Fourth Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Stress and Strain
– Axial Loading
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

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Contents

Stress & Strain: Axial Loading Generalized Hooke’s Law

Normal Strain Dilatation: Bulk Modulus
Stress-Strain Test Shearing Strain
Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials Example 2.10
Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials Relation Among E, ν, and G
Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity Sample Problem 2.5
Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior Composite Materials
Fatigue Saint-Venant’s Principle
Deformations Under Axial Loading Stress Concentration: Hole
Example 2.01 Stress Concentration: Fillet
Sample Problem 2.1 Example 2.12
Static Indeterminacy Elastoplastic Materials
Example 2.04 Plastic Deformations
Thermal Stresses Residual Stresses
Poisson’s Ratio Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16

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Stress & Strain: Axial Loading

• Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the deformations in

the structure as well as the stresses induced under loading. Statics
analyses alone are not sufficient.

• Considering structures as deformable allows determination of member

forces and reactions which are statically indeterminate.

• Determination of the stress distribution within a member also requires

consideration of deformations in the member.

• Chapter 2 is concerned with deformation of a structural member under

axial loading. Later chapters will deal with torsional and pure bending
loads.

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Normal Strain

P 2P P P
σ = = stress σ= = σ=
A 2A A A
δ δ 2δ δ
ε= = normal strain ε= ε= =
L L 2L L
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Stress-Strain Test

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Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

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Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

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Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity

• Below the yield stress

σ = Eε
E = Youngs Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity

• Strength is affected by alloying,

heat treating, and manufacturing
process but stiffness (Modulus of
Elasticity) is not.

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Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior

• If the strain disappears when the

stress is removed, the material is
said to behave elastically.

• The largest stress for which this

occurs is called the elastic limit.

• When the strain does not return

to zero after the stress is
removed, the material is said to
behave plastically.

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Fatigue

• Fatigue properties are shown on

S-N diagrams.

• A member may fail due to fatigue

at stress levels significantly below
the ultimate strength if subjected
to many loading cycles.

• When the stress is reduced below

the endurance limit, fatigue
failures do not occur for any
number of cycles.

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Deformations Under Axial Loading

• From Hooke’s Law:

σ P
σ = Eε ε= =
E AE
• From the definition of strain:
δ
ε=
L
• Equating and solving for the deformation,
PL
δ =
AE
• With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,
PL
δ =∑ i i
i Ai Ei

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Example 2.01

SOLUTION:
• Divide the rod into components at
the load application points.

• Apply a free-body analysis on each

−6
E = 29 × 10 psi component to determine the
D = 1.07 in. d = 0.618 in. internal force

• Evaluate the total of the component

Determine the deformation of deflections.
the steel rod shown under the
given loads.

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SOLUTION: • Apply free-body analysis to each

component to determine internal forces,
• Divide the rod into three
components: P1 = 60 × 103 lb

P2 = −15 × 103 lb

P3 = 30 × 103 lb

• Evaluate total deflection,

Pi Li 1 ⎛ P1L1 P2 L2 P3 L3 ⎞
δ =∑ = ⎜⎜ + + ⎟⎟
A
i i iE E ⎝ 1A A 2 A 3 ⎠

=
1 ( ) ( ) (
⎡ 60 × 103 12 − 15 × 103 12 30 × 103 16 ⎤
+ +
)
6⎢ ⎥
29 × 10 ⎣⎢ 0.9 0 .9 0 .3 ⎦⎥
= 75.9 × 10−3 in.

L1 = L2 = 12 in. L3 = 16 in.
δ = 75.9 × 10−3 in.
A1 = A2 = 0.9 in 2 A3 = 0.3 in 2

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Sample Problem 2.1

SOLUTION:
• Apply a free-body analysis to the bar
BDE to find the forces exerted by
links AB and DC.
• Evaluate the deformation of links AB
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two and DC or the displacements of B
links AB and CD. and D.

Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70 • Work out the geometry to find the

GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500 deflection at E given the deflections
mm2. Link CD is made of steel (E = 200 at B and D.
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of (600
mm2).
For the 30-kN force shown, determine the
deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.

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Sample Problem 2.1

SOLUTION: Displacement of B:
PL
Free body: Bar BDE δB =
AE
(− 60 × 103 N )(0.3 m )
=
(500 ×10-6 m2 )(70 ×109 Pa )
= −514 × 10 − 6 m
δ B = 0.514 mm ↑
∑MB = 0
Displacement of D:
0 = −(30 kN × 0.6 m ) + FCD × 0.2 m
PL
FCD = +90 kN tension
δD =
AE
∑ MD = 0 (90 × 103 N )(0.4 m )
0 = −(30 kN × 0.4 m ) − FAB × 0.2 m
=
(600 ×10-6 m2 )(200 ×109 Pa )
FAB = −60 kN compression = 300 × 10− 6 m

δ D = 0.300 mm ↓
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Sample Problem 2.1

Displacement of D:

BB′ BH
=
DD′ HD
0.514 mm (200 mm ) − x
=
0.300 mm x
x = 73.7 mm

EE ′ HE
=
DD′ HD
δE
=
(400 + 73.7 )mm
0.300 mm 73.7 mm
δ E = 1.928 mm

δ E = 1.928 mm ↓

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Static Indeterminacy
• Structures for which internal forces and reactions
cannot be determined from statics alone are said
to be statically indeterminate.

• A structure will be statically indeterminate

whenever it is held by more supports than are
required to maintain its equilibrium.

• Redundant reactions are replaced with

unknown loads which along with the other
loads must produce compatible deformations.

• Deformations due to actual loads and redundant

reactions are determined separately and then added
or superposed.
δ = δL +δR = 0

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Example 2.04
Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel
bar and loading shown, assuming a close fit at
both supports before the loads are applied.

SOLUTION:
• Consider the reaction at B as redundant, release
the bar from that support, and solve for the
displacement at B due to the applied loads.

• Solve for the displacement at B due to the

redundant reaction at B.

• Require that the displacements due to the loads

and due to the redundant reaction be compatible,
i.e., require that their sum be zero.

• Solve for the reaction at A due to applied loads

and the reaction found at B.
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Example 2.04
SOLUTION:
• Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied
loads with the redundant constraint released,
P1 = 0 P2 = P3 = 600 × 103 N P4 = 900 × 103 N

A1 = A2 = 400 × 10− 6 m 2 A3 = A4 = 250 × 10− 6 m 2

L1 = L2 = L3 = L4 = 0.150 m

Pi Li 1.125 × 109
δL = ∑ =
A
i i iE E

• Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant

constraint,
P1 = P2 = − RB

A1 = 400 × 10 − 6 m 2 A2 = 250 × 10 − 6 m 2
L1 = L2 = 0.300 m

δR = ∑
Pi Li
=−
(
1.95 × 103 RB )
A
i i iE E
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 2.04
• Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to
the redundant reaction be compatible,
δ = δL +δR = 0

δ = −
( )
1.125 × 109 1.95 × 103 RB
=0
E E
RB = 577 × 103 N = 577 kN

• Find the reaction at A due to the loads and the reaction at B

∑ Fy = 0 = R A − 300 kN − 600 kN + 577 kN
R A = 323 kN

R A = 323 kN
RB = 577 kN

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Thermal Stresses
• A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
the supports.
• Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.
PL
δ T = α (∆T )L δP =
AE
α = thermal expansion coef.
• The thermal deformation and the deformation from
the redundant support must be compatible.
δ = δT + δ P = 0 PL
α (∆T )L + =0
AE
P = − AEα (∆T )
P
σ = = − Eα (∆T )
A
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