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2.8 Composition
Arithmetic Operations on Functions
The Difference Quotient
Composition of Functions and Domain
2.8 - 1
Operations of Functions
Given two functions ƒ and g, then for all values
of x for which both ƒ(x) and g(x) are defined, the
functions ƒ + g, ƒ – g, ƒg, and ƒ/g are defined as
follows.
( f + g ) ( x ) =f ( x ) + g ( x ) Sum
( f − g ) ( x ) =f ( x ) − g ( x ) Difference
( fg ) ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) Product
f f (x)
g ( x ) g( x ) , g( x ) ≠ 0
= Quotient
2.8 - 2
Example 1 USING OPERATIONS ON
FUNCTIONS
Let ƒ(x) = x2 + 1 and g(x) = 3x + 5. Find the
following.
a. ( f + g ) (1)
Solution Since ƒ(1) = 2 and g(1) = 8, use
the definition to get
( f + g ) (1) =f (1) + g (1) ( f + g )( x ) =f ( x ) + g( x )
= 2+8
= 10
2.8 - 3
Example 1 USING OPERATIONS ON
FUNCTIONS
Let ƒ(x) = x2 + 1 and g(x) = 3x + 5. Find the
following.
b. ( f − g ) ( −3 )
Solution Since ƒ(–3) = 10 and g(–3) = –4,
use the definition to get
( f − g ) ( −3 ) = f ( −3) − g ( −3) ( f − g )( x ) =f ( x ) − g( x )
= 10 − ( −4)
= 14
2.8 - 4
Example 1 USING OPERATIONS ON
FUNCTIONS
Let ƒ(x) = x2 + 1 and g(x) = 3x + 5. Find the
following.
c. ( fg ) ( 5 )
Solution Since ƒ(5) = 26 and g(5) = 20, use
the definition to get
( fg ) ( 5 ) = f (5) g (5)
= 26 20
= 520
2.8 - 5
Example 1 USING OPERATIONS ON
FUNCTIONS
Let ƒ(x) = x2 + 1 and g(x) = 3x + 5. Find the
following.
f
d. ( 0 )
g
Solution Since ƒ(0) = 1 and g(0) = 5, use
the definition to get
f f (0) 1
g =(0) =
g (0) 5
2.8 - 6
Example 2 USING OPERATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
AND DETERMINING DOMAINS
Let
f (x) =
8 x − 9 and g ( x ) =
2 x − 1. Find the following.
a. ( f + g ) ( x )
Solution
(f + g ) ( x ) = f ( x ) + g (x ) = 8 x − 9 + 2 x − 1
2.8 - 7
Example 2 USING OPERATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
AND DETERMINING DOMAINS
Let
f (x) =
8 x − 9 and g ( x ) =
2 x − 1. Find the following.
b. ( f − g ) ( x )
Solution
(f − g ) ( x ) = f ( x ) − g( x ) = 8 x − 9 − 2x − 1
2.8 - 8
Example 2 USING OPERATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
AND DETERMINING DOMAINS
Let
f (x) =
8 x − 9 and g ( x ) =
2 x − 1. Find the following.
c. ( fg ) ( x )
Solution
( fg ) ( x ) = (8x − 9)
f ( x ) g ( x ) = 2x − 1
2.8 - 9
Example 2 USING OPERATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
AND DETERMINING DOMAINS
Let
f (x) =
8 x − 9 and g ( x ) =
2 x − 1. Find the following.
f
d. ( x )
g
Solution
f f (x) 8x − 9
g =(x) =
g( x ) 2x − 1
2.8 - 10
Example 2 USING OPERATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
AND DETERMINING DOMAINS
Let
f (x) =
8 x − 9 and g ( x ) =
2 x − 1. Find the following.
2.8 - 11
Example 2 USING OPERATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
AND DETERMINING DOMAINS
Let
f (x) =
8 x − 9 and g ( x ) =
2 x − 1. Find the following.
2.8 - 12
Example 2 USING OPERATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
AND DETERMINING DOMAINS
Let
f (x) =
8 x − 9 and g ( x ) =
2 x − 1. Find the following.
2.8 - 13
Example 2 USING OPERATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
AND DETERMINING DOMAINS
Let
f (x) =
8 x − 9 and g ( x ) =
2 x − 1. Find the following.
f
(f + g )( 4 ) , (f − g )( −2 ) , ( fg )(1) , and g (0).
2.8 - 15
EVALUATING COMBINATIONS
Example 3 OF FUNCTIONS
f
(f + g )( 4 ) , (f − g )( −2 ) , ( fg )(1) , and g (0).
y
9 y = f (x)
a.
f (4) = 9 g (4) = 2
5 = f ( 4) + g ( 4)
y = g( x ) = 9 + 2 = 11
For (ƒ – g)(–
x 2),although ƒ(–2) = –
–4 –2 0 2 4
3, g(–2) is undefined
because –2 is not in
the domain of g.
2.8 - 16
EVALUATING COMBINATIONS
Example 3 OF FUNCTIONS
f
(f + g )( 4 ) , (f − g )( −2 ) , ( fg )(1) , and g (0).
y
9 y = f (x)
a.
f (4) = 9 g (4) = 2
5 = f ( 4) + g ( 4)
y = g( x ) = 9 + 2 = 11
The domains of ƒ
x and g include 1, so
–4 –2 0 2 4
( fg )(=
1) f (1) g (=
1) 3=
1 3
2.8 - 17
EVALUATING COMBINATIONS
Example 3 OF FUNCTIONS
f
(f + g )( 4 ) , (f − g )( −2 ) , ( fg )(1) , and g (0).
y
9 y = f (x)
a.
f (4) = 9 g (4) = 2
5 = f ( 4) + g ( 4)
y = g( x ) = 9 + 2 = 11
The graph of g
x includes the origin, so
–4 –2 0 2 4 g ( 0 ) = 0.
f
Thus, ( 0 ) is undefined.
g
2.8 - 18
EVALUATING COMBINATIONS
Example 3 OF FUNCTIONS
If possible, use the given representations of
functions ƒ and g to evaluate
f
(f + g )( 4 ) , (f − g )( −2 ) , ( fg )(1) , and g (0).
b.
x ƒ(x) g(x) f (4) = 9 g (4) = 2
–2 –3 undefined = f ( 4) + g ( 4)
0 1 0 = 9 + 2 = 11
1 3 1 In the table, g(–2)
1 1 undefined is undefined.
4 9 2 Thus, (ƒ–g)(–2) is
undefined.
2.8 - 19
EVALUATING COMBINATIONS
Example 3 OF FUNCTIONS
If possible, use the given representations of
functions ƒ and g to evaluate
f
(f + g )( 4 ) , (f − g )( −2 ) , ( fg )(1) , and g (0).
b.
x ƒ(x) h(x) f (4) = 9 g (4) = 2
–2 –3 undefined = f ( 4) + g ( 4)
0 1 0 = 9 + 2 = 11
1 3 1
( fg )(=
1) f (1) =
(1) 3=
(1) 3
1 1 undefined
4 9 2
2.8 - 20
EVALUATING COMBINATIONS
Example 3 OF FUNCTIONS
If possible, use the given representations of
functions ƒ and g to evaluate
f
(f + g )( 4 ) , (f − g )( −2 ) , ( fg )(1) , and g (0).
b.
x ƒ(x) h(x) f (4) = 9 g (4) = 2
–2 –3 undefined = f ( 4) + g ( 4)
0 1 0 = 9 + 2 = 11
1 3 1 f f (0)
g (0) = g 0 and
1 1 undefined ( )
4 9 2 is undefined since g ( 0 ) = 0
2.8 - 21
EVALUATING COMBINATIONS
Example 3 OF FUNCTIONS
If possible, use the given representations of
functions ƒ and g to evaluate f
(f + g )( 4 ) , (f − g )( −2 ) , ( fg )(1) , and g (0).
c. f ( x ) =+
2 x 1, g ( x ) =x
(f + g ) ( 4 ) = f ( 4 ) + g ( 4 ) = ( 2 4 + 1) + 4 = 9 + 2 = 11
(f
− g ) ( −2 ) = f ( −2 ) + g ( −2 ) = 2 ( −2 ) + 1 − −2
is undefined.
( fg ) (1) = f (1) g (1) = ( 2 1 + 1) 1 = 3 (1) = 3
2.8 - 22
EVALUATING COMBINATIONS
Example 3 OF FUNCTIONS
c. f ( x ) =+
2 x 1, g ( x ) =x
( f + g ) ( 4 ) = f ( 4 ) + g ( 4 ) = ( 2 4 + 1) + 4 = 9 + 2 = 11
( f − g ) ( −2 ) = f ( −2 ) + g ( −2 ) = 2 ( −2 ) + 1 − −2
is undefined.
( fg ) (1) = f (1) g (1) = ( 2 1 + 1) 1 = 3 (1) = 3
f
g is undefined.
2.8 - 23
Example 4 FINDING THE DIFFERENCE
QUOTIENT
Let ƒ(x) = 2x2 – 3x. Find the difference
quotient and simplify the expression.
Solution
Step 1 Find the first term in the numerator,
ƒ(x + h). Replace the x in ƒ(x) with x + h.
f ( x + h ) = 2( x + h )2 − 3( x + h )
2.8 - 24
Example 4 FINDING THE DIFFERENCE
QUOTIENT
Let ƒ(x) = 2x – 3x. Find the difference quotient
and simplify the expression.
Solution
Step 2 Find the entire numerator f ( x + h ) − f ( x ).
Substitute
f ( x + h ) − f ( x )= 2( x + h )2 − 3( x + h ) − (2 x 2 − 3 x )
= 2( x + 2 xh + h ) − 3( x + h ) − (2 x − 3 x )
2 2 2
Remember this
term when Square x + h
squaring x + h
2.8 - 25
Example 4 FINDING THE DIFFERENCE
QUOTIENT
Let ƒ(x) = 2x – 3x. Find the difference quotient
and simplify the expression.
Solution
Step 2 Find the entire numerator f ( x + h ) − f ( x ).
= 2( x + 2 xh + h ) − 3( x + h ) − (2 x − 3 x )
2 2 2
= 2 x 2 + 4 xh + 2h 2 − 3 x − 3h − 2 x 2 + 3 x
Distributive property
= 4 xh + 2h 2 − 3h Combine terms.
2.8 - 26
Example 4 FINDING THE DIFFERENCE
QUOTIENT
Let ƒ(x) = 2x – 3x. Find the difference quotient
and simplify the expression.
Solution
Step 3 Find the quotient by dividing by h.
f ( x + h ) − f ( x ) 4 xh + 2h − 3h
2
= Substitute.
h h
h(4 x + 2h − 3)
= Factor out h.
h
= 4 x + 2h − 3 Divide.
2.8 - 27
Caution Notice that ƒ(x + h) is not the
same as ƒ(x) + ƒ(h). For ƒ(x) = 2x2 – 3x in
Example 4. f ( x + h ) = 2( x + h )2 − 3( x + h )
= 2 x + 4 xh + 2h − 3 x − 3h
2 2
but f ( x ) + f (h ) = (2 x 2 − 3 x ) + (2h 2 − 3h )
= 2 x − 3 x + 2h − 3h
2 2
2.8 - 28
Composition of Functions and
Domain
If ƒ and g are functions, then the composite
function, or composition, of g and ƒ is
defined by
( g f )( x ) = g ( f ( x )) .
The domain of g f is the set of all
numbers x in the domain of ƒ such that ƒ(x)
is in the domain of g.
2.8 - 29
Example 5 EVALUATING COMPOSITE
FUNCTIONS
4
Let ƒ(x) = 2x – 1 and g(x) =
x −1
a. Find ( f g )( 2 ) .
4
Solution First find g(2). Since g ( x ) = ,
x −1
4 4
g (2)= = = 4
2 −1 1
Now find ( f=
g )( 2 ) f=( g ( 2)) f ( 4 ) :
f ( g ( 2=
) ) f ( 4=) 2 ( 4 ) −=
1 7
2.8 - 30
Example 5 EVALUATING COMPOSITE
FUNCTIONS
4
Let ƒ(x) = 2x – 1 and g(x) =
x −1
b. Find ( g f ) ( −3).
Solution )( −3 ) g ( f=
( f g= ( −3 ) ) g ( −7 ) :
4 4
Don’t confuse = =
composition −7 − 1 −8
with
multiplication 1
=− .
2
2.8 - 31
Example 8 SHOWING THAT ( g f )( x ) ≠ ( f g )( x )
Square 4x + 1;
distributive= 2 (16 x + 8 x + 1) + 20 x + 5
2
property.
2.8 - 32
Example 8 SHOWING THAT ( g f )( x ) ≠ ( f g )( x )
= 2 (16 x 2 + 8 x + 1) + 20 x + 5
Distributive
property.
= 32 x 2 + 16 x + 2 + 20 x + 5
= 32 x + 36 x + 7
2
Combine terms.
2.8 - 33
Example 8 SHOWING THAT ( g f )( x ) ≠ ( f g )( x )
= 4 ( 2x 2 + 5 x ) + 1 f ( x=
) 4x + 1
= 8 x 2 + 20 x + 1 Distributive
property
So... ( g f )( x ) ≠ ( f g )( x ) .
2.8 - 34