‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫‪QUSDC‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺃﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﻟﻴﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﱐ‬
‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺿﺮﺿﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺤﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ‬

‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﺩﻱ‬

‫ﲢﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺪﻭﺓ‬
‫‪2013‬ﻡ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﳏـﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨـﺪﻭﺓ‬

‫‪68 - 10‬‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫‪......................‬‬

‫‪184 - 69‬‬ ‫‪...............‬‬‫ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎ‪‬ﺎ‬

‫‪279 - 185‬‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺑﻘﻠﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﱄ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ‪ /‬ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻧﻀﻤﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺘﻨﺎ ‪-‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‪ -‬ﺇﱃ "ﻧﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻚ‬

‫ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪Local‬‬
‫‪ ،Sustainable Development‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺩﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﰲ ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺭﺳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺧﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﺔ ‪2020-2010‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺆﺳﺲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﹰ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﻳﺮﺹ ﺃﻭﱃ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﱪ ﻋﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﳔﺒﺔ ﳑﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﰲ ‪1434/2/13‬ﻫ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ‪2012/12/26‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﲔ ﻳﺪﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﺪﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺃﴰﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﺺ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺻﺎﱀ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﻭﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﻔﻆ ﻟﻸﺟﻴﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺗﻨﻤﻮﻱ؛ ﳜﻄﻂ ﺑﺬﻛﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﲝﻜﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺟﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻗﺪ ﲡﺎﻭﺯﻧﺎ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ؛ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻬﻤﺶ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻟﻨﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻻ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺪﻉ ﳎﺎﻻﹰ ﻟﻠﺸﻚ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺭﺍﻣﺖ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ‪-‬ﻣﺜﻼ ً‪ ،-‬ﻭﰎ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﺹ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳎﺮﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺜﻤﺔ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﰲ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻧﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳓﻦ ﻧﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﺴﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻄﻴﻖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺭﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ‪‬ﻀﻮﻱ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﲝﺜﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺃﻳﻨﺎﻩ ﰲ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺷﻜﹼﻠﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳒﺤﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺪﻫﺶ ﰲ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺷﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻬﺪ ﻷﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﳎﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﲝﺜﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﺎﹰ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﺗﻮﻋﻮﻳﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪Good‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﲣﺬﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ "ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻠﻰ"‬
‫‪ ،Practice‬ﻭﺃﻋﺪﺕ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻼﹰ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﲡﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﰲ ﺧﺎﺭﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺮﺣﺐ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﲝﺜﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻀﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻭﳛﺮﻙ ﺗﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳐﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺷﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻭﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﷲ ﻳﺘﻮﻻﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪ Sustainable Development‬ﰲ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﺿﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﻋﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺿﺤﺖ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻈﻔﺮ ﲟﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻔﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺰﻋﻢ‬
‫ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺎﺻﺪ ﺻﻮﺏ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﺣﻼﻣﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﻜﱠﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﻒ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﺎﺗﺖ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﲢﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺃﺯﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﺮﻫﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﺘﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﱘ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻋﱪ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﻣﻠﻜﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻹﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﱂ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﰲ ﺣﺮﺍﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺑﻮﺻﻠﺘﻨﺎ ﻛﻲ ﻧﺒﺤﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺎ ﳓﻦ ﳕﺨﺮ ﺑﻘﺎﺭﺑﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻋﺪﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺠﻼﺏ ﺃﺿﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﺷﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﳝﻜﱢﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ ‪ Platform of Understanding‬ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ ﰲ‬

‫ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ؛ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺭﻛﻴﺰﺓﹰ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﺔﹰ ﻷﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﻜﲔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ – ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﻛﺰ– ﻭﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻭﺷﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺪﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻖ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺍﹰ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﻛﺈﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺭﺻﺪ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﻤﺖ ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻲ ﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻮﻻﹰ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﴰﻮﻻﹰ ﻭﻗﺒﻮﻻﹰ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﳚﻬﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﲟﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﻌﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻷﺑﺮﺯ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ؛ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻷﻃﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻧﺒﺜﺎﻗﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺧﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺖ ﺑﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺏ‬
‫ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺧﻀﻌﺖ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫)ﺣﻴﺚ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﲦﺔ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ( ﻭﺧﻠﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﲬﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻏﻄﺖ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻇﻔﺮ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺑﻮﺭﻗﺘﲔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻴﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ﻭﺭﻗﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﲟﻨﻬﺞ ﻭﺻﻔﻲ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻧﻘﺪﻱ ﺃﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻳﻀﺎﺡ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﲜﺎﻧﺐ ﺳﻌﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺎﻝ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎ‪‬ﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺷﺪ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﱐ ﰲ ﻭﺭﻗﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﺕ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺪﻡ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺳﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﻳﺴﺘﺰﱂ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﻋﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻘﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻭﺁﻣﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﲏ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻠﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻟﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﱂ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﰲ ﻋﺎﳌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ "ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ"‬
‫ﻭ"ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻤﻞ" ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫ﳎﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ )ﻫﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺿﺮﺿﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﻣﻲ ﰲ ﻭﺭﻗﺘﻪ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺭﺍﻣﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﳒﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺍﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻣﻜﱠﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺤﺺ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﳕﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﹸﻮ‪‬ﺟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺧﻠﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺑﲑ ﰲ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﳊﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺘﺺ ﲟﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺩﺭﺕ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪﻱ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺭﺣﺎﺏ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ ﺇﻳﻀﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﲡﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺒﺪﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺟﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﴰﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﻧﻴﻮﺯﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺗﻮﻧﺲ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺼﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﲟﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﹼﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺪﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻻﻣﺴﺖ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﻛﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﲏ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﳝﻨﺢ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺧﻄﻄﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺮﺍﳎﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻠﻌﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻠﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﻐﻠﱢﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﲑﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺷﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﺢ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﳝﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻞ ﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﻭﳏﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺪﻟﻒ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻸﻭﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﺧﻲ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﺪﺭ‬
‫ﳑﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻞ ﳏﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﶈـﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﺑﲔ ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﻭﺗﺒﲏ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ‪ ..‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
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‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ‪ /‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﻟﻴﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ‪ -‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﻭﺗﺒﲏ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ‪ ..‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﻟﻴﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ‪ -‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ – ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫‪rsol@qu.edu.sa‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﻭﺗﺒﲏ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ‪ ..‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻇﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪﻱ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺎﻝ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺿﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺜﺎﻻﹰ ﳚﺴﺪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﱰﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﲦﺔ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﳏﻤﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﲡﻨﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ ،Sustainable Development‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﲔ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻟﻸﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﱰﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻔﻠﺢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

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‫ﺗ‪‬ﻌﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻔﺎﻗﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀً ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﲤﺘﺪ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻞ ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪) .‬ﺷﺤﺎﺗﻪ‪1998 ،‬ﻡ(‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ‪‬ﺪﺩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳑﺎ ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﻓﻨﺎﻩ ﰱ ﺣﻖ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﱰﺍﻑ ﻭﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪- ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺳﻮﺀ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .-‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﺔ ﰱ ﻋﺎﳌﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﺮﺝ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻳ‪‬ﺨﺸﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ‪‬ﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻗﻞ ﻣﺴﲑﺓ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﳕﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻛﺠﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺮﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻮﻛﻪ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪-‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ‬
‫ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔﹰ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﻬﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﰒ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻣﺪﻣﺮ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﱰﻑ ﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻ‬
‫ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﺿﺤﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ‪.Sustainable Development‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪﻱ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (5‬ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ (6‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (7‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺎﻝ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫‪Environment‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺎﹰ ﳎﺮﺩﺍﹰ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳ‪‬ﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﲟﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ )ﺻﺤﺎﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺟﺒﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺳﻬﻮﻝ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷ‪‬ﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍﹰ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻯ ﲟﺎ ﳛﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﲟﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻹﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﲤﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﳊﻴﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺘﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ "ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻀﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺔ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻴﺔ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﻫﻀﺎﺏ ﻭﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﻭﻭﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺻﺨﻮﺭ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﳛﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻼﻑ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﻳﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ"‪) .‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ‪1986 ،‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳛﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲨﺎﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻝ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ" ﺑﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺑﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺧﻠﻼﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﱐ ‪ OIKOS‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻌﲏ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺃﻭ ﻣﱰﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺀﺓ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﻳﻘﻴﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﺑـﻮ‪‬ﺃ"‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﺑﺎﺀﻩ ﻣﱰﻻﹰ ﻭﺑﻮ‪‬ﺃﻩ ﺇﻳﺎﻩ ﻭﺑﻮ‪‬ﺃﻩ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺑﻮ‪‬ﺃﻩ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﻫﻴﺄﻩ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺃﻧﺰﻟﻪ ﻭﻣ‪‬ﻜﻦ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ :‬‬

‫‪             ‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮﺕ‪.(58 :‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺧﻠﻂ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ ،Ecology‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ‬

‫ﺑﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ ‪Environment‬؛ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ( ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻳﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺳﻮﺍﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ( ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻼﺅﻡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﺕ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻻﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﳉﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺮ ﻭﻏﲑﻩ‪.(FAO/UN., 2000) .‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ Ecosystem :‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﻭﺑﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻪ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻼﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻳﻄﺮﺃ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳ‪‬ﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﹰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻭﺑﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻱ ﺧﻠﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺂﺧﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺧﻠﻞ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻭﺃﺛﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺭﺿﻬﺎ ﻭﲰﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﲨﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻧﺒﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺞ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻣﺎ ﳜﺮﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﱰﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺧﻠﻘﻪ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺗﺒﺎﺭﻙ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻣﺴﺨﺮﺍﹰ ﻣﺬﻟﻼﹰ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﺼﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺛﻨﺎﻳﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺧﻠﻘﺖ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)ﻋﺒﺪﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ‪1986 ،‬ﻡ(‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﻖ ‪)        ‬ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ‪:‬‬
‫‪.(49‬‬
‫ﻭﳑﺎ ﳚﺪﺭ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﻓﻨﺎﻩ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﻖ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻣﺪﻣﺮ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﱰﻑ ﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻳﻠﻔﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻟﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﻔﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﺎ ﳓﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻭﺿﻮﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬
‫‪    ‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪) .‬ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻱ‪1995 ،‬ﻡ(‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺗﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪:‬‬
‫‪            ‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻡ‪ .(41 :‬ﻓﻬﻞ ﻧﺘﻌﻆ ﻭﻧﺮﺟﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ؟ ﻓﺎﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳕﺎﺭﺳﻬﺎ ﻭﳓﻦ ﳒﻬﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺘﺠﺎﻫﻞ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﻲ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﳒﲏ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ‪) .‬ﺑﺎﺷﺎ‪2001 ،‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ؛ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺣﻖ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﰲ‪:‬‬

‫)ﺃ( ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺼﺤﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺘﻬﻢ‪,‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﻤﻞ ﲨﻴﻌﺎﹰ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪-‬ﻛﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﲞﻠﻘﺘﻪ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ؛ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺪ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﳍﺎ ﺻﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺳﻌﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ‪) .‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﺪﻱ‪2007) ،‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﲣﺬﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﻭﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺄﺛﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻛﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺳﻴﺌﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﱴ‬
‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﳍﺎ؛ ﻓﺮﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺛﺖ ﻋﺪﺩﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ‬
‫ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ "ﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﰐ" ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺛﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺑﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ؛ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺘﺠﺮﱘ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪) .‬ﺇﺳﻼﻡ‪1990 ،‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗ‪‬ﺤﺪﺙ ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺃ( ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ‪ Take‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ…(‪ ،‬ﺏ( ﻳﻀﻴﻒ ‪ Add‬ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ –ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﳐﻠﻔﺎﺕ‪ -‬ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )ﺩﺧﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺋﻖ‪،‬‬
‫ﳐﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﳌﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ‪ ، (…،‬ﺝ( ﳛﻞ ‪ Replace‬ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪ .(.…،‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﶈﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ‪ Taking too much‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺿﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ،Adding too much‬ﻭﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ‪Replacing‬‬

‫‪ too much‬ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﱰﺍﻑ ﻭﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﻓﺮﺝ‪1999 ،‬ﻡ(‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳ‪‬ﻌﺪ "ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺀ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺴﻨﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺧﺎﺻﺔﹰ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﹸﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ "ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ" ﻭﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﺎ ﳒﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻄﺖ ﺑﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﳐﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺪﺍﺋﻦ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪) ،‬ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ‪2000 ،‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳍﻨﺪ ‪-‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 60‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻪ ﻏﲑﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺗﻠﻮﺛﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺃﺻﻼﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻳ‪‬ﻔﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﲟﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟـ ‪ 3P’s‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Prosperity  Progress  Peace‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻳﻌﲏ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ )‪.(wikisource.org‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1984‬ﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﲟﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﲎ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻝ "ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺪﻟﻮﻝ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞﹴ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﺪﻣﺮﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪) .‬ﺇﺳﻼﻡ‪1990 ،‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺬﻳﺮ ‪ ‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺊ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ = ﺇﻫﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ‬ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻣﻔﺮﻁ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﺓ = ﺇﻫﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﳕﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻇﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲡﺎﻭﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﳍﺎ )ﻏﻨﺎﱘ‪2001 ،‬ﻡ(‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﺭﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺒﻪ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻ‬
‫ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﲎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﲟﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻠﻜﺎﹰ ﺧﺎﻟﺼﺎﹰ ﳉﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻤﺎ ﺷﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺟﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﲑﺍﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺭﺛﻪ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻼﺣﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﻑ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﳓﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺪﻣﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﱰﺍﻑ ﻟﻨﻮﺭﺛﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺧﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﱰﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺟﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﹰ ﻳﻨﻬﻲ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ‪) .‬ﺃﲪﺪ‪،‬‬
‫‪2002‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﺬ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻛﺠﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻨﺎﺀً ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﻂ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﻞ ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻷﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻷﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻲ ‪-‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ‪ -‬ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﺍﹰ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﻌﻮﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )‪.(FAO/UN., 2000‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻫﻮ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻢ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲡﻨﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ )ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ‪1991 ،‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﳕﻮ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳ‪‬ﺤ‪‬ﻜﹶﻢ‬
‫ﲟﺒﺪﺃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳ‪‬ﺴ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﺐ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ )ﻣﻨﺪﻭﺭ‪1999 ،‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ,‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺀﺍﹰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻄﹶﻮ‪‬ﺍ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻭﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺭ ‪‬ﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺇﻓﺴﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﱰﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﹰ ﻣﻨﻬﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ "ﺩﺭﺀ ﺍﳌﻔﺴﺪﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ" ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪) .‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ‪1986 ،‬ﻡ(‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﰊ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﰲ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺳﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ "ﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﺍﳌﺮﺩﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ" )‪ Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﲏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺗﺒﲔ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺿﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻣ‪‬ﻔﺴﺪ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻪ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻔﺴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﱂ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳ‪‬ﺮﻓﹶﺾ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣ‪‬ﻘﹶ ‪‬ﺪﻣ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﻣ‪‬ﻔﹶﻀﻠﹶﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻹﳒﺎﺡ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪.(The World Bank, 1991) .‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺳﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﺪ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻨﺎ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﻬﺎ؛ ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﲰﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺪﻋﻲ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ )ﺍﻷﲰﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ( ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺇﻓﺴﺎﺩﳘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﳏﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫"‪Moving from Development to Sustainable Development "SD‬‬

‫ﺫﺍﻉ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳ‪‬ﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ "ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ" ﻛﻤﺮﺍﺩﻑ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺖ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺃﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ؛ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺗ‪‬ﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﳐﻄﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺪﻑ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻭﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺳﻴﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﺟﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻴﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺳﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﳝﺜﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ‪ ،Sustainable Development‬ﻭﻫﻲ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ,‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﲢﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ‪,‬‬
‫ﻭ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺘﻘﻮﱘ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳ‪‬ﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﰲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ...‬ﻭﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻭﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺑﻮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﱵ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﳘﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺮﺿﲔ ﻭﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﱐ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﺜﻞ ﻫﺪﻑ "ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ" ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻱ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ "ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺴﺖ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻋﻘﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﱵ ﲰﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ( ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﺘﻌﺖ ﺑﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻗﻮﻯ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﲨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ؛ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻮﻧﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﻭﻫﻰ "ﲨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻀﺮ"‪ .‬ﻭﺣ‪‬ﺪﺩ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 5‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻛﻴﻮﻡ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ )ﺍﳌﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻯ( ﻛﻬﺪﻑ ‪‬ﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﳎﺮﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻹﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ"‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﳋﺴﺎﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ –ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺬﺍﺀ ﻧﻈﻴﻒ‪،-‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺮﺍﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ؛ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻓﻴﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﺮ ﺑﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺣﺮﻳﺼﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺧﻀﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﹸﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﺢ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭ ‪.(14000‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ "ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺟﺮ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ"‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ‬
‫‪ ،"Green Marketing‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﺇﻗﺒﺎﻻﹰ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪2000‬ﻡ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﲤﺘﻨﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻋﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺑﻨﻮﻙ ﻻ ﲤﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ؛ ﻭﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ "ﺑﻨﻮﻙ ﺧﻀﺮﺍﺀ" ﻭﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ؛‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﳎﺎﻻﹰ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﳉﺬﺏ ﻋﻤﻼﺀ ﺟﺪﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫‪Sustainable Development‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ "‪"SD‬‬
‫ﻳ‪‬ﻌﺪ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺄﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ )ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻬﻮﱂ ‪1972‬ﻡ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ‪ Eco-Development‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﰲ ﻧﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﻭﻣﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1986‬ﻡ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻇﻬﺮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1987‬ﻡ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ" ‪ Our Common Future‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪The World Commission for Environment and Development:‬‬

‫‪ ،WCED‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﹰ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪" :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻠﱯ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪“Development‬‬ ‫‪that meets the needs of the present without‬‬
‫‪compromising the ability of future generations to meet‬‬
‫‪their own needs”.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﻴﺔ ‪ Sustainability‬ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﹰﺎ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺪﻑ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﲟﻌﲎ‬
‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﲔ ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ‪ ,‬ﺑﺪﺃ ﰲ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﹰ ﻋﺎﻣﺎﹰ )‪.(Tolba, M., 1987‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺮﺍﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ؛‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻳ‪‬ﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ "ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﺩﺍﺀ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪‬ﺘﻢ ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ" ﻭﻫﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﲢﺴﻦ ﰲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺃﺻﻮﳍﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ –ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﳍﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﻤﺜﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺎﹰ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻻﺗﻴﲏ ﻫﻮ ‪ Sustinere‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﳛﺎﻓﻆ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﲔ ﳘﺎ ‪Sus‬‬

‫ﲟﻌﲎ ‪ below‬ﺃﻱ ﲢﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻭ ‪ tenere‬ﲟﻌﲎ ‪ to hold‬ﺃﻱ ﳝﺴﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ "ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ" ‪ Sustainable‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﱘ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺁﺧﺮ‪" ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻭﲡﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻁ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻌﱪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﱪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ –ﺣﱴ ﻭﻟﻮ ﲟﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻭﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ -‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺻﻒ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻔﻲ ﲟﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.(Markandya, A., 1994) .‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭ‪‬ﺿ‪‬ﻌﺖ ﳍﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ WCED ،‬ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ "ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪،‬‬
‫‪ "1987‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ )ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪1987 ،‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ (FAO/UN.,‬ﻫﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫)‪1988‬‬ ‫* ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻭﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻟﻸﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﳎﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﻭﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗ‪‬ﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ "ﻛﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﺳﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺇﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻭﺗ‪‬ﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ "ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﲏ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﳓﻮ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻸﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫* ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗ‪‬ﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ "ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎ‪‬ﻢ"‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻻ ﲤﻨﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﲤﻨﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻀﻮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ ﻛﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪.‬‬
‫* ﰲ ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1999‬ﻡ ﻧ‪‬ﺸﺮﺕ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻫﻲ‪(Arefin, S., 2011) :‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫* ﻭﻣﻊ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1999‬ﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹸﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ "‪ Global Compact "GC‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺪﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻘﺪ ﰲ ﺩﺍﻓﻮﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ ﰲ ‪ 26‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪2000‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ 26‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪2004‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﲣﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ‪(United Nations Organization) :‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ‪ :7‬ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ‪‬ﺞ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﺯﻱ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ‪ :8‬ﺍﻻﺿﻄﻼﻉ ﲟﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ‪ :9‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪Millennium‬‬ ‫* ﰲ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪2000‬ﻡ ﰎ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬
‫"‪ Development Goals "MDG‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻗﺮﺕ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﻣﺖ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ,‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪(United Nations Development Programme, UNDP, 2000).‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ "‪ "MDG‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﻉ‪،‬‬
 ‫‪ (2‬ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪،‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﲔ ﻭﲤﻜﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ‪،‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
‫‪ (5‬ﲢﺴﲔ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪،‬‬
‫‪ (6‬ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺷﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ (7‬ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ (8‬ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ‪/‬ﺍﻹﻳﺪﺯ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻏﲑﳘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪.‬‬
‫* ﰲ ‪ 19‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪2006‬ﻡ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻛﻴﺒﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻻ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،WCD ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﱯ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ‪16‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃﹰ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪.(www.mddefp.gouv.qc.ca) .‬‬
‫* ﻭﻳﺮﻯ "ﺭﻭﺑﻨﺴﻮﻥ" )‪ (Robinson, J., 2004‬ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﲨﻴﻌﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻪ؛ ﺍﻵﻥ ‪ ..‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‪" :‬ﺃﻱ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﻜﻨﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻷﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﺗ‪‬ﻌﱪ ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ"‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪‬ﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻳﺸﲑ "ﺭﻭﺑﻨﺴﻮﻥ" ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﳑﻦ ﻳﺘﺒﻨﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﺩ ﺑﻞ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‪ :‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻴﺘﻪ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻣﺎﺯﻟﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺴﺎﺀﻝ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﺟﻪ ﰲ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﲏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﻀﻄﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻭﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ )ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺪﻱ( ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ‪ ،Support‬ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ‪endure‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ‪.Maintain‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻀﺢ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﲤﻨﻊ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺳﺎﺀﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ (Harris, 2000) ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﲟﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﻊ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﳛﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻠﻮﻍ "ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ" ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ؛‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ )ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ )ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔﹰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻌﺎﺵ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ )ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﲔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ )ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪(The World Bank,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ(‬
‫)‪2001), (Cox, and Cusick, 2006), (Allington R. and Fuentes I. F., 2012‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﲟﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫”‪“win-win-win‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪)" Pillars of SD‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ‬
‫‪(Arefin, S., 2011), (The World‬‬ ‫ﻳ‪‬ﻌﺪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Business Council for Sustainable Development: WBCSD).‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ /‬ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ(‪،‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ /‬ﻫﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ‪ /‬ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺃﺓ‪ /‬ﺍﳊﻮﻛﻤﺔ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ‪ /‬ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪Models of Sustainable Development‬‬ ‫ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫‪(Centre for Environment Education CEE, and SAYEN, 2007),‬‬
‫‪(Dave, D., 2012).‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫‪Three Pillars Basic Model‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ The‬ﻭﰎ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1994‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫‪‘Egg of Sustainability’ Model‬‬ ‫‪(2‬‬
‫‪International Union for the‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫‪ ،Conservation of Nature, IUCN‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﳘﺎ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﻔﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻀﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﳍﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ = ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪ +‬ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫‪ (3‬ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﳍﺮﻡ ﻷﺗﻜﺴﻮﻥ ‪ Atkisson's Pyramiad Model‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻠﺨﺺ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻫﺮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲬﺲ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ‪ :1‬ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‪،‬‬
‫• ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ‪ :2‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ‪ :‬ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺕ‪،‬‬
‫• ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ‪ :3‬ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗ‪‬ﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﺮﻗﺎﹰ‪،‬‬
‫• ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ‪ :4‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪،‬‬
‫• ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ‪ :5‬ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪Prism Model of Sustainability‬‬ ‫‪ (4‬ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ‪ Wuppertal‬ﺍﻷﳌﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻳ‪‬ﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﲟﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (5‬ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺃﻣﻮﻳﺒﺎ ‪ :The Amoeba Model‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺜﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳ‪‬ﻌﺪ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗ‪‬ﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻝ‬
‫)‪ (5P's‬ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻮﻑ ﳓﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪(Cox, and Cusick, 2006) :‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﳕﺬﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ‪ :Predictive Modeling‬ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﺑﲔ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ؟‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ‪ :Policy and Planning‬ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ‪ :Performance Monitoring‬ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﳓﻮ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ‪ :Performance Improvement‬ﲟﺎ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﲤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ‪ :Performance Reporting‬ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺷﺘﻤﻞ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1991‬ﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻇﻞ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ )ﻓﺮﺝ‪1999 ،‬ﻡ؛ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﳊﺴﻦ‪2006 ،‬ﻡ( ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬

‫ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﳍﺎ؛ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﺰ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺮﻯ )‪ (Hunter, 1997‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﺜﺎﻻﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ‪‬ﺎ )ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪ .(2‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫"ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ" ﳏﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺻﻮﻻﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ "ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ" ﳏﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ :(1‬ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺎﰲ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﱰﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻧﻈﻤﺘﻬﺎﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻟﻸﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺴﲔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﱰﱄ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﲰﺎﻙ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺄﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻭﻧﻈﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻼﺕ ﻟﻸﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻒﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻟﻸﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻼﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻔﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻒﺀ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﱰﱄ‪.‬‬

‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺭﺑﲔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ :(2‬ﻭﺻﻒ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ ﳌﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﲏ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻼ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﱂ ﺣﺎﲰﺔ ﻭﺧﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﺣﺮﺟﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻠﻴﺐ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﺪﻣﺮ؛ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(Baron and Gauntlett, 2002), (Chan and Lee, 2008‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ ﲟﺎ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀً ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﺫ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺿﺒﺔ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺑﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﲟﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺛﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﲡﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‬
‫ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺭﺑﻄﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻛﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍﹰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﹰ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺇﳕﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ‪ :‬ﺃ( ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﲟﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﺮ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻀﺮ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺏ(‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻼﺕ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﺮﻓﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﺯﻱ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪Serafian Quasi – Sustainability Rule‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ ﳚﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﲣﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﲢﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻯ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻺﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﳓﻮ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ )ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪1987 ,‬ﻡ( ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪A Production System‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪A Technological System‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ‪ An Economic System‬ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺾ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ An‬ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪International System‬‬ ‫‪ (4‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺗﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪A Social System‬‬ ‫‪ (5‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (6‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ‪ A Political System‬ﻳ‪‬ﺆ‪‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (7‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ‪ An Administrative System‬ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣـﺔ‬
‫‪Gibson (et al‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ؛ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫)‪ 2005‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻗﺮ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ )‪ ،WA (2003‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﻌﺮﺽ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ‪(Kemp, R., 2007), (Shah, R., 2003), (Morrison, A. and :‬‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺗﲔ‬
‫‪Hodgson, N., 2009), (Reynolds, P., 2009).‬‬

‫‪ WA‬ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ )‪(2003‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺃ( ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫‪  ‬ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻃﻦ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ "ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺎﻥ" ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‪،‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪  ‬ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﶈﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺀﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﻷﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Gibson‬ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ )‪(et al 2005‬‬

‫‪  ‬ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪،‬‬

‫‪  ‬ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﺒﻞ ﻭﻓﺮﺹ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻧﺼﺎﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪،‬‬
 ‫‪  ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻧﺼﺎﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻛﻴﺒﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ )‪2006‬ﻡ(‪:‬‬
‫)‪(www.mddefp.gouv.qc.ca‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬ ‫‪  ‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﳊﺮﺹ‪،‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻁ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ )ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ(‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺗﺪﺧﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ﺍﳌﹸﻠﹶﻮﺙ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﻨﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﱃ ﺃﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻢ ﻧﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﺃﻭ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺒﻬﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺳﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺮﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﻠﻜﻪ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻳ‪‬ﻌﺪ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﹰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﹰ ﳌﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﳉﺎﻫﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺷﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﲨﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫‪(Dave, D., 2012), (Stiglitz, Joseph, 2009), (Centre for‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫)‪ Environment Education CEE, and SAYEN, 2007‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫)‪Gross National Happiness (GNH‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Gross National‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﴰﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ‬
‫)‪.Product (GNP‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫)‪Human Development Index (HDI‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ )‪ Ecological Footprint Index (HDI‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲡﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻴﺪ )‪ The Happy Planet Index (HPI‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺭﺍﺳﺨﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ )‪ (GDP‬ﻭﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ )‪.(HDI‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻒ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻧﻘﺎﺀ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(www.sustainablemeasures.com‬‬

‫ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﳛﺪﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻒ ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻒ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﲟﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ‬
‫ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺑﺎ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ( ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ‪،Relevant‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ‪،Easy to understand‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺪﻧﺎ ‪‬ﺎ ‪،Reliable‬‬
‫ﺩ( ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ‪،Accessible data‬‬
‫ﻫ( ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱃ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﱂ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ )‪1997‬ﻡ( ﺇﱄ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻸﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻌﺎﺵ ﻭﻟﻠﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﲝﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﻬﻞ ﻭﺍﶈﻔﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺣﱴ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﻳﺘﻬﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﺇﱄ ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﻌﲎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺻﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ )ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪1992 ،‬ﻡ( ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﻭﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺊ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻓﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﻧﻈﻢ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﶈﺎﺭﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﲏ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﱄ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻫﲑﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﲬﺴﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﻪ ﻟﻸﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋ‪‬ﻘﺪﺕ ﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﰎ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﰎ ﻋﻘﺪ‪:‬‬

‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ )ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻬﻮﱂ ‪1972‬ﻡ(‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻭﺇﻋﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺳ‪‬ﻤﻲ "ﺑﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻬﻮﱂ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﺺ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪" :‬ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺣﻖ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﰲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻣﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﰲ‬
‫ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﲢﺴﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﱂ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺧﻄﻂ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ‬
‫ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻻ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﺎﻣﺸﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﲢﺪﻳﺎﹰ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﱂ ﺗﻀﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﻣﺆﲤﺮ "ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ" ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪1992‬ﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ "ﺭﻳﻮ ﺩﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﲑﻭ"‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻼ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻬﻮﱂ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺭﻛﺰﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻧﻘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ "ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ"‬
‫‪ Earth Summit‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋ‪‬ﻘﺪ ﰲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1992‬ﻡ ﰲ "ﺭﻳﻮ ﺩﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﲑﻭ" ﺑﺎﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺜﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﻭﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﺮﻕ ﳍﺎ "ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ" ﻫﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺻﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪" :‬ﳛﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﳝﺔ ﻭﳍﻢ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺻﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﲰﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ "ﺃﺟﻨﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ‪ ."Agenda 21 21‬ﻭﺩﻋﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪﻫﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﲤﺎﺳﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﻂ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻄﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﻭﳜﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺻﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻒﺀ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺣﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﳏﺎﺳﱯ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰎ ﰲ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ "ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ" ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺘﲔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﻫﺎﻣﺘﲔ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﳘﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﻭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺩﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 140‬ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺩﻋﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﺃﺟﻴﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﲨﺎﻫﲑﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1994‬ﻡ ﰎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻣﺜﻠﺖ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻘﺪﺕ ﰲ ﺭﻳﻮ ﺩﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﲑﻭ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1992‬ﻡ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﲢﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳ‪‬ﻨﻈﺮ ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺍﻓﻖ ﺯﻋﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ‪ 21‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ‪.21‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫)‪ (3‬ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ "ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ" ‪2002‬ﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ‬
‫"ﺟﻮﻫﺎﻧﺴﱪﺝ" ﺃﻭ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ‪) 10 +‬ﺃﻭ ﺭﻳﻮ ‪:(10 +‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋ‪‬ﻘﺪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ 26‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﺇﱃ ‪ 4‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪2002‬ﻡ ﰲ‬
‫ﺟﻮﻫﺎﻧﺴﱪﺝ ﲜﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺷﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 60‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺷﺨﺺ )ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺭﺅﺳﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺎﺭﻛﻮﺍ ﰲ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹸﺣﺮﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺭﻳﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1992‬ﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‪ ،21‬ﻭﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻞ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﻧﻈﻤﺖ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ "ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ‪ "5 +‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻗﻴﻢ ﰲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1997‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳐﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﻟﻶﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺃﺳﻮﺃ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺟﻮﻫﺎﻧﺴﱪﺝ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﳌﻨﻬﺞ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺫﻭ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺭﻳﻮ ﺭﻛﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺳﻌﻰ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺟﻮﻫﺎﻧﺴﱪﺝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻑ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺟﻮﻫﺎﻧﺴﱪﺝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﳝﺎﻧﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ "ﻗﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻮﻫﺎﻧﺴﱪﺝ"‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺪﺕ ﻧﺪﻭﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﻐﺮﺏ ﰲ ‪ 25‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪2002‬ﻡ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﳑﺜﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻀﲑ ﻟﻘﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻮﻫﺎﻧﺴﱪﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪" :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺖ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪) :‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﳋﺎﻟﻖ‪2002 ،‬ﻡ(‪) ،‬ﻧﺼﲑ‪،‬‬
‫‪1993‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺛﺮﻭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﳓﻮ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﴰﻮﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺄﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺭﻳﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍﹰ ﻓﺎﻋﻼﹰ ﻭﺷﺮﻳﻜﺎﹰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﺇﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺸﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﲤﻜﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻋﻢ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺮ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﳏﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻟﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫)‪ (4‬ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪2012‬ﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ "ﺭﻳﻮ ‪2012‬ﻡ" ﺃﻭ ﻗﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ‪ 20 +‬ﺃﻭ ﺭﻳﻮ ‪:20 +‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺭﻳﻮ ﺩﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﲑﻭ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪2012‬ﻡ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ "ﺭﻳﻮ ‪ "20 +‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋ‪‬ﻘﺪ ﲢﺖ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ "ﻣﻦ ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ "ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ" ﺃﻭ "ﺭﻳﻮ ‪ "92 -‬ﲢﺖ‬
‫ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺷﺪﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ "ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ" ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ "ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺃﺧﻀﺮ" ﳛﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻘﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭﺻﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ "ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺃﺧﻀﺮ" ﻛﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﺪﻣﲑﺍﹰ ﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﲑﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ‪ 9.5‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪2050‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺷﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ "ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ" ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﻻ "ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺔ" ﺑﻞ "ﺃﻥ ﲢﺘﺮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺑﻠﺪ" ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ "ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ" ﻭﻻ "ﻗﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﳐﻔﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺮ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﺗﺪﻣﲑ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻃﻠﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ "ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﳕﻂ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ‪MDG‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻗﺮ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪2000‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺭﻛﺰﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭ‪‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻻﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﻛﺰﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺪﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻙ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﻭﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﲟﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻃﻠﻘﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺴﻜﻮ‪ ،‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪Global‬‬

‫"‪ Compact "GC‬ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺃﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻀﻤﲔ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﻛﻞ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫* ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝ ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻼﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﰲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﺎﺯﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﻼﺀﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫* ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻞ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﻭﻗﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺷﺆﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﻘﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﳌﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻦ ﻭﺗﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻹﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﲝﺪ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻭﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗ‪‬ﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫* ﺣﺼﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﳏﻠﻴﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺳﺮﺍﻉ ﰲ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﻟﻼﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺮ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭ )‪ (ISO 14000‬ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻃﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ )‪.(EIA‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﺒﻂ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ )ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﻋﻢ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﻋﻢ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻺﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﻋﻢ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﶈﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪:‬‬
‫* ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝ ‪‬ﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﲔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫* ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺭﺻﺪ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫* ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻋﻘﺪ ﻟﻘﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻭﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ /‬ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫"ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺑﺈﳚﺎﺯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﱰﻳﻦ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﱰﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﱰﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍﹰ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫)‪2009 -1990‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﱰﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎﹰ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﳕﻮ ﺳﻨﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ‪ %1‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ .%2.10‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﱰﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎﹰ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﳕﻮ ﺳﻨﻮﻱ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ‬
‫‪ ،%4.20‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﱰﻳﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﲡﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﱰﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 539.85‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎﹰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1990‬ﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 796.37‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪2009‬ﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﲟﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻨﻮﻱ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 633.97‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﳕﻮ ﺳﻨﻮﻱ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﺑﻠﻎ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪.%1.67‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ‪ CO2‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﻔﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺣﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺃﻱ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﺧﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻮﺍﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻼﺣﻆ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﲡﻬﺖ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 13.2‬ﻃﻦ ﻣﺘﺮﻱ‪/‬ﻓﺮﺩ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1990‬ﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 17.4‬ﻃﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮﻱ‪/‬ﻓﺮﺩ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪2009‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﲟﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻨﻮﻱ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 14.9‬ﻃﻦ ﻣﺘﺮﻱ‪/‬ﻓﺮﺩ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﳕﻮ ﺳﻨﻮﻱ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ .%0.58‬ﻭﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻮ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﰲ ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪1997‬ﻡ "ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎﹰ"‬
‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﺎﹰ ﻭﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﻔﺾ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺻﺪﻗﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺜﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﲢﺘﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲢﺘﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺑﲔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫‪2009-1990‬ﻡ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﺤﻴﺔ‪) .‬ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ 4.21‬ﻃﻦ ﻣﺘﺮﻱ‪/‬ﻓﺮﺩ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﱰﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪2009-1990‬ﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬ ‫ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬ ‫ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻃﻦ ﻣﺘﺮﻱ‪ /‬ﻓﺮﺩ‪/‬‬
‫)ﻟﺘﺮ‪ /‬ﺳﻨﺔ(‬ ‫)ﺃﻟﻒ ﺑﺮﻣﻴﻞ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻡ(‬ ‫)ﺃﻟﻒ ﺑﺮﻣﻴﻞ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻡ(‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫‪539.8‬‬ ‫‪161.3‬‬ ‫‪233.6‬‬
‫‪13.2‬‬ ‫‪1990‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪594.4‬‬ ‫‪212.1‬‬ ‫‪232.2‬‬
‫‪12.8‬‬ ‫‪1995‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪597.2‬‬ ‫‪229.2‬‬ ‫‪267.5‬‬
‫‪10.5‬‬ ‫‪1998‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪590.6‬‬ ‫‪237.9‬‬ ‫‪257.0‬‬
‫‪14.4‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪655.2‬‬ ‫‪298.0‬‬ ‫‪313.2‬‬
‫‪15.9‬‬ ‫‪2005‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪796.3‬‬ ‫‪397.6‬‬ ‫‪355.1‬‬
‫‪17.4‬‬ ‫‪2009‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪14.9‬‬
‫‪633.9‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪253.5‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪276.4‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
 ‫‪World Bank, and International Energy Agency (IEA).‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ‪ CO2‬ﺑﺎﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ )ﻃﻦ ﻣﺘﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ( ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪2009 - 1990‬ﻡ‬
‫‪18.0‬‬
‫‪M etric T o n‬‬

‫‪17.0‬‬

‫‪16.0‬‬

‫‪15.0‬‬

‫‪14.0‬‬

‫‪13.0‬‬

‫‪12.0‬‬

‫‪11.0‬‬

‫‪10.0‬‬
‫‪199 0‬‬

‫‪199 5‬‬

‫‪199 8‬‬

‫‪200 0‬‬

‫‪200 5‬‬

‫‪200 9‬‬
‫‪Years‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﳋﻄﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫* ﺇﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﲢﻔﻴﺰ ﻭﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺗ‪‬ﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Integrated Environmental‬‬ ‫* ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫)‪ Management (IEM‬ﺗ‪‬ﺪ‪‬ﺭ‪‬ﺝ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﻂ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺗﻀﻤﲔ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ )‪ (EIA‬ﻛﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻁ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﱘ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﳌﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﳏﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔﹰ ﻭﺇﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺗﻜﺘﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺗﻘﻨﻴﲔ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﱰﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻠﻜﺎﹰ ﻟﻸﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻸﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪‬ﺞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻷﺟﻞ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﻗﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ‪ Recycle‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺛﺮﻭﺓ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺗﺴﺨﲑﻫﺎ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻋﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﲡﺎﻩ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺇﺧﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﳍﺎ ﺑﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﲣﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﺯ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﳐﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺿﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺇﺧﻀﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻗﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﺩ‪.‬‬
‫* ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﲰﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﲰﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﳉﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺗﻀﻤﲔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺗﻀﻤﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫* ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺦ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻉ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻓﺰ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺠﻊ‪.‬‬
‫* ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻀﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ﻟﺘﺒﲏ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻄﺮﺡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﲑ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻞ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﳍﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ؟‬
‫ﻫﻞ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ؟‬
‫ﻫﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ؟‬
‫ﻫﻞ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ )ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺭﻭﺑﻨﺴﻮﻥ(؟‬
‫ﻫﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ؟‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ؟‬
‫ﻫﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ( ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ؟‬
‫‪ ‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺃﺑﻮﺍﳊﺴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ )‪2006‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺑﻮﺍﻟﻴﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﲪﺪ )‪2007‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪.1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ )‪1992‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ‪ :1992‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ -‬ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﻫﺮﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻫﺮﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﲪﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﻳﺴﺮﻱ )‪2002‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻔﻜﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻭﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺳﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﻣﺪﺣﺖ )‪1990‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻢ ‪،152‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻰ )‪2000‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ )‪1995‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ )‪1994‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﳝﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﺑﻦ ﲨﻌﺎﻥ )‪2007‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ )‪1987‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺎﺭﻑ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ،142‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪QUSDC‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﻓﺆﺍﺩ )‪2001‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺤﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻦ ﺃﲪﺪ )‪1998‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﺳﺒﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺪﺍﳋﺎﻟﻖ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ )‪2002‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﳝﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﲑﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺣﺎﻣﺪ )‪1991‬ﻡ(– ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺷﺌﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺪﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ )‪1986‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﲔ )‪1999‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﲝﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﻨﺎﱘ‪ ،‬ﳏﻤﺪ )‪2001‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﲰﲑ ﻋﺪﱄ )‪1999‬ﻡ(– ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﲝﻮﺙ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺪﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ )‪1999‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺳﻌﻮﺩ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮﺓ ﲝﺜﻴﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪.،(44‬‬
‫ﻧﺼﲑ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ )‪1993‬ﻡ(‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﳝﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ ،167‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪.‬‬
  
 

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‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬ QUSDC ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬