1.1 - Oma210000 GSM Principles Issue4

Course Name P-0
GSM Principles
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Course Name P-1
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Grasp basic idea of GSM system such as frequency spectrum, frequency
reuse etc.
Grasp the structure of the GSM system and the protocol used.
Grasp certain numbers that refer to BSS
Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and understand the idea of

multi-frame.
Know some radio techniques
Get the idea of EDGE
Copyright © 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1

Course Name P-2
References
BSS Feature Description
BSS Signaling Analysis Manual
BSC Technical Manual

Course Name P-3
Contents
1. GSM System Overview
2. GSM Network Structure
3. Service Area and Number Planning
4. Channels on the Wireless Interface
5. Radio Techniques
6. GPRS & EDGE Introduction

Course Name P-4
Contents
5. Radio Techniques

Course Name P-5
GSM system overview

The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system, each
physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a time slot
number
Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-power radios
spread out over the geographical service area. Each group of radios serve MSs
presently located near them. The area served by each group of radios is called
a CELL
Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different frequencies,
this kind of technique is called Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called slots , several slots
make up a frame. This kind of technique is called Time Division Multiple
Access (TDMA)

Course Name P-6
GSM Development
1989 Standard Protocol for GSM take effect
1991 GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G)
1992 System was named as Global System for

Mobile Communication
1994 Provide services for the whole world
1996 Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system

Course Name P-7
Cell Technique
Macro Cell and Micro Cell
A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers that
connected to a set of antennas is called a CELL.
Macro Cell
In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services. The BTS
covers a wider area , but its frequency utilization is not efficient. So , it can only
provide a few channels for subscribers.
Micro Cell
Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service area with
high capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse technique to
improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also the whole capacity of
the network.

Course Name P-8
Multiple Access Technique

Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to use the
same communication medium.
There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :

FDMA , TDMA and CDMA.
GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA together).

Course Name P-9
FDMA
FDMA uses different frequency
channels to accomplish
Frequency
communication.
The whole frequency spectrum
available is divided into many
individual channels (for transmitting
and receiving)，every channel can
support the traffic for one subscriber
or some control information. Time

Course Name P-10
TDMA
TDMA accomplishes the
communication in different
timeslot. Frequency
A carrier is divided into channels

based on time. Different signals
occupy different timeslots in
certain sequence , that is , many
signals are transmitted on the
same frequency in different time. Time

Course Name P-11
CDMA
CDMA accomplishes the
communication in different code
sequences. Frequency
Special coding is adopted before

transmission, then different
information will lose nothing after
being mixed and transmitted
together on the same frequency and
at the same time.
Time

Course Name P-12
The Frequency Spectrum

GSM 900
Uplink Downlink
890 915 935 960MHz
Duplex Separation: 45MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz

Course Name P-13

DCS 1800
Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit
1710 1785 1805 1880MHz
Duplex Separation: 95MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz

Course Name P-14

Frequency Frequency Downlink
Range (MHz) Uplink Frequency
Spectrum Point Available Frequency
450.4~457.6
GSM 450 Fu(n)=450.6+0.2(n-259) 259<=n<=293 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10
460.4~467.6
478.8~486
GSM 480 Fu(n)=479+0.2(n-306) 306<=n<=340 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10
488.8~496
824~849
GSM 850 Fu(n)=824.2+0.2(n-128) 128<=n<=251 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
869~894
880~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124
E-GSM 900 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
925~960 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 975<=n<=1023
876~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124
R-GSM 900 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
921~960 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 955<=n<=1023
1850~1910
PCS 1900 Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n-512) 512<=n<=810 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+80
1930~1990

Course Name P-15
Frequency Reuse
The frequency resource of mobile system is very limited.
The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in

different places.
The quality of communication must be ensured.

Course Name P-16
Frequency Reuse
7(Site)X 1(Cell) reuse 2
7 23
6 4

Course Name P-17
Cell Types
Omni
Omni-directional
Omni-directional Cell
Cell
1
1
120
120 Degree Cell degree 2
3

Course Name P-18
Contents
5. Radio Techniques

Course Name P-19
GSM-GPRS Network Component

PSTN
MSC/VLR GMSC ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS
BSC
MS HLR/AUC
BTS
PCU
SS7
BSC SMS system
MS
BTS
GPRS Backbone Internet,
SGSN Intranet
GGSN
OMC CG BG
Other PLMN

Course Name P-20
Interface Between Different Entities

PSTN
MSC/VLR GMSC ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS
A
Abis BSC
MS HLR/AUC
BTS C/D/Gs
PCU
SS7
BSC Gb SMS system
MS Um Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge Gc
BTS
GPRS backbone Internet,
SGSN Gi Intranet
Ga GGSN
OMC CG BG
Gp Other PLMN

Course Name P-21
Mobile Station—MS
MS=ME+SIM
MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

– Mobile Equipment
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

– Subscriber Identity Module

Course Name P-22
Subscriber Identity Module – SIM

International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity SIM

(TMSI)
Location Area Identity (LAI)
Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)

Course Name P-23
Base Station Subsystem – BSS

The Base Station Controller –
MSC
BSC
The Base Transceiver Station –

BTS BSS
The Trans-coder – TC and Sub TC/SM
TC/SM
multiplexer (SM)
BSC
BSC
BTS
BTS

Course Name P-24
Packet Control Unit-----PCU

Packet data switching
MSC
Bridge between SGSN
and BSC
Provide Pb and Gb
interface BSS
TC/SM
TC/SM GPRS
Backbone
BSC
BSC PCU
PCU SGSN
SGSN
BTS
BTS

Course Name P-25
The Network Switching System
NSS AUC
AUC
HLR
HLR
OMC EIR
EIR
EC
EC PSTN
MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR
Mobile-service Switching Center – MSC

Home Location Register – HLR
Visitor Location Register – VLR
Equipment Identity Register – EIR
Authentication Center – AUC BSS
Echo Cancellor – EC

Course Name P-26
Mobile-service Switching Center – MSC

Call Processing
Operations and Maintenance Support
Interface management
Inter-network & Inter-working
Billing
Inter-network: communication between GSM network and other network

Inter-working : communication between different entities inside the GSM network

Course Name P-27
Home Location Register – HLR

Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN)
Current subscriber VLR (current location)
Supplementary service information
Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)
Authentication key and AuC functionality

Course Name P-28
Visitor Location Register – VLR

Mobile Status (IMSI attached / detached / busy / idle etc.)
Location Area Identity(LAI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
Allocating the Roaming Number

Course Name P-29
Equipment Identity Register – EIR
White List
Black List IMEI is Checked In White List
Grey List
If NOT found
EIR focus on the

IMEI is Checked in Black/Grey List
equipment , not the
subscriber!

Course Name P-30
OMC Functional Architecture
Event/Alarm Security
Management Management
MMI
OS DB
Fault Configuration
Management Management
Performance
Management

Course Name P-31
Contents
5. Radio Techniques

Course Name P-32
Service Area
Service Area
PLMN
PLMN service
service area
area PLMN service area
MSC service area... MSC service area...
Location area... Location area...

......
cell cell

Course Name P-33
LAI
MCC MNC LAC
Location Area Identification
The LAI is the international code for a location area.
，
MCC: Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits .
For example: The MCC of China is "460"
，
MNC: Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00"
，
LAC: Location Area Code It is a two bytes hex code.
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.
For example: 460-00-0011

Course Name P-34
CGI
CGI: Cell Global Identification
The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell

The format is LAI+CI
LAI: Location Area Identification
CI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to
identify the cells within an LAI.
For example : 460-00-0011-0001

Course Name P-35
BSIC
BSIC （Base Station Identification Color Code)
NCC BCC
BSIC
NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It

allows various neighboring PLMNs to be
distinguished.
BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to
distinguish different cells assigned the same
frequency!

Course Name P-36
MSISDN
CC NDC SN
National (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station international
ISDN number
CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86".

NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of
China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135.
SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD
Example: 86-139-0666-1234

Course Name P-37
IMSI
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits 2 digits
MCC MNC MSIN

NMSI
IMSI
，
。
MCC: Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits .
，
For example: The MCC of China is "460"
。
MNC: Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00"
MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF
，
For example: 666-9777001
NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber Identification MNC and MSIN
form it together.
For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001

Course Name P-38
TMSI
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber

authentication.
The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers
and notifies them to the HLR.
TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile
subscriber on the air interface is kept secret.
The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and
determined by the operator.

Course Name P-39
IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification
TAC FAC SNR SP
IMEI
TAC:
TAC: Type
Type approval
approval code,
code, 66 bit,
bit, determined
determined byby the
the type
type approval
approval center
center
FAC:
FAC: Final assembly code, 2 bit, It is determined by the manufacturer.
Final assembly code, 2 bit, It is determined by the manufacturer.
SNR:
SNR: Serial
Serial number,
number, 66 bits,
bits, ItIt isis issued
issued by
by the
the manufacturer
manufacturer of of the
the MS.
MS.
SP: 1 bit , Not used.
SP: 1 bit , Not used.
Check
Check the
the IMEI
IMEI in
in your
your MS
MS :: *#06#
*#06#

Course Name P-40
Contents
5. Radio Techniques

Course Name P-41
Physical Channel and Logical Channel
The physical channel is the medium over which the

information is carried: 200KHz and 0.577ms
The logical channel consists of the information carried

over the physical channels
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3
Timeslot The
Theinformation
informationcarried
carriedin
inone
onetime
time
slot is called a “burst”
slot is called a “burst”
TDMA FRAME TDMA FRAME

Course Name P-42
Two types of Logical Channel
Traffic Channel (TCH) :

Transmits traffic information, include data
and speech.
Control Channel (CCH) :

Or Signaling Channel, transmits all kinds of
control information.

Course Name P-43
Traffic Channel (TCH)
TCH
Traffic Channels
Speech Data
TCH/FS TCH/HS
TCH/9.6 TCH/2.4
TCH Traffic Channel
TCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel
TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel
TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s
TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s TCH/4.8
TCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s

Course Name P-44
Control Channel (CCH)

CCH (Control Channels)
DCCH BCH
SDCCH ACCH
BCCH Synch. CH.
FACCH SACCH CCCH

SCH FCCH
Broadcast Control Channel – BCCH

RACH CBCH
Common Control Channel – CCCH
Dedicated Control Channel – DCCH
Associated Control Channel – ACCH PCH/AGCH

Course Name P-45
Broadcast Control Channel – BCCH
CCH
The information carried on the BCCH
is monitored by the MS
BCH
periodically when it is in idle mode
BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel
FCCH: Frequency Correction Channel Synch.

BCCH Channels
SCH: Synchronization Channel
SCH FCCH

Course Name P-46
Common Control Channel – CCCH
The CCCH is responsible for CCH

transferring control information
between all mobiles and the
network.
CCCH
RACH: Random Access Channel
PCH: Paging Channel
AGCH: Access Granted Channel RACH CBCH
CBCH: Cell Broadcast Channel uplink downlink
PCH/AGCH
downlink

Course Name P-47
Dedicated Control Channel – DCCH
CCH
DCCH is assigned to a single
wireless connection for
measurement and handover
purpose. DCCH
SDCCH: Stand-alone Dedicated
Control Channel
ACCH: Associated Control Channel
SACCH: Slow Associated SDCCH ACCH
Control Channel
FACCH: Fast Associated Control
Channel
FACCH SACCH

Course Name P-48
Uplink Logical channel
CCH
RACH CCCH
SDCCH
SACCH DCCH DCH
FACCH
TCH/F
TCH
TCH/H

Course Name P-49
Downlink Logical channel
FCCH
BCCH SCH
CCH BCCH
PCH
CCCH
AGCH
SDCCH
DCCH SACCH
DCH FACCH
TCH/F
TCH
TCH/H

Course Name P-50
How to use these channels?

Power-off
Search for frequency correction burst FCCH
Search for synchronous burst SCH
Extract system information
BCCH
Idle mode
Monitor paging message

PCH
Send access burst
RACH
Allocate signaling channel
Dedicated mode
AGCH
Set up the call SDCCH
Allocate voice channel SDCCH
Conversation TCH
Release the call FACCH
Idle mode

Course Name P-51
Packet logic channel

Packet data channel (PDCH)
TCH
Comprising packet service channel and packet control channel
Packet service channel (PDTCH) TCH
Combined into the single-directional service channel
Packet control channel

BCCH
Broadcast control channel: PBCCH CCCH
SACCH
Public control channel: PPCH, PRACH, PAGCH
Private control channel: PACCH, PTCCH

Course Name P-52
GSM Logical Channel Combination

Main BCCH combination – FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH
SDCCH combination – SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8
Combined BCCH – BCCH + CCCH +SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4
TCH/FR combination – TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/F
TCH/HR combination – TCH/H + FACCH/H + SACCH/H

Course Name P-53
Combination of packet logic

channel
Packet logic channels (PDCH) can be combined via the following three
modes
Mode 1: PBCCH+PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH;
Mode 2: PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH;
Mode 3: PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH
In case of small GPRS traffic, GPRS and circuit services use the same
BCCH and CCCH in the cell. In this case, only combination mode 3 is
needed in the cell
With the increase of traffic, the packet public channel should be
configured in the cell. Channel combination mode 1 and mode 2
should be adopted

Course Name P-54
GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 46 47 48 49 50
51 – Frame Multi-frames
CONTROL
CHANNELS

Course Name P-55
GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 21 22 23 24 25
26 – Frame Multi-frames
TRAFFIC
CHANNELS

Course Name P-56
Contents
5. Radio Techniques

Course Name P-57
Power Control
Both Uplink and Downlink
power settings can be
controlled independently and
5W
individually.
0.8W
Saves battery power
Reduces co-channel and
adjacent channel interference
8W
BCCH -------
Does not attend Power
control

Course Name P-58
DTX and VAD

Discontinuous Transmission – DTX
Voice Activity Detection – VAD
Battery Saving
Interference reduction

Course Name P-59
Timing Advance (TA)

The mobile phone should
send the signal in advance!
TA
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t
When the MS is in idle mode, the time sequence within the MS can be adjusted via the
SCH channel. However, the mobile station does not know how far it is away from the base
station. If the distance between the MS and the base station is 30km, the time sequence
of the MS will be 100µs slower than that of the base station. When the mobile phone
sends its first RACH signal, it is already 100µs later. For there is still another 100µs of
transmission delay, when the signal reaches the base station, the total delay is 200µs . It is
very possible that the signal collides with the pulse of the adjacent timeslot around the
base station. Therefore, RACH and some other channel access pulses will be shorter than
other pulses. Only after receiving the time sequence adjustment signal (TA) from the base
station, MS can send pulses of normal length. In this case, the MS needs to send signals by
200µs in advance.

Course Name P-60
Multi-path Fading
Diversity
Frequency Hopping
Time Dispersion

Course Name P-61
Diversity – What’s Diversity?

Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both
overcoming the impact of fading across the radio channel and
increasing the received signal to interference ratio.
The former is achieved by ensuring “uncorrelated” (i.e. low

enough correlated) fading between antenna branches i.e. not
all antennas experience fades at the same time.

Course Name P-62
Kinds of Diversity
Time diversity t
Coding, interleaving
Frequency diversity
Frequency hopping
f
Space diversity
Multiple antennas
Polarization diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path diversity
Equalizer

Course Name P-63
Frequency Hopping
Frequency
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
Frame
Time

Course Name P-64
Contents
5. Radio Techniques

Course Name P-65
GSM Development Evolution
3G
2Mbps
2.5G IMT-2000
384kbps
EDGE
2G 115 kbps
57.6 kbps GPRS
9.6 kbps HSCSD
GSM

Course Name P-66
Data rate of EDGE and GPRS
Kbps 59.2
60.0
54.4
50.0 GPRS 44.8

EGPRS
40.0
29.6
30.0
21.4 22.4
20.0 17.6
15.6 14.8
13.4
11.2
9.0 8.8
10.0
0.0
CS-1 CS-2 CS-3 CS-4 MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9
GMSK 8PSK

Course Name P-67
Huawei EDGE Test Result
Downlink, 4 TS, MCS-9：

：

Course Name P-68
Summary
The basic idea of GSM
The frequency spectrum used in GSM
The structure of GSM
Certain service area and numbers
Some radio techniques used in GSM
Evolution of GSM

Course Name P-69
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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Course Name P-0

Copyright © 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Grasp certain numbers that refer to BSS

Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and understand the idea of

Know some radio techniques

Get the idea of EDGE

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

BSS Signaling Analysis Manual

BSC Technical Manual

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

GSM system overview

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

1989 Standard Protocol for GSM take effect

1991 GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G)

1992 System was named as Global System for

1994 Provide services for the whole world

1996 Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Multiple Access Technique

There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :

GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA together).

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

A carrier is divided into channels

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Special coding is adopted before

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

The Frequency Spectrum

890 915 935 960MHz

Duplex Separation: 45MHz

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

The Frequency Spectrum

Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit

1710 1785 1805 1880MHz

Duplex Separation: 95MHz

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

The Frequency Spectrum

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in

The quality of communication must be ensured.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

7(Site)X 1(Cell) reuse 2

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

GSM-GPRS Network Component

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Interface Between Different Entities

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Subscriber Identity Module – SIM

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity SIM

Location Area Identity (LAI)

Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Base Station Subsystem – BSS

The Base Transceiver Station –