Gr 10 Maths – Trig Ratios & Functions

GR 10 MATHS – TRIG RATIOS & FUNCTIONS

Summary of TRIG RATIOS
Learn these
The SIGNS of the trig ratios IN A FLASH! easy PICTURES The trig ratios of 90º and multiples of 90º
so that you know
y← sin θ the SIGNS of Use this procedure to find the trig ratios of 90º ; 180º ; 270º & 360º (& 0º)
sin θ = and y is positive in I & II your trig ratios
r II I IN A FLASH ! y 5 y 0
∴ sin θ is POSITIVE in quadrants 1 & 2 (0; 5) sin 90º = = = 1 180º sin 180º = = = 0
r 5 r 6
(and negative in 3 & 4) NO MORE r=6
'SUNRISE FOR SINE'
CAST
r=5
90º cos 90º =
x
=
0
= 0 O cos 180º =
x
=
-6
= -1
r 5 (- 6; 0) r 6
cos θ =
x ← and x is positive in I & IV cos θ RULE!!! O y 5 y 0
I tan 90º = = = ∞ tan 180º = = =0
r x 0 x -6
∴ cos θ is POSITIVE in quadrants 1 & 4 IV x=0; y=5; r=5 x = -6 ; y=0; r=6
(and negative in 2 & 3)
'PULL A CURTAIN FOR COS'
270º y -4 y 0
sin 270º = = = -1 sin 360º = = = 0
tan θ =
y ←
tan θ
O r 4 r 5
x 0 r=5 x 5
x ← I r=4 cos 270º =
r
=
4
= 0 O cos 360º =
r
=
5
= 1
(5; 0)
and x & y have the same sign in I & III III
y -4 360º tan 360º =
y
=
0
=0
(0; - 4) tan 270º = = ∞ x
x 0 5
∴ tan θ is POSITIVE in quadrants 1 & 3
Apparently, this is THE BMW SYMBOL!!!
(and negative in 2 & 4) x=0; y = -4 ; r = 4 x=5; y=0; r=5

The 4 steps to find the trig ratios of any angle: Note : The results for 0º and 360º are the same.

→ SUMMARY
1. Place the ø in STANDARD POSITION (starting at OX ) . . . end arm

O
θ
X θ: 0° 90° 180° 270° 360°
2. Pick a point (x; y) on the end arm of the ø beginning arm
sin θ: 0 1 0 -1 0
– we'll call its distance from the origin r
cos θ: 1 0 -1 0 1

3. Write down x = y = r =
(hypotenuse)
(x; y) tan θ: 0 ±∞ 0 ±∞ 0
r y
(opposite)
4. Apply the DEFINITIONS θ
O
x The Answer Series Maths study guides offer a key to exam success.
(adjacent)
y x y In particular, Gr 10 Maths 3 in 1 provides a superb foundation
sin θ = cos θ = tan θ =
r r x for the major topics in Senior Maths.

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 Gr 10 Maths – Trig Ratios & Functions
TRIG FUNCTIONS
Trigonometric graphs  and now, these values on a number line: It is clear that
sin θ and cos θ
sin θ: cos θ :
can only be
We will learn how to sketch the graphs y = sin θ, y = cos θ and tan θ for 0º ≤ θ ≤ 360º. PROPER
We will use the critical values of these ratios to make it easy. But first, some terminology . . . -1 0 1 -1 0 1 FRACTIONS
or equal to ±1
Terminology or 0.

The sine and cosine graphs are WAVE-shaped.

 The amplitude of a WAVE is the deviation from its centre line : The graphs of y = sin θ & y = cos θ for θ ∈ [0º; 360º]
 The period of a graph is the number of degrees spanning a FULL WAVE.
Use the wheels to plot the 'critical points' before drawing the waves.
 The range is the set of all the possible y-values.
y = sin θ y = cos θ
Our investigations of the trig ratios have shown us that the range of values y y
of sines and cosines is very small - only between - 1 and 1. (90º; 1) Note the (360º; 1)
1- TURNING POINTS 1 - (0º; 1)

We write: -1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 and -1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 for all values of θ ! x

O x O
-1 0 1 90º 180º 270º 360º 90º 180º 270º 360º
For both graphs:
By contrast, the range of tan values is from - ∞ to + ∞ ! -1 - -1 -
(270º; -1) the amplitude = 1 unit (180º; -1)
Before drawing the graphs, we will depict the 'critical values' of the ratios as the and the period = 360º.
angle increases from 0º to 360º as :
The range : -1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 The range : -1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1

 'Wheels' of values
 The Critical Values of y = tan θ
As θ : 0º → 360º
` The range of tan values is (- ∞ ; ∞) !
sin θ: 1 cos θ: 0 So, we need tan values 'more often' than for sine and cosine.
sin θ cos θ
θ θ Remember : 2 45º 1 tan 45° = 1
0 0 -1 1
45º
1 II I
tan 135º = -1 . . . quadrant II -1 135° +1
-1 0 45°
tan 225º = +1 . . . quadrant III
225°
In these 2 'wheels' of values we are considering angles from 0º to 360º, going 315°
 tan 315º = -1 . . . quadrant IV +1 -1
anticlockwise from the line OX . We read the 'critical values'; i.e. the sine and III IV
cosine values of multiples of 90º accordingly, as indicated on the wheels.
Check these values on your calculator. Use the definition
Also, confirm them by placing each angle in standard position. . . . y
tan θ =
x
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 Gr 10 Maths – Trig Ratios & Functions

(- 1; 1)
225º
The Quadrants
2
135º O O We have observed the relationship between angles (0º to 360º) and their
1 315º
-1 O (-1; -1)
2
2
trigonometric ratios (sin θ, cos θ, tan θ), both on the 'wheels' and on the graphs.
(1; -1)
The wheels The graphs
x = -1 ; y = 1 x = - 1 ; y = -1 x = 1 ; y = -1 * We observe the angles, and * We write down the values of the angles
1 1 -1 * write down the ratio values. on the x-axis, and
â tan 135º = = -1 â tan 225º = = 1 â tan 315º = = -1
-1 -1 1 * observe the values of the ratios.
See where the quadrants lie in both cases.
The quadrants : I II III IV
The intervals : 0º → 90º 90º → 180º 180º → 270º 270º → 360º
As θ : 0º → 360º ∞ tan θ
tan θ: -1 - + +1 sin θ : II 1 I y
I II III IV
θ
45º θ
0 0 1-
0 0
O 90° 180° 270° 360°
θ
+1 + - -1 III -1 IV
-1 -
∞ y = sin θ
Note where sin θ > 0
(and where it is negative)
y
I II III IV
cos θ : II 0 I
1-
The graph of y = tan θ for θ ∈ [0º; 360º] θ
O 90° 180° 270° 360°
x
0 1
y = tan θ y -1 -
The dashed lines, y = cos θ
III -1 IV
x = 90º and x = 270º, are called
I II III IV
asymptotes Note where cos θ > 0
1 (and where it is negative)
The range: (- ∞ ; ∞)
O x tan θ :
45º 90º 135º 180º225º 270º315º 360º
There is no amplitude, but the
-1 ∞
period of this graph is 180º. II -1 +1 I 1
- +
θ
An asymptote is a line which a curve 45º
approaches but will never touch or cut. 0 0 90° 180° 270° 360° θ
x = 90º x = 270º
-1
+1 + - -1
III ∞ IV

Note where tan θ > 0

(and where it is negative) y = tan θ
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 Gr 10 Maths – Trig: An investigation_Questions
2.2 Draw the graph of y = cos θ on the following set of axes :
An investigation
y
1
Use your calculator to observe various values of sin θ, cos θ and tan θ.
Get to know how each of these three ratios behave as an angle increases, 0,5
through each quadrant, from 0º to 360º.
0 45º 90º 135º 180º 225º 270º 315º 360º θ
 Investigating the values of sin θ for θ ∈ [ 0º; 360º ] -0,5

1.1 Fill in the sin θ values (correct to 2 decimal digits) of these angles -1
θ 0º 20º 45º 70º 90º 110º 135º 160º 180º Compare the values –
what do you notice?  Investigating the values of tan θ for θ ∈ [ 0º; 360º ]
sin θ
Use the accompanying 3.1 Fill in the tan θ values (correct to 2 decimal digits) of these angles
θ 180º 200º 225º 250º 270º 290º 315º 340º 360º table to plot points,
even approximately, θ 0º 20º 45º 70º 90º 110º 135º 160º 180º Again, compare
sin θ
on the set of axes. the values –
tan θ
what do you notice?
1.2 Draw the graph of y = sin θ on the following set of axes : θ 180º 200º 225º 250º 270º 290º 315º 340º 360º

y tan θ
1
3.2 What is happening at 90º? And at 270º?
0,5
We maybe need to investigate more values, Round off to the
namely those just before and after 90º and 270º : nearest whole number
0 45º 90º 135º 180º 225º 270º 315º 360º θ
-0,5 θ 80º 85º 89º 89,9º 90º 90,1º 91º 95º 100º
tan θ 6 11 57 572 ? - 572 - 57 -11 -6
-1
θ 260º 265º 269º 269,9º 270º 270,1º 271º 275º 280º
tan θ 6 11 57 572 ? - 572 - 57 -11 -6

 Investigating the values of cos θ for θ ∈ [ 0º; 360º ] Use the

3.3 Draw the graph of y = tan θ on the following set of axes : accompanying
2.1 Fill in the cos θ values (correct to 2 decimal digits) of these angles y table to plot
2 points, even
θ 0º 20º 45º 70º 90º 110º 135º 160º 180º Compare the values – approximately,
what do you notice? 1 on the set
cos θ (Also compare the of axes.
values of 1.1 vs 2.1
θ 180º 200º 225º 250º 270º 290º 315º 340º 360º 0 45º 90º 135º 180º 225º 270º 315º 360º θ
cos θ Use the accompanying
-1
table to plot points,
even approximately,
on the set of axes. -2

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 Gr 10 Maths – Trig: An investigation_Questions
4. Increase / Decrease 8. Asymptotes
Now, use the tables and/or the graphs to fill in the spaces below and circle the The equations of the asymptotes of the graph y = tan θ :
correct word.
………………………………………………………………..

Quadrant
sin θ cos θ tan θ
number 9. Function notation
increases / decreases increases / decreases increases / decreases If f(x) = sin x ; g(x) = cos x and h(x) = tan x
θ: 0º  90º
from . . . . . to . . . . . from . . . . . to . . . . . from . . . . . to . . . . .
then f(0º) = . . . . . . . . . . ; g(0º) = . . . . . . . . . . and h(0º) = ..........
increases / decreases increases / decreases increases / decreases
θ: 90º  180º f(90º) = . . . . . . . . . . ; g(180º) = . . . . . . . . . . and h(315º) = . . . . . . . . . .
from . . . . . to . . . . . from . . . . . to . . . . . from . . . . . to . . . . .
increases / decreases increases / decreases increases / decreases
θ: 180º  270º
from . . . . . to . . . . . from . . . . . to . . . . . from . . . . . to . . . . .
10. Solving Equations
increases / decreases increases / decreases increases / decreases
θ: 270º  360º
from . . . . . to . . . . . from . . . . . to . . . . . from . . . . . to . . . . .
Solve the following equations where 0º ≤ θ ≤ 360º, Remember:
correct to the nearest whole number. Use the tables and graphs
in 1, 2 and 3
10.1 Solve for θ :
5. Positive / Negative (a) sin θ = 0 (b) sin θ = 1 (c) sin θ = -1
I II III IV I II III IV (d) sin θ = 0,34 (e) sin θ = - 0,34 (f) sin θ = 1,9
sin θ positive sin θ negative (g) sin θ = 0,94 (h) sin θ = - 0,94 (i) sin θ = -1,3
cos θ positive cos θ negative
10.2 Solve for θ :
tan θ positive tan θ negative
(a) cos θ = 0 (b) cos θ = 1 (c) cos θ = -1
(d) cos θ = 0,34 (e) cos θ = - 0,34 (f) cos θ = 1,9
(g) cos θ = 0,94 (h) cos θ = - 0,94 (i) cos θ = -1,3
6. Maximum / Minimum
10.3 Solve for θ :
sin θ cos θ tan θ
(a) tan θ = 0 (b) tan θ = 1 (c) tan θ = -1
Maximum value
(d) tan θ = 0,36 (e) tan θ = - 0,36 (f) tan θ = 2,75
Minimum value
(g) tan θ = - 2,75 (h) tan θ = 572 (i) tan θ = - 572
(j) tan θ is undefined when θ = ?
(h) & (i): correct to 1 decimal digit
7. Features of the graphs
Amplitude Period Range
y = sin θ
y = cos θ
y = tan θ

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 Gr 10 Maths – Trig Functions: Exercise_Questions
Establish for each graph :  the amplitude  the range  the period
EXERCISE 6.8
Exploring the role of a and q in trigonometric functions Figure 1 (for A) Figure 2 (for B)
y y
QUESTIONS
2- 2-

1- 1-
See figures 1 to 6 alongside where the following graphs are drawn for θ : 0º → 360º :
O 90° 180° 270° 360° θ O 90° 180° 270° 360° θ
Figure 1 & 2 both show the graph y = sin θ ;
-1 - -1 -
Figure 3 & 4 both show the graph y = cos θ and
-2 - -2 -
Figure 5 & 6 both show the graph y = tan θ .

Figure 3 (for C) Figure 4 (for D)

y y
1. Sketch the following graphs on the given sets of axes :
1 Plot each point 1-
A. y = 2 s in θ C. y = - cos θ E. y = tan θ using the sin, cos 1-
2
& tan 'wheels' and O θ O θ
B. y = sin θ + 1 D. y = cos θ - 1 F. y = tan θ + 1 not a calculator! 90° 180° 270° 360° 90° 180° 270° 360°

-1 - -1 -

sin θ : cos θ : tan θ : -2 -

1 0 ∞
-1 -+ +1 For A & B
θ θ y = 2 sin θ y = sin θ y = sin θ + 1
0 0 -1 1 θ 45º
0 0 Amplitude
Range
-1 0 Period
+1 +- -1
∞
For C & D
y = - cos θ y = cos θ y = cos θ - 1
2. Compare : A and B to the given graph of y = sin θ in figures 1 & 2; Amplitude
Range
C and D to the given graph of y = cos θ in figures 3 & 4; and Period

E and F to the given graph of y = tan θ in figures 5 & 6 For E & F

y = tan θ y = tan θ + 1
Amplitude
Range
Period
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 Gr 10 Maths – Trig: Exercise 6.8_Questions

Figure 5 (for E) Figure 6 (for F) The following table will help you make conjectures about the variations :

y y amplitude range max value min value period asymptotes

y = 3 sin θ 3 -3 ≤ y ≤ 3 3 -3 360º

2 y = - 2 sin θ 2 -2 ≤ y ≤ 2 2 -2 360º
1 y = sin θ - 1 1 -2 ≤ y ≤ 0 0 -2 360º
1 1
2
y = 2 cos θ 2 -2 ≤ y ≤ 2 2 -2 360º
O 90° 180° 270° 360° θ
- 1 O y = cos θ + 2
2 90° 180° 270° 360° θ 1 1≤y≤3 3 1 360º
-1
y = - cos θ 1 -1 ≤ y ≤ 1 1 -1 360º
-1
y = 2 tan θ ycR 180º y = 90º & y = 270º
-2
y = - tan θ ycR 180º y = 90º & y = 270º

y = tan θ - 1 ycR 180º y = 90º & y = 270º

Study the 'variations' carefully once you've drawn the graphs yourself by plotting points.
In each case, notice how the graph was different to the basic graph,
i.e. y = 2 s in θ vs. y = sin θ, etc.

The aim of the exercise has been for you to understand the effect of the values
of a and q - the parameters - in the graphs :

y = a s in x + q  y = a cos x + q  y = a tan x + q

This package is an extract from our Gr 10 Maths 3 in 1 study guide.

We trust that this will help you to grow in confidence as you prepare for your exams.

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