Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Practice Questions
By Carlon R. Baird
MODULE 2: SEQUENCES, SERIES AND APPROXIMATIONS
1
1. (a) Show that r r (r 1) r (r 1) .
2
n
n
(b) Hence show using method of differences that r n 1 .
r 1 2
4r .
20
(c) Evaluate
r 10
n
r 1 1 r
2. (a) Given that find
(r 1)! r ! (r 1)! r 1 (r 1)!
1
(b) f ( p) , p ℤ+
p( p 1)
v
(i) Show that f ( p) f ( p 1) , stating the value of v.
p( p 1)( p 2)
(ii) Hence show that by method of differences, that
n(2n 3)
p( p 1)( p 2) 4(n 1)(2n 1)
2n
1
S
p 1
r2
n
r
2 1 (n 1)2n
r 1
(c) The first three terms of a geometric series are t (3u 1), t (2u 2) and
t (2u 1) where t and u are constants.
(ii) For each possible value of u, calculate the value of the common
ratio of the series.
Given that u 5 and that the sum to infinity of the geometric series is
896, calculate:
(iii) The value of t.
(iv) The sum of the first twelve terms of the series giving answer to
2 decimal places.
Find:
10r 4 r 3 1
(c) Given that yr where r 1. Show that yr is
r4 r2
convergent. Hence state the limit it converges to.
7. A sequence u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 ,... is defined by un 1 5un 3(2n ), u1 7
(a) Determine the first four terms of the sequence.
(b) Prove by mathematical induction for n ℤ+ , that un 5n 2n .
8. (a) Use Maclaurin’s theorem to find the first three non-zero terms in the
(1 2 x)
series expansion of ln , and state the interval in x for
1 3 x
which the expansion is valid.
(b) Use your series expansion, with suitable value for x, to obtain an
estimate for 1.9710, giving your answer to 2 decimal places.
2 x
13. (a) Find the binomial expansion of in ascending powers of x as
1 x
far as the term in x 3 . State the range of values of x for which the
expansion is valid.
6 7 5 2
(c) (i) Express as partial fractions.
(1 )(1 )(2 )
6 7 5 2
(ii) Hence or otherwise expand in ascending
(1 )(1 )(2 )
powers of as far as the term in 3 .
(iii) State the set of values of for which the expansion is valid.
9!
14. (a) Evaluate .
2!3!4!
15. (a) f ( x) 2 x x 3
(i) Show that there exist a root in the interval [2, 3] using the
intermediate value theorem.
(ii) Use interval bisection to find the root to two decimal places.
16. (a) Show that a root of the equation 2 x cos x 1 0 lies in the interval
[1, 1.5].
(b) Find this root using linear interpolation correct to two decimal places.
17. f ( x) x 3 3 x 2 5 x 4
Taking 1.4 as a first approximation to a root, x, of this equation, use
Newton-Raphson process once to obtain a second approximation to x. Give
your answer to three decimal places.
By Carlon R. Baird
1
1. (a) R.T.S : r r (r 1) r (r 1)
2
1 1
R.H.S: r (r 1) r (r 1) r 2 r r 2 r
2 2
1
2r
2
r
n n
1
r r (r 1) r (r 1)
r 1 r 1 2
1 n
2 r 1
r (r 1) r (r 1)
1 n
n
r (r 1) r (r 1)
2 r 1 r 1
1
2
1(2) 2(3) 3(4) ... (n 1)(n 1 1) n(n 1)
1(1 1) 2(1) 3(2) 4(3) ... n( n 1)
1
2
2 6 12 ... n(n 1) n(n 1)
0 2 6 12 ... n(n 1)
1
n(n 1)
2
n
n 1
2
k 1
f (r ) f (r ) f (r )
n n
4r 4 r
20 20
r 10 r 10
20
9
4 r r
r 1 r 1
20 9
4 20 1 9 1
2 2
4 10(21) 9(5)
4 210 45
660
r 1 1
2. (a) Given that
(r 1)! r ! (r 1)!
r ! (r 1)!
n n
r 1 1
r 1 r 1! r 1
(r 1)!
n n
1 1
r 1 r! r 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ... ...
2! 3! 4! n! 2! 3! 4! (n 1 1)! (n 1)!
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ... ...
2! 3! 4! n ! 2! 3! 4! n ! (n 1)!
1
1
(n 1)!
1
(b) f ( p) , p ℤ+
p( p 1)
v
(i) R.T.S: f ( p) f ( p 1)
p( p 1)( p 2)
1 1
L.H.S: f ( p) f ( p 1)
p( p 1) ( p 1)( p 1 1)
1 1
p( p 1) ( p 1)( p 2)
( p 2) p
p( p 1)( p 2)
2
p( p 1)( p 2)
v 2
n(2n 3)
2n
1
R.T.S :
(ii) p 1 p( p 1)( p 2) 4(n 1)(2n 1)
p( p 1)( p 2)
2n 2n
1 1 2
p 1 p( p 1)( p 2) 2 p 1
1 2n
( p 1)( p 2)
2n 2n
1 2 1 1
2 p 1 p( p 1)( p 2) 2 p 1 p( p 1) p 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
...
2 1(2) 2(3) 3(4) 4(5) 2n(2n 1)
1 1 1 1
...
2(3) 3(4) 4(5) (2n 1 1)(2n 1 2)
1
+
(2n 1)(2n 2)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
... ...
2 2 6 12 20 2n(2n 1) 6 12 20
1 1
+
2n(2n 1) (2n 1)(2n 2)
1 1 1
2 2 (2n 1)(2n 2)
1 (2n 1)(2n 2) 2
2 2(2n 1)(2n 2)
1 4n 2 4n 2n 2 2
2 2 2(n 1)(2n 1)
1 4n 2 6n
2 4(n 1)(2n 1)
1 2(2n 2 3n)
2 4(n 1)(2n 1)
n(2n 3)
r (r 1)(r 2) 4(n 1)(2n 1)
2n
1
S
r 1
n(2n 3)
(iii) lim S lim
n n
4(n 1)(2n 1)
2n 2 3n
lim
n
4 2n 2 n 2n 1
2n 2 3n
lim
n
8n 2 12n 4
2n 2 3n
2
2
lim n n
n 8n 2 12n 4
2
2 2
n n n
3
2
lim n
n 12 4
8 2
n n
20
800
1
4
r2
n
Showing P1 is true:
r2
1
L.H.S.: r
1(2)1 2
r 1
Assume Pk is true:
r2
k
r
2 1 (k 1)2k
r 1
Verifying Pk 1 is true
Pk 1 Pk (k 1) 2k 1
2 1 (k 1)2k (k 1) 2k 1
2 2(k 1)2k (k 1) 2k 1
2 2 2k (k 1) 2k 1 (k 1)
2 2k 1 (k 1) 2k 1 (k 1)
2 2k 1 (k 1) (k 1)
2 2k 1 2k 1 1
2 2k 1 2(k 1) 2
2 2 2k 1 (k 1) 1
2 1 (k 1) 1 2k 1
Pk 1 is true
∴By Principle of Mathematical Induction Pn holds true n ℤ+
3r 4 2 n 3n 11
n
1
(b) Let Pn be the statement
r 1
Showing P1 is true:
(3r 4) 3(1) 4 7
1
L.H.S:
r 1
1
R.H.S: 1 3(1) 11 7
2
L.H.S R.H.S
P1 is true
Assume Pk is true:
Verifying Pk 1 is true:
Pk 1 Pk 3(k 1) 4
1
k 3k 11 3k 3 4
2
1
k 3k 11 2 3k 7
2
1
3k 2 11k 6k 14
2
1
3k 2 17 14
2
1
3k 2 3k 14k 14
2
1
3k (k 1) 14(k 1)
2
1
k 1 3k 14
2
1
k 1 3k 3 11
2
1
k 13(k 1) 11
2
Pk 1 is true
4. (a) a x6
ar 2 x
ar 2 x 2
2x
From equ’n : r
a
x2
From equ’n :r 2
a
Substituting r into equ’n
2
2x
2
x
a a
4x2 x2
a2 a
4 x ax 2
2
(c) a t (3u 1)
ar t (2u 2)
ar 2 t (2u 1)
t (2u 2) 2u 2
(i) ar a r
t (3u 1) 3u 1
Rewriting another equation for the third term of the GP:
2
(2u 2)
ar t (3u 1)
2
(3u 1)
(2u 2) 2
t (3u 1)
(3u 1) 2
t (2u 2) 2
3u 1
t (2u 2) 2
Now we could say that: t (2u 1)
3u 1
(2u 1)(3u 1) (2u 2) 2
6u 2 2u 3u 1 4u 2 8u 4
2u 2 9u 5 0
2u 2 10u u 5 0
2u (u 5) 1(u 5) 0
(u 5)(2u 1) 0
u 5
1
or u
2
2(5) 2 12 3
(ii) When u 5 ; r
3(5) 1 16 4
1
2 2
1 2
When u ; r
1 2
2
2 1 3
3 1 1
2 2
(iii) Given that u 5 and S 896
a t (3(5) 1)
S 896
1 r 1
3
4
16t
896
1
4
16t 224
t 14
a 1 r n
(iv) Sn
1 r
3 12
224 1
S12 4
3
1
4
216.9044971...
=
1
4
=867.61798...
=867.62 {2 d.p.}
5. (a) 5+9+13+17+...
(i) a5
d 95 4
un a (n 1)d
u20 5 (20 1)(4)
5 (19)(4)
81
n
(ii) Sn 2a (n 1)d
2
20
S20 2(5) (20 1)(4)
2
10 10 76
=860
n
(b) (i) Sn 2a (n 1)d
2
2
S2 2a (2 1)d
2
S2 2a d 47
un a (n 1)d
u30 a 29d 62
We have two simultaneous equ’ns:
2a d 47
a 29d 62
2(62 29d ) d 47
124 58d d 47
57d 171
d 3
a 26
60
(ii) S60 2(26) 59(3)
2
30 52 177
6870
6. (a) un 1 un 4
u1 7
u2 u11 u1 4 7 4 11
u3 u2 4 11 4 15
u4 u3 4 15 4 19
(ii) U 4 U 3 U 2
(5 2) 5
5 2 2 5
10r 4 r 3 1
(c) yr , where r 1
r4 r2
10r 4 r 3 1
lim y r
lim
r r
r
r 4 2
10r 4
r 3
1
r4 r4 r4
lim
r
r4 r2
r4 r4
1 1
10 4
lim r r
r
1
1 2
r
10 0 0
1 0
10
As lim
r
yr 10, yr is convergent
i.e it converges to the limit 10
Assume Pk is true:
u k 5k 2 k
(1 2 x)
8. (a) Let h( x) ln
1 3x
1
h( x) ln(1 2 x) ln(1 3 x)
2
1 2 3
h '( x)
2 1 2 x 1 3x
1 3
1 2 x 1 3x
(1 2 x) 1 3(1 3 x) 1
h ''( x) 1(2)(1 2 x) 2 3( 3)(1 3 x) 2
2(1 2 x) 2 9(1 3 x) 2
By Maclaurin's theorem:
h ''(0) 2 h '''(0) 3
h( x) h(0) h '(0) x x x ...
2! 3!
7 62 3
h( x ) 0 4 x x 2 x ...
2! 3!
(1 2 x) 7 2 31 3
ln 4 x x x ...
1 3 x 2 3
1 1
where x
3 3
f '''( x) e x 3( 2 9)cos3x 18 sin 3x ( 2 9)sin 3x 6 cos3x e x
e x 3( 2 9)cos3x 18 sin 3x ( 2 9)sin 3x 6 2 cos3x
e x 3 2 27 6 2 cos3x 3 9 18 sin 3x
e x 9 2 27 cos3x 3 27 sin 3x
6 2 9 27 3
2
f ( x) 0 3 x x x ...
2! 3!
3x 3 x 2 2 3 x3 ...
9
3!
3 2 3
e sin 3 x 3 x 3 x
x 2
x 3 ...
2
q '( x) (1 x)1
1 x
q ''( x) ( )(1 x) 2
2 (1 x) 2
3 2 3
e sin 3x ln(1 x) x 3x 3 x
x 2
x3
2
1 1
x 2 x 2 3 x 3 x ...
2 3
1
3x x x 3 x 2 2 x 2
2
3 3 3 1 3 3
2
x x ...
2 3
1 2 2 3 2 9 3 3
(2 ) x 3 x x ...
2 2 2 3
1 2 2 3 2 3 9 3
(2 ) x 3 x x ...
2 2 3 2
In the question we were told that the first non-zero term in the
expansion of e x sin 3 x ln(1 x) x is x 3 , , this means that the co-
efficient of both x and x2 are 0.
2 0
2
1
3 2 0
2
1
3 2
2
1 4
3 (2) 2 2
2 2
2
3
3 2 3 9
2 3 2
2
2
3
3 2 9
3
2 3 2
2 8 9
3 3 2
13
2
Let f ( x) sin x 1
9. (a) | f sin
6 6 2
3
f '( x) cos x | f ' cos
6 6 2
1
f ''( x) sin x | f '' sin
6 6 2
2!
1
2
2
1 3
f ( x) x x ...
2 2 6 2! 6
1
2
1 3
sin( x) x x ...
2 2 6 4 6
(b) 2 3 2 1 2
2
1
sin ...
9 2 2 9 6 4 9 6
3 1
2
1
2 2 18 4 18
1 3 1
2
2 36 1296
dy
10. (a) cos( x) y sin( x) 2 y 3 0
dx
Differentiating equ’n:
d dy d
cos( x) y sin( x) 2 y 0
d 3
dx dx dx dx
d 2 y dy dy 2 dy
cos( x) dx 2 dx sin( x) y cos( x) sin( x) dx 6 y dx 0
d2y dy dy 2 dy
cos( x) sin( x ) y cos( x ) sin( x ) 6 y 0
dx 2 dx dx dx
d2y dy
cos( x) 2 y cos( x) 6 y 2 0
dx dx
d3 y d2 y dy 2 d 2 y dy dy
cos( x) dx3 dx 2 sin( x) y( sin( x)) cos( x) dx 6 y dx 2 dx 12 y dx 0
2
d3 y d2y dy d2y dy
cos( x) 3 sin( x) 2 y sin( x) cos( x) 6 y 2 2 12 y 0
dx dx dx dx dx
Given the initial conditions y0 1 at x0 0
dy
cos(0) (1) sin(0) 2(1)3 0
dx 0
dy
020
dx 0
dy
2
dx 0
dx 0
d2y
dx 2 0 1 0 12 0
0
d2y
2 11
dx 0
dy d2y
Substituting values of x0 , y0 , and 2 into equ’n
dx 0 dx 0
d3y
cos(0) 3 sin(0) 11 (1)sin(0) cos(0) 2 6 1 11 12 1 2 0
2 2
dx 0
d3y
dx3 0 0 2 66 48 0
0
d3y
3 112
dx 0
To summarize:
dy d2y d3y
x0 0, y0 =1 , = 2 , 2 11, 3 112
dx 0 dx 0 dx 0
Now using Taylor’s expansion:
f ''(a) f '''(a)
f ( x) f (a ) f '(a ) x a x a x a ...
2 3
2! 3!
d 2 y x x0 d 3 y x x0
2 3
dy
y y0 x x0 2 3 ...
dx 0 dx 0 2! dx 0 3!
Now substituting values:
x 0 x 0
2 3
1 6 x 12 x 2 8 x3
1 3x 1 2 x 1 3x 1 6 x 12 x 2 8 x3
3
1 6 x 12 x 2 8 x 3 3x 18 x 2 36 x 3 24 x 4
24 x 4 44 x 3 30 x 2 9 x 1
2 x x x x
2 3 2 3
6 x x 2 12 x x 2 8
2
27 27bx 9b 2 x 2 b3 x3
2 x 3 bx 2 x 27 27bx 9b 2 x 2 b3 x 3
3
18b 2 27b 45
18b 2 27b 45 0
out by 3
6b 2 9b 15 0
6b 2 15b 6b 15 0
3b(2b 5) 3(2b 5) 0
2b 5 3b 3 0
5
b or b 1
2
3 0 1 2 3
2 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 2 0 1
x C0 x C1 x C2 x C3 x
(d)
2x 2x 2x 2x 2x
1 1 1
x6 3 x 4 3 x 4 2 3
2x 4 x 8x
3 3 1
x6 x3 3
2 4 8x
3
The term independent of x is
4
12. (a)
2 3x 10C0 2 3x 10C1 2 3x 10C2 2 3x 10C3 2 3x ...
10 10 0 9 1 8 2 7 3
(b) We first must find the value of x obtaining an estimate for 1.97
10
2 3x 1.97
3x 2 1.97
x 0.01
Now we can substitute x into our series expansion:
2 x 2 x 1 1
2 x 1 x 2
13. (a) 2
1 x 1 x
Using the binomial expansion:
n(n 1) 2 n(n 1)(n 2)
1 x 1 nx x ...
n
2! 3!
1
2 x 2 1 x
2
1
1 2
2 1 x
2
1 1 1 1 1
1
1 2 1 2 3
1 1 1 2 2 x 2 2 2 x ...
2 1 x 2 1 x
2
2 2 2 2! 2 3! 2
1 1 x 2 1 x3
2 1 x ...
4 8 4 16 8
1 1 1 3
2 1 x x 2 x ...
4 32 128
1
where x 1
2
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2
1
1 x
1
2 2 2 2 2 2 x3 ...
1 x
2 x
2 2! 3!
1 3 5
1 x x 2 x3 ...
2 8 16
1 1
1 1 1 3 1 3 5
2 x 2 1 x 2 2 1 x x 2 x ... 1 x x 2 x 3 ...
4 32 128 2 8 16
1 3 5 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
2 1 x x 2 x 3 x x 2 x3 x 2 x3 x ...
2 8 16 4 8 32 32 64 128
1 1 3 1 1 5 3 1 1 3
2 1 x x x 2 x 2 x 2 x3 x3 x3 x ...
2 4 8 8 32 16 32 64 128
1 7 25 3
2 1 x x 2 x ...
4 32 128
x
Valid if 1 and x 1
2
x 1 for both to be valid
1 2 x 1 2 x
1
(a) 2
1 1 1 1 1
1 2 x 1 2 2 x
2 3
1
1 2 x
2 2
2 2 2 ...
2 2! 3!
1 x 4 x 2 8 x 3 ...
1 1
8 16
1 1
1 x x 2 x 3 ...
2 2
5 2 2 2
1 0.01 0.00005 0.0000005 ...
0.9899495
7 0.989945 5 2
7
2
0.0989945 5
2 1.41421982
6 7 5 2 A B C
(b) (i) Let P( )
1 1 2 1 1 2
18 6 B
B=3
Let 1
6 7 1 5 1 A(2)(1) B(0)(1) C (0)(2)
2
4=2A
A2
Let 2
6 7 2 5 2 A(3)(0) B(1)(0) C (1)(3)
2
12 3C
C 4
2 3 4
P( )
1 1 2
1
Valid 1
2
2
2 1 3 1 4 2
1 1 1
1 1
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 ...
2 4
1 1
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 ...
2 4
5
3 2 6 2 3 ...
4
6 7 5 2 5
3 2 6 2 3 ...
1 1 2 4
P( ) 2 1 3 1 4 2
(ii) 1 1 1 ss
Using binomial expansion:
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 ...
2 1 2 1 1
1
2! 3!
= 2 1 2 3 ...
2 2 2 2 2 3 ...
Valid for 1
3 1 3 1 1
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 ...
1
2! 3!
3 1 ...
2 3
3 3 3 2 3 3 ...
Valid for 1
1
1
1
42
1
4 2 1
2
1
1
4 2 1
1
2
1
1
2 1
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
1 2 3
1
2 1 2 1 1 ...
2 2 2! 2 3! 2
1 1 1
2 1 2 3 ...
2 4 8
1 1
2 2 3 ....
2 4
r ! r (r 1)!
(n r 1)! (n r 1)(n r )!
N.B. (n r 1)!
(n r )!
(n r 1)
n ! n(n 1)!
n! 2(n 1)!
L.H.S:
(n r )! r ! (r 1)!(n r 1)!
n! 2(n 1)!
(n r 1)!
r (r 1)! (r 1)!(n r 1)!
(n r 1)
n !(n r 1) 2(n 1)!
r (n r 1)!(r 1)! ( r 1)!( n r 1)!
n !(n r 1) 2r (n 1)!
r (n r 1)!(r 1)!
n(n 1)!(n r 1) 2r (n 1)!
r (n r 1) !(r 1)!
(n 1)!n n r 1 2r
n r 1!r r 1!
(n 1)!
(n r 1)! r !
n2 nr n 2r
(c) R.T.P: nCr nCn r
n! n!
i.e.
r !(n r )! (n r )! n n r !
n! n!
R.H.S:
(n r )! n n r ! (n r )!(n n r )!
n!
=
r !(n r )!
15. (a) f ( x) 2 x x 3
(i) f (2) 22 2 3 1 0
f (3) 23 3 3 8 0
f (2) f (3) 0
By the Intermediate Value Theorem(I.V.T) such that f ( x) 0
in the interval 2,3 .
2nd approximation=2.25
f 2.4375 0.58032... 0
2.4375< <2.5
f 2.46875 0.2348... 0
2.46875< <2.5
f 2.484375 0.05676651... 0
2.484375 < <2.5
f 2.4921875 0.0336604... 0
2.484375< <2.4921875
f 2.48828125 0.011666... 0
2.48828125< <2.4921875
f 2.490234375 0.010968231... 0
2.48828125< <2.490234375
2.49 2 d.p.
16. (a) Let g ( x) 2 x cos( x) 1
g (1) 2(1) cos(1) 1 0.0806046 0
g (1.5) 2(1.5) cos(1.5) 1 0.78778... 0
g (1) g (1.5) 0
By the I.V.T such that g ( x) 0 in the interval 1,1.5
(b) g ( x) 2 x cos( x) 1
a g (b) b g (a)
Using the formula c
g (b) g (a)
Now using linear interplation on the interval
1< <1.5
1| 0.78778 | 1.5 0.0806046
c 1.0464106...
0.78778 0.0806046
g (1.0464106) 0.0478365... 0
1.0464106< <1.5
Now, c
1.0464106 0.78778 1.5 0.0478365 1.0723772...
0.78778 0.0478365
g (1.0723772) 0.0252732... 0
1.0723772< <1.5
c
1.0723772 0.78778 1.5 0.0252732 1.0856695...
0.78778 0.0252732
g (1.0856695) 0.0125400... 0
1.0856695< <1.5
Now, c
1.0856695 0.78778 1.5 0.0125400 1.0921615...
0.78778 0.0125400
g (1.0921615) 0.0060289 0
1.0921615< <1.5
x 1.09 2 d.p.
17. f ( x) x 3 3 x 2 5 x 4
First of all, let’s find the derivative of the given function f(x).
f '( x) 3x 2 6 x 5
Using Newton Raphson's process:
f xn
xn 1 xn
f '( xn )
Given the first approximation x0 1.4
f ( x1 )
x2 x1
f '( x2 )
f (1.4)
1.4
f '(1.4)
f (1.4) (1.4)3 3(1.4) 2 5 1.4 4
f '(1.4) 3(1.4) 2 6(1.4) 5
0.136
0.136
x2 1.4 1.45483...
2.48
1.455 3 d.p.
The second approximation x2 1.455