Sql

Sql is used for the database management system

The evolution of a database management system introduced in 1960’s

It is introduced to reduce the maintenance cost of software , manage complex data types, provide easier and
faster access to data even for nonvice user.

What is Sql: - SQL(Structured Query Language)

What is database management system :- it provides a convenient environment to retrive and store database
information from different sources , dbms only allows one user person to access the database at a given time so on
to overcome this an rdbms concept hav introduced. it allows many users to view , update and all the others rdbms
concepts to the tables that Is been stored in a database

What is rdbms:- relational database management system

What is a database:- it is essentially a collection interrelated data and a set of programs to access this data .

(Or)

It is a collection of data in one or more number of files

A database is nothing but it is a collection of logical structures and physical structures which are integrated and
configured for the integrity of the system.

What is data model’s:- data model helps in exporing ideas and improve the understanding the database design for
both developers ,system designers and other users. It is used to inter relate the data and maintain the data

The purpose of data model is :-

# To communicate

# Describe

# Investigate

# Analyze

# And caregorizes

The terminology of the database

Row

Coloumn

What is a table :- a table is a collection of records of specific type for example :- emp_table,student table etc etc ..

THE COMPONENTS OF SQL IS

DRL / DQL(DATA RETRIEVAL/DATA QUERY LANGUAGE)

SELECT = IT IS USED TO RETRIVE THE INFORMATION FROM DATABASE OBJECT FOR READ ONLY PURPOSE
DML(DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE)

IT IS USED TO MANIPULATE THE DATA IN THE DATABASE OBJECTS

# INSERT (NEW CONTENT)

# UPDATE(MODIFY)

#DELETE (REMOVE)

DDL(DATA DEFINATION LANGUAGE)

USED TO DEFINE THE DATA BASE OBJECTS

FOR THE PROPOSE OF CREATON , MODIFICATION AND REMOVING

# CREATE

#ALTER

#DROP

#TRUNCATE

#RENAME

DCL(DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE)

IT IS USED TO SHARE THE INFORMATION BETWEEN USERS

GRANTS(GIVE)

REVOKE(CANCEL)

TCL(TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE)

IT IS USED OR CANCEL THE DML OPERATIONS

COMMIT

ROOLBACK

SAVEPOINT

========================================================================

DATATYPES

INTEGER DATA TYPE :

THIS DATA TYPE WILL CONVERT AS NUMBER DATA TYPE WITH MAX SIZE OF 38 DIGITS

LONG :- IT IS USED TO STORE THE CHARACTERS OR THE NUMBERS FRO A MAXIMUM SIZE OF 2GB
CHARACTER DATA TYPES:-

THEY STORE THE CHARACTER DATA

1) CHAR
2) NCHAR
3) VARCHAR ( IT OCCUPIE ONLY THAT SPACE FOR WHICH THE DATA IS SUPPLIED WITH ANY TEXT INCLUDING
SPECIAL CHARACTER,NUMBER,DASHES etc etc ..)
4) VARCHAR2
5) NVARCHAR2

DATE AND TIME DATA TYPE:-

IT IS USED TO STORE DATE AND TIME INFORMATION

DATE,HOUR,MINUTE,SECOND

HOW TO CREATE A DATABASE

HOW TO DROP A DATABASE

CREATING TABLES:-

INSERTING DATA INTO TABLE:

INSERTING DATA INTO REQUIRED COLUMNS

INSERTING NULL VALUES INTO TABLE

INSERTING SPECIAL VALUES INTO TABLE