GLYCOLYSIS & CORI’S

CYCLE
Dr. Vijay Marakala, MBBS, MD.
BIOCHEMISTRY
IMS, MSU.
 OUTLINE
Definition
Location
Reactions or pathway
GLYCOLYSIS
Energetics
Significance
Regulation
 Embden-Meyerhof pathway (E.M, pathway)

Sequence of reactions that converts

GLUCOSE into PYRUVATE in the
GLYCOLYSIS
Definition presence of oxygen [aerobic] or
LACTATE in the absence of oxygen
[anaerobic] with the production of ATP.
 CYTOPLASM

GLYCOLYSIS
Location Major pathway for the utilization of
glucose
All the enzymes are located in the
cytoplasm of cells
 Breakdown of glucose[6-carbon] to
2 pyruvate[3-carbon]
Sequential action of 10 enzymes
Reactions can be divided into 2 phases
GLYCOLYSIS
Reactions
I phase

IInd phase
Energy Energy
requiring generating
phase phase
st
Ist phase Reaction 1: Phosphorylation of glucose

GLUCOSE

ATP

GLYCOLYSIS Mg++ Hexokinase

Reactions
ADP

GLUCOSE-6- PHOSPHATE

©Vijaya Marakala
Ist phase Reaction 2: Isomerization of glucose-6- phosphate

GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE

GLYCOLYSIS Phosphohexose Isomerase

Reactions

FRUCTOSE-6- PHOSPHATE

©Vijaya Marakala
Ist phase Reaction 3: Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate

FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE

ATP

GLYCOLYSIS Mg++ Phosphofructokinase

Reactions
ADP

FRUCTOSE-1,6- BISPHOSPHATE

©Vijaya Marakala
Ist phase Reaction 4: Cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATE 6 ‘C’

Aldolase

GLYCOLYSIS
Reactions GLYCERALDEHYDE DIHYDROXYACETONE
-3-PHOSPHATE 3 ‘C’ PHOSPHATE 3 ‘C’

©Vijaya Marakala
Ist phase Reaction 5: Isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Phosphotriose Isomerase ©Vijaya Marakala

DIHYDROXY
GLYCERALDEHYDE
ACETONE
-3-PHOSPHATE
PHOSPHATE
GLYCOLYSIS
• Dihydroxyacetone phosphate must be isomerized to
Reactions glyceraldehyde3-phosphate for further metabolism by
the glycolytic pathway.

• This isomerization results in the net production of two

molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from one
glucose.
Summary so far ……… Glucose ATP
Hexokinase
ADP
Glucose-6-phosphate
Phosphohexose Isomerase

Fructose-6-phosphate
ATP
GLYCOLYSIS Phosphofructokinase
ADP
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Aldolase

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate DHAP
Phosphotriose Isomerase
©Vijaya Marakala
IInd phase Reaction 6: Oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Phosphotriose Isomerase

GLYCERALDEHYDE-3PHOSPHATE DHAP

Pi
NAD+

GLYCOLYSIS Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Reactions
ETC
NADH + H+

1,3-BISPHOSPHOGLYCERATE

©Vijaya Marakala
IInd phase Reaction 7: Synthesis of 3-phosphoglycerate producing ATP

1,3-BISPHOSPHOGLYCERATE

ADP

GLYCOLYSIS Mg++ Phosphoglycerate kinase

Reactions
ATP

3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE

©Vijaya Marakala
IInd phase Reaction 8: Shift of the phosphate group from carbon 3 to carbon 2

3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE

GLYCOLYSIS
Reactions Phosphoglycerate Mutase

2-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE

©Vijaya Marakala
IInd phase Reaction 9: Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate

2-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE

GLYCOLYSIS Mg++
Enolase
Reactions
H2O

PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE

©Vijaya Marakala
IInd phase Reaction 10: Formation of pyruvate producing ATP

PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE

ADP

GLYCOLYSIS Mg++ Pyruvate kinase

Reactions
ATP

PYRUVATE

©Vijaya Marakala
IInd phase Reaction 11: Reduction of pyruvate to lactate

Under anaerobic condition

PYRUVATE

GLYCOLYSIS NADH + H+

under Lactate dehydrogenase

anaerobic
condition NAD+

LACTATE

©Vijaya Marakala
 Glucose ATP
ADP
Glucose-6-phosphate
GLYCOLYSIS
PATHWAY Fructose-6-phosphate
ATP
ADP
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate DHAP

NAD+ Lactate
NAD+
NADH + H+
1,3-Bisphophoglycerate
NADH + H+
ADP

ATP Pyruvate
3-phophoglycerate ©Vijaya Marakala

ATP

2-phophoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate ADP

 Reactions catalyzed by No. of ATP per
glucose

Energy investment Hexokinase -1

Phosphofructokinase -1
Energy yield Energy generated Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 6
from dehydrogenase 2NADH+H+ [3X2]

glycolysis Phosphoglycerate kinase 2ATP 2

Pyruvate kinase 2ATP 2

Net ATP formed per glucose under aerobic condition 8

Net ATP formed per glucose under anaerobic condition 2

©Vijaya Marakala
  Principal route of glucose metabolism
 Ability to provide energy even under anaerobic condition
 Cells lacking mitochondria glycolysis is the only source of
energy example RBC
 Fructose and galactose can be oxidized by this pathway
Significance  It generates precursors for biosynthetic pathway
of Glycolysis ✓Pyruvate Alanine

✓DHAP Glycerol -3-phosphate TG

✓Glucose -6-phosphate HMP pathway

✓1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
 Regulation mainly through 3 key
enzymes of glycolysis
Regulation 1. Hexokinase
of Glycolysis 2. Phosphofructokinase
3. Pyruvate kinase
 Enzymes Activation inhibition
Hexokinase Glucose-6-
phosphate
Glucokinase Insulin Glucagon
Pyruvate kinase Insulin Glucagon
Regulation Fructose1,6- ATP
bisphosphate cyclic-AMP
of Glycolysis
Phosphofructokin Insulin, AMP, Glucagon
ase Fructose-6- ATP
phosphate, citrate
Fructose-2,6- cyclic- AMP
bisphosphate
 Regulation
of Glycolysis

Ref: Textbook of Biochemistry

DM Vasudevan
  It is also known as the Lactic acid cycle.

 It is a pathway links anaerobic glycolysis in

muscle tissue to gluconeogenesis in the liver.

CORI CYCLE
It is a process in which glucose is
converted to lactate in the muscle;
and in the liver this lactate is re-
converted into glucose.
 Carl Cori and Gerty Cori
Nobel prize 1947

CORI CYCLE
Ref: Textbook of Biochemistry
DM Vasudevan
CORI CYCLE
 The lactate produced in the
CORI CYCLE
Significance muscle is efficiently reutilized
by the body