 2
Molecular weight
To get the molecular
formula, we need more
information.
C8H18
8C 12.01 96.08
18H 1.008 18.14
% of element =
% of element =
HINT:
If % C in an unknown substance is 54.2%, a 100g sample of that
substance contains 54.2g of C.
a) 2.59×1022 atoms
b) 3.58×1022 atoms
c) 2.29×1022 atoms
d) 2.97×1023 atoms
NEXT:
• Connectivity (Lewis Structures)
• Deduce shape from connectivity
MJ Bojan Chem 110 FA 2010 10
Rules of Valence
To aid in deducing the structure of molecules given
the molecular formula, we use the rules of valence.
Rules of valence
Element # Bonds
H 1
C 4
N 3
O,S 2
F, Cl, Br 1
MJ Bojan Chem 110 FA 2010 11
Using the rules of valence, structural formulas for
simple molecules can be deduced.
methane CH4
ethane C 2H 6 CH3-CH3
propane C 3H 8 CH3CH2CH3
In general: CnH2n+2
MJ Bojan Chem 110 FA 2010 16
Structure of alkanes
All C atoms have tetrahedral geometry: the
bonds point at the vertices of a tetrahedron.
Bond angle = 109.5°
n-octane
Iso-octane
CH3⎯CH2⎯CH2⎯CH3
n-butane iso-butane
CH3⎯CH2⎯CH2⎯CH2⎯CH3 n-pentane
iso-pentane Neo-pentane
Examples:
Cyclohexane C6H12
Cyclopentane C5H10
1,1-dimethylcyclobutane
+ Cl2 → + HCl