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CAPE Pure Mathematics Unit 2

Practice Questions
By Carlon R. Baird
MODULE 2: SEQUENCES, SERIES AND APPROXIMATIONS

1
1. (a) Show that r   r (r  1)  r (r  1)  .
2


n
n
(b) Hence show using method of differences that r  n  1 .
r 1 2

 4r .
20

(c) Evaluate
r 10


n
r 1 1 r
2. (a) Given that   find
(r  1)! r ! (r  1)! r 1 (r  1)!
1
(b) f ( p)  , p  ℤ+
p( p  1)
v
(i) Show that f ( p)  f ( p  1)  , stating the value of v.
p( p  1)( p  2)
(ii) Hence show that by method of differences, that

n(2n  3)
 p( p  1)( p  2)  4(n  1)(2n  1)
2n
1
S
p 1

(iii) Deduce the sum to infinity of S.

3. (a) Prove by the method of mathematical induction, that, for n ℤ+ ,

r2
n
r
 2 1  (n  1)2n 
r 1

(3r  4)  2 n 3n  11.


n
1
(b) Prove by induction that for n ℤ , that +
r 1
4. (a) The expressions x  6, 2x, and x 2 form the first three terms of a
geometric progression. By calculating two different expressions for
the common ratio, form and solve an equation in x to find possible
values of the first term.

(b) Dylan invest $D at a rate of interest 4% per annum. After 5 years it


will be worth $10,000. How much (to the nearest penny) will it be
worth after 10 years.

(c) The first three terms of a geometric series are t (3u  1), t (2u  2) and
t (2u  1) where t and u are constants.

(i) Use an algebraic method to show that one possible value of u is


5 and to find the other possible value of u.

(ii) For each possible value of u, calculate the value of the common
ratio of the series.
Given that u  5 and that the sum to infinity of the geometric series is
896, calculate:
(iii) The value of t.

(iv) The sum of the first twelve terms of the series giving answer to
2 decimal places.

5. (a) For the arithmetic series 5  9  13  17  ...

Find:

(i) The 20th term


(ii) The sum of the first 20 terms.
(b) The sum of the first two terms of an arithmetic series is 47.
The thirtieth term of this series is 62 .
Find:
(i) The first term of the series and the common difference
(ii) The sum of the first 60 terms of the series.

6. (a) Find the first four terms of the of the sequence:


un 1  un  4, u1  7
(b) A sequence of terms { U n }, n  1 is defined by the recurrence relation
U n  2  U n 1  U n where  is a constant

Given also thatU1  2 and U 2  5 :

(i) Find an expression in terms of  for U 3


(ii) Find an expression in terms of  for U 4

Given that the value of U 4  21 :

(iii) Find the possible values of 

10r 4  r 3  1
(c) Given that yr  where r  1. Show that yr is
r4  r2
convergent. Hence state the limit it converges to.
7. A sequence u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 ,... is defined by un 1  5un  3(2n ), u1  7
(a) Determine the first four terms of the sequence.
(b) Prove by mathematical induction for n ℤ+ , that un  5n  2n .

8. (a) Use Maclaurin’s theorem to find the first three non-zero terms in the
 (1  2 x) 
series expansion of ln   , and state the interval in x for
 1  3 x 
which the expansion is valid.

(b) (i) Show using Maclaurin’s theorem that


3( 2  3) 3
e sin 3x  3x  3 x 
x 2
x  ...
2
where  is a constant.
(ii) Given that the first non-zero term in the expansion, in
ascending powers of x, of e x sin 3 x  ln(1   x)  x is  x 3 ,
where  is a constant, find the values of  ,  and  .

9. (a) Show that the Taylor expansion of sin( x) in ascending powers of


  3   1  
2 2
  1
 x   up to the term  x   is sin( x)    x     x   .
 6  6 2 2  6  4 6

(b) Using the series in (a) find, in terms of  , an approximation for


 2  .
sin  
 9 
dy
10. Given that cos( x)  y sin( x)  2 y 3  0 and that y  1at x  0 , use
dx
Taylor’s method to show that, close to x  0 , terms in x 4 and higher powers
11 56
can be ignored, y  1  2 x  x 2  x3 .
2 3

11. (a) Expand fully the expression (1  3 x)(1  2 x)3 .


(b) Expand (2  y )3 . Hence or otherwise, write down the expansion
(2  x  x 2 )3 in ascending powers of x.
(c) The coefficient of x 2 in the expansion of (2  x)(3  bx)3 is 45. Find
the possible values of the constant b.
3
 2 1 
(d) Find the term independent of x in the expansion of  x   .
 2x 
Use the binomial series to expand  2  3x  in ascending powers of x
10
12. (a)
up to and including the term in x 3 , giving each coefficient as an
integer.

(b) Use your series expansion, with suitable value for x, to obtain an
estimate for 1.9710, giving your answer to 2 decimal places.
2 x
13. (a) Find the binomial expansion of   in ascending powers of x as
 1 x 
far as the term in x 3 . State the range of values of x for which the
expansion is valid.

(1  2 x) up to and including the term in x . By


3
(b) Find an expansion of
substituting in x  0.01, find a suitable decimal approximation to 2

6  7  5 2
(c) (i) Express as partial fractions.
(1   )(1   )(2   )

6  7  5 2
(ii) Hence or otherwise expand in ascending
(1   )(1   )(2   )
powers of  as far as the term in  3 .

(iii) State the set of values of  for which the expansion is valid.

9!
14. (a) Evaluate .
2!3!4!

(b) Prove that


n! 2(n  1)! (n  1)!
  (n 2  nr  n  2r )
(n  r )!r ! (r  1)!(n  r  1)! (n  r  1)!r !

(c) Prove that nCr  nCn  r

15. (a) f ( x)  2 x  x  3
(i) Show that there exist a root in the interval [2, 3] using the
intermediate value theorem.

(ii) Using the end points of this interval by interval bisection,


obtain a first and second approximation to x.
(b) (i) Using the intermediate value theorem show that one root of the
equation x3  7 x  2  0 lies in the interval [2, 3].

(ii) Use interval bisection to find the root to two decimal places.

16. (a) Show that a root of the equation 2 x cos x  1  0 lies in the interval
[1, 1.5].

(b) Find this root using linear interpolation correct to two decimal places.

17. f ( x)  x 3  3 x 2  5 x  4
Taking 1.4 as a first approximation to a root, x, of this equation, use
Newton-Raphson process once to obtain a second approximation to x. Give
your answer to three decimal places.
By Carlon R. Baird
1
1. (a) R.T.S : r   r (r  1)  r (r  1) 
2
1 1
R.H.S:  r (r  1)  r (r  1)   r 2  r  r 2  r 
2 2
1
  2r 
2
r

(b) By method of differences:

 
n n
1
r  r (r  1)  r (r  1) 
r 1 r 1 2

1 n 
2  r 1
  r (r  1)  r (r  1) 

1 n 
 
n

  r (r  1)  r (r  1) 
2  r 1 r 1 


1
2
1(2)  2(3)  3(4)  ...  (n  1)(n  1  1)  n(n  1) 
 1(1  1)  2(1)  3(2)  4(3)  ...  n( n  1) 


1
2 

 2  6  12  ...  n(n  1)  n(n  1) 

 0  2  6  12  ...  n(n  1)  
1
 n(n  1)
2
n
  n  1
2
k 1

 f (r )   f (r )   f (r )
n n

(c) Recall that :


r k r 1 r 1

 4r  4 r
20 20


r 10 r 10
 20 
 
9

 4 r  r
 r 1 r 1 
 20 9 
 4   20  1   9  1 
2 2 
 4 10(21)  9(5)
 4 210  45
 660

r 1 1
2. (a) Given that  
(r  1)! r ! (r  1)!

  r !  (r  1)!
n n
r 1 1
 
r 1  r  1! r 1

  (r  1)!
n n
1 1
 
r 1 r! r 1

 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 1     ...        ...  
 2! 3! 4! n!  2! 3! 4! (n  1  1)! (n  1)!
 1 1 1 1   1 1 1 1 1 
 1     ...        ...   
 2! 3! 4! n !   2! 3! 4! n ! (n  1)!  
1
1
(n  1)!

1
(b) f ( p)  , p  ℤ+
p( p  1)

v
(i) R.T.S: f ( p)  f ( p  1) 
p( p  1)( p  2)
1 1
L.H.S: f ( p)  f ( p  1)  
p( p  1) ( p  1)( p  1  1)
1 1
 
p( p  1) ( p  1)( p  2)
( p  2)  p

p( p  1)( p  2)
2

p( p  1)( p  2)

v  2

n(2n  3)

2n
1
R.T.S : 
(ii) p 1 p( p  1)( p  2) 4(n  1)(2n  1)

  p( p  1)( p  2)
2n 2n
1 1 2
 
p 1 p( p  1)( p  2) 2 p 1

1  2n 
   ( p  1)( p  2) 
2n 2n
1 2 1 1
  
2 p 1 p( p  1)( p  2) 2  p 1 p( p  1) p 1

1  1 1 1 1 1 
      ... 
2  1(2) 2(3) 3(4) 4(5) 2n(2n  1) 
 1 1 1 1
    ... 
 2(3) 3(4) 4(5) (2n  1  1)(2n  1  2)
1 
+ 
(2n  1)(2n  2)  

1   1 1 1 1 1  1 1 1
      ...      ...
2   2 6 12 20 2n(2n  1)   6 12 20

1 1 
+  
2n(2n  1) (2n  1)(2n  2)  
1 1 1 
   
2  2 (2n  1)(2n  2) 
1  (2n  1)(2n  2)  2 
  
2  2(2n  1)(2n  2) 
1  4n 2  4n  2n  2  2 
  
2  2  2(n  1)(2n  1) 
1  4n 2  6n 
  
2  4(n  1)(2n  1) 
1 2(2n 2  3n)
 
2 4(n  1)(2n  1)

n(2n  3)
 r (r  1)(r  2)  4(n  1)(2n  1)
2n
1
S 
r 1

n(2n  3)
(iii) lim S  lim
n  n 
4(n  1)(2n  1)
2n 2  3n
 lim
n 
4  2n 2  n  2n  1
2n 2  3n
 lim
n 
8n 2  12n  4

2n 2 3n
2
 2
 lim n n
n  8n 2 12n 4
2
 2  2
n n n
3
2
 lim n
n  12 4
8  2
n n
20

800
1

4
r2
n

3. (a) Let Pn be the statement r


 2 1  (n  1)2n 
r 1

Showing P1 is true:

r2
1

L.H.S.: r
 1(2)1  2
r 1

R.H.S.: 2 1(1  1)21   2 1  2(0)


2
L.H.S  R.H.S
 P1 is true

Assume Pk is true:

r2
k
r
 2 1  (k  1)2k 
r 1

Verifying Pk 1 is true
Pk 1  Pk  (k  1)  2k 1
 2 1  (k  1)2k   (k  1)  2k 1
 2  2(k  1)2k  (k  1)  2k 1
 2  2  2k (k  1)  2k 1 (k  1)
 2  2k 1 (k  1)  2k 1 (k  1)
 2  2k 1  (k  1)  (k  1) 
 2  2k 1  2k  1  1
 2  2k 1  2(k  1)  2 
 2  2  2k 1  (k  1)  1
 2 1   (k  1)  1 2k 1 
 Pk 1 is true
∴By Principle of Mathematical Induction Pn holds true  n  ℤ+
3r  4  2 n 3n  11
n
1
(b) Let Pn be the statement
r 1

Showing P1 is true:

 (3r  4)  3(1)  4  7
1

L.H.S:
r 1

1
R.H.S: 1 3(1)  11  7
2
L.H.S  R.H.S
 P1 is true

Assume Pk is true:

3r  4  2 k 3k  11


k
1
r 1

Verifying Pk 1 is true:
Pk 1  Pk  3(k  1)  4
1
  k  3k  11  3k  3  4
2
1
  k  3k  11  2  3k  7  
2
1
 3k 2  11k  6k  14 
2
1
 3k 2  17  14 
2
1
 3k 2  3k  14k  14 
2
1
 3k (k  1)  14(k  1) 
2
1
  k  1 3k  14 
2
1
  k  1 3k  3  11
2
1
  k  13(k  1)  11
2
 Pk 1 is true

∴By Principle of Mathematical Induction Pn holds true  n  ℤ+

4. (a) a  x6
ar  2 x
ar 2  x 2

2x
From equ’n : r
a
x2
From equ’n :r  2

a
Substituting r into equ’n
2
 2x 
2
x
  
 a  a
4x2 x2

a2 a
4 x  ax 2
2

From equ’n a  x6


 4 x 2  ( x  6) x 2
4 x 2  x3  6 x 2
x 3  10 x 2  0
x 2 ( x  10)  0
 x  0 or x  10
 Possible values of the first term:
a  0  6  6  a  6
or
a  10  6  4 a4
(b) a  $D
  4 
After 1 year: ar  $  D   D  
  100  
 4D 
 $ D 
 100 
100 D  4 D 
 $ 
 100
104 
 $ D
100 
 ar  $1.04 D
1.04 D 1.04 D
r   1.04
a D
After 2 years: ar 2  $(1.04) 2 D

Given that after 5 years it will be worth $10,000


 ar 5  D(1.04)5  $10,000
 10000 
D  $ 5 
 $8219.27
 (1.04) 
So Dylan’s initial investment was about $8219.27

Now, after 10 years, i.e ar 10 ,


 10000 
 ar10    1.04 
10
5 
 (1.04) 
 12166.52902
The investment will be worth $12166.53

(c) a  t (3u  1)
ar  t (2u  2)
ar 2  t (2u  1)
t (2u  2) 2u  2
(i)  ar  a  r  
t (3u  1) 3u  1
Rewriting another equation for the third term of the GP:
2
 (2u  2) 
ar  t (3u  1) 
2

 (3u  1) 
(2u  2) 2
 t (3u  1) 
(3u  1) 2
t (2u  2) 2

3u  1
t (2u  2) 2
Now we could say that: t (2u  1) 
3u  1
 (2u  1)(3u  1)  (2u  2) 2

6u 2  2u  3u  1  4u 2  8u  4
2u 2  9u  5  0
2u 2  10u  u  5  0
2u (u  5)  1(u  5)  0
 (u  5)(2u  1)  0
 u 5

1
or u  
2

2(5)  2 12 3
(ii) When u  5 ; r   
3(5)  1 16 4
 1
2    2
1  2
When u   ; r  
1 2
 2
2  1 3
3    1   1
 2 2
(iii) Given that u  5 and S  896
a t (3(5)  1)
S    896
1 r 1
3
4
16t
  896
1
4
16t  224
t  14

a 1  r n 
(iv) Sn 
1 r
  3 12 
224 1    
 S12   4 
3
1
4
216.9044971...
=
1
4
=867.61798...
=867.62 {2 d.p.}

5. (a) 5+9+13+17+...

(i) a5
d 95 4
un  a  (n  1)d
u20  5  (20  1)(4)
 5  (19)(4)
 81
n
(ii) Sn   2a  (n  1)d 
2
20
 S20   2(5)  (20  1)(4) 
2
 10 10  76
=860
n
(b) (i) Sn   2a  (n  1)d 
2
2
S2   2a  (2  1)d 
2
S2  2a  d  47
un  a  (n  1)d
u30  a  29d  62
 We have two simultaneous equ’ns:
2a  d  47
a  29d  62

Equ’n   a  62  12d

Substituting a into equ’n 

2(62  29d )  d  47
124  58d  d  47
 57d  171
d  3
 a  26

60
(ii) S60   2(26)  59(3)
2
 30  52  177 
 6870
6. (a) un 1  un  4
u1  7
u2  u11  u1  4  7  4  11
u3  u2  4  11  4  15
u4  u3  4  15  4  19

 The first four terms of the sequence:


7,11,15,19,...
(b) U n  2  U n 1  U n , U1  2 and U 2  5

(i) U 3  U1 2  U11  U1


 U 2  U1
 5  2

(ii) U 4  U 3  U 2
  (5  2)  5
 5 2  2   5

(iii) Given that U 4  21


 5 2  2   5  21
5  2  2   16  0
5  2  10   8   16  0
5  (   2)  8(   2)  0
(5  8)(  2)=0
8
  = or  =  2
5

10r 4  r 3  1
(c) yr  , where r  1
r4  r2
 10r 4  r 3  1 
lim y  r  
lim 
 r r
r

r  4 2

 10r 4
r 3
1 
 r4  r4  r4 
 lim  
r 
 r4 r2 

 r4 r4 
 1 1 
 10   4
 lim r r
r 
 1 
 1 2 
 r 
10  0  0

1 0
 10
 As lim
r 
yr  10, yr is convergent
i.e it converges to the limit 10

7. (a) un 1  5un  3(2n )


u1  7
u2  5u1  3(21 )
 5(7)  3(2)
=29
u3  5u2  3(22 )
 5(29)  12
=133
u4  5u3  3(23 )
 5(133)  3(8)
 641

(b) Let Pn be the statement un  5n  2n


Showing P1 is true:
u1  51  21  7
u1  u1
 P1 is true

Assume Pk is true:
u k  5k  2 k

Verifying Pk+1 is true:


uk 1  5uk  3(2k )
=5 5k  2k   3(2k )
 5  5k  5  2 k  3  2 k
 5k 1  2k (5  3)
 5k 1  2k (2)
 5k 1  2k 1
 Pk 1 is true
 By Principle of Mathematical Induction Pn holds true  n  ℤ+

 (1  2 x) 
8. (a) Let h( x)  ln  
 1  3x 
1

 h( x)  ln(1  2 x)  ln(1  3 x)
2

1  2   3 
h '( x)  
2 1  2 x  1  3x 
1 3
 
1  2 x 1  3x
 (1  2 x) 1  3(1  3 x) 1
h ''( x)  1(2)(1  2 x) 2  3( 3)(1  3 x) 2
 2(1  2 x) 2  9(1  3 x) 2

h '''( x)  4(2)(1  2 x) 3  18(3)(1  3 x) 3


 8(1  2 x) 3  54(1  3 x) 3
1
h(0)  ln(1)  ln(1)  0
2
1 3
h '(0)   1 3  4
1  2(0) 1  3(0)
h ''(0)  2(1  0) 2  9(1  0) 2  2  9  7
h '''(0)  8(1  2(0))3  54(1  3(0))3  8(1)  54  62

 By Maclaurin's theorem:
h ''(0) 2 h '''(0) 3
h( x)  h(0)  h '(0) x  x  x  ...
2! 3!
7 62 3
 h( x )  0  4 x  x 2  x  ...
2! 3!
 (1  2 x)  7 2 31 3
 ln    4 x  x  x  ...
 1  3 x  2 3
1 1
where   x 
3 3

(b) (i) Let f ( x)  e  x sin x


f '( x)  e x  3cos3x   sin 3x   e x 
 e x  3cos3x   sin 3x 
f ''( x)  e x   9sin 3x  3 cos3 x   3cos3 x   sin 3 x   e x 
 e x  9sin 3x  3 cos3 x  3 cos3 x   2 sin 3 x 
 e x   2  9  sin 3x  6 cos3 x 

f '''( x)  e x  3( 2  9)cos3x  18 sin 3x   ( 2  9)sin 3x  6 cos3x   e x 
 e x 3( 2  9)cos3x  18 sin 3x   ( 2  9)sin 3x  6 2 cos3x 
 e x  3 2  27  6 2  cos3x    3  9  18  sin 3x 
 e x  9 2  27  cos3x    3  27  sin 3x 

f (0)  e (0) sin(0)  0


f '(0)  e (0)  3cos3(0)   sin 3(0)   3

f ''(0)  e (0)   2  9 sin 3(0)  6 cos3(0)   6

f '''(0)  e (0)  9 2  27  cos3(0)    3  27  sin 3(0) 


 9 2  27
 By Maclaurin's theorem:
f ''(0) 2 f '''(0) 3
f ( x)  f (0)  f '(0) x  x  x  ...
2! 3!

6 2  9  27  3
2

f ( x)  0  3 x  x  x  ...
2! 3!
 3x  3 x 2    2  3 x3  ...
9
3!
3   2  3
 e sin 3 x  3 x  3 x 
x 2
x 3  ...
2

(ii) Let q( x)  ln(1   x)


q '( x)    (1   x)1
1  x
q ''( x)   ( )(1   x) 2
  2 (1   x) 2

q '''( x)  2( 2 )( )(1   x) 3


 2 3 (1   x) 3
q(0)  ln(1   (0))  ln(1)  0
q(0)   (1   (0)) 1   (1)  
q ''(0)   2 (1   (0)) 2   2 (1)   2
q '''(0)  2 3 (1   (0)) 3  2 3 (1)  2 3
 By Maclaurin's theorem:
q ''(0) 2 q '''(0) 3
q( x)  q(0)  q '(0) x  x  x  ...
2! 3!
( 2 ) 2 2 3 3
 0 x  x  x  ...
2! 3!
1 1
  x   2 x 2   3 x3  ...
2 3
1 1
 ln(1+ x)= x   2 x 2   3 x3  ...
2 3
Hence,

3   2  3
e sin 3x  ln(1   x)  x  3x  3 x 
x 2
x3
2
1 1
  x   2 x 2   3 x 3  x  ...
2 3
1
 3x   x  x  3 x 2   2 x 2
2
3    3 3 1 3 3
2

 x   x  ...
2 3
 1 2  2  3 2 9  3  3
 (2   ) x   3    x      x  ...
 2   2 2 3 
 1 2  2  3 2  3 9  3
 (2   ) x   3    x     x  ...
 2   2 3 2 

In the question we were told that the first non-zero term in the
expansion of e x sin 3 x  ln(1   x)  x is  x 3 , , this means that the co-
efficient of both x and x2 are 0.
 2   0
  2
1
 3   2  0
2
1
3    2
2
1 4
3   (2) 2   2
2 2
2

3
3 2  3 9
  
2 3 2
2
2
3 
3   2  9
3

   
2 3 2
2 8 9
  
3 3 2
13

2

Let f ( x)  sin x     1
9. (a) | f    sin   
6 6 2
    3
f '( x)  cos x | f '    cos   
6 6 2
    1
f ''( x)   sin x | f ''     sin    
6 6 2

Using Taylor’s expansion:


f ''(a)
f ( x)  f (a)  f '(a)  x  a    x  a   ...
2

2!
1
 2 
2
1 3
f ( x)    x     x    ...
2 2  6  2!  6
  1 
2
1 3
 sin( x)    x     x    ...
2 2  6  4 6
(b)  2 3  2   1  2  
2
 1
sin           ...
 9  2 2  9 6  4 9 6 
3   1  
2
1
     
2 2  18  4  18 
1 3 1
   2
2 36 1296

dy
10. (a) cos( x)  y sin( x)  2 y 3  0
dx
Differentiating equ’n:

d  dy  d
 cos( x)    y sin( x)    2 y   0
d 3

dx  dx  dx dx
 d 2 y dy   dy  2 dy
cos( x) dx 2  dx   sin( x)     y cos( x)  sin( x) dx   6 y dx  0
   
d2y dy dy 2 dy
cos( x)  sin( x )  y cos( x )  sin( x )  6 y 0
dx 2 dx dx dx
d2y dy
 cos( x) 2  y cos( x)  6 y 2 0
dx dx

Now, differentiating equ’n 


d  d2y  d d  dy 
 cos( x) 2    y cos( x)    6 y 2   0
dx  dx  dx dx  dx 

 d3 y d2 y   dy   2 d 2 y dy  dy  
cos( x) dx3  dx 2   sin( x)    y( sin( x))  cos( x) dx   6 y dx 2  dx 12 y dx   0
      
2
d3 y d2y dy d2y  dy 
 cos( x) 3  sin( x) 2  y sin( x)  cos( x)  6 y 2 2  12 y    0
dx dx dx dx  dx 
Given the initial conditions y0  1 at x0  0
 dy 
cos(0)    (1) sin(0)  2(1)3  0
 dx 0
 dy 
  020
 dx 0
 dy 
    2
 dx 0

Substituting values of x0 , y0 and   into equ’n 


dy
 dx 0
 d2y 
cos(0)  2   (1) cos(0)  6 1  2   0
2

 dx 0
 d2y 
 dx 2   0  1  0  12  0
 0
 d2y 
  2   11
 dx 0
 dy   d2y 
Substituting values of x0 , y0 ,   and  2  into equ’n 
 dx 0  dx 0
 d3y 
cos(0)  3   sin(0) 11  (1)sin(0)  cos(0)  2   6 1 11  12 1 2   0
2 2

 dx 0
 d3y 
 dx3   0  0  2  66  48  0
 0
 d3y 
  3   112
 dx 0
 To summarize:
 dy   d2y   d3y 
x0  0, y0 =1 ,   =  2 ,  2   11,  3   112
 dx 0  dx 0  dx 0
Now using Taylor’s expansion:
f ''(a) f '''(a)
f ( x)  f (a )  f '(a )  x  a    x  a   x  a   ...
2 3

2! 3!
 d 2 y   x  x0   d 3 y   x  x0 
2 3
 dy 
 y  y0     x  x0    2   3   ...
 dx 0  dx 0 2!  dx 0 3!
Now substituting values:
 x  0  x  0
2 3

y  1   2  x  0   11  112   ...


2! 3!
11 2 56 3
y  1  2x  x  x  ...
2 3
Ignoring other coefficients:
11 56
y  1  2 x  x 2  x3
2 3

Let’s first consider 1  2x 


3
11. (a)
1  2 x   1  3C1 (1) 2 (2 x)  3C2 (1)(2 x) 2  (2 x)3
3

 1  6 x  12 x 2  8 x3
1  3x 1  2 x   1  3x  1  6 x  12 x 2  8 x3 
3

 1  6 x  12 x 2  8 x 3  3x  18 x 2  36 x 3  24 x 4
 24 x 4  44 x 3  30 x 2  9 x  1

2  y  3C0  2  y   3C1  2  y   3C2  2  y   3C3  2  y 


3 3 0 2 1 1 2 0 3
(b)
 8  12 y  6 y 2  y 3
 y 3  6 y 2  12 y  8
Hence

2  x  x    x  x 
2 3 2 3
 6  x  x 2   12  x  x 2   8
2

 3C0 ( x)3 ( x 2 )0  3C1 ( x) 2 (  x 2 )1  3C2 ( x)1 (  x 2 ) 2  3C3 ( x) 0 (  x 2 ) 2


+ 6  x 2  2 x 3  x 4   12 x  12 x 2  8
 x 3  3( x) 2 ( x 2 )  3( x)( x 4 )  x 6  6 x 4  12 x  12 x 2  8
 x 3  3x 4  3x 5  x 6  6 x 2  12 x 3  6 x 4  12 x  12 x 2  8
  x 6  3x 5  11x 3  6 x 2  12 x  8

First of all, let’s expand  3  bx 


3
(c)
 3  bx   33  3C1  3  bx   3C2  3 bx    bx 
3 2 1 2 3

 27  27bx  9b 2 x 2  b3 x3
  2  x  3  bx    2  x   27  27bx  9b 2 x 2  b3 x 3 
3

 54  54bx  18b2 x 2  2b3 x3  3x  27bx 2  ...

Now considering the coefficients of x 2

 18b 2  27b  45
18b 2  27b  45  0
 out by 3
 6b 2  9b  15  0
6b 2  15b  6b  15  0
3b(2b  5)  3(2b  5)  0
 2b  5  3b  3  0
5
 b or b  1
2
3 0 1 2 3
 2 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 2 0 1
 x    C0  x      C1  x      C2  x      C3  x    
(d)
 2x   2x   2x   2x   2x 
 1  1  1
 x6  3  x 4      3  x 4   2   3
 2x   4 x  8x
3 3 1
 x6  x3   3
2 4 8x

3
 The term independent of x is
4
12. (a)
 2  3x   10C0  2  3x   10C1  2  3x   10C2  2  3x   10C3  2  3x   ...
10 10 0 9 1 8 2 7 3

 1024  15360 x  10368 x 2  414770 x3  ...

(b) We first must find the value of x obtaining an estimate for 1.97 
10

 2  3x  1.97
3x  2  1.97
x  0.01
Now we can substitute x into our series expansion:

1.97   1024  15360(0.01)  103680(0.01) 2  414770(0.01)3  ...


10

 1024  153.6  10.368  0.41477


 880.35323
 880.35 2 d.p.

 2 x 2 x 1 1
  2  x  1  x  2

13. (a)   2
 1 x  1 x
Using the binomial expansion:
n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2)
1  x   1  nx  x   ...
n

2! 3!
 1 
2  x  2 1  x 
 2 
1
 1  2
 2 1  x 
 2 

  1  1   1  1  1  

1
    1 2     1   2  3 
 1    1  1  2 2   x   2  2  2   x   ...
2 1  x   2 1     x     
2
     
 2    2  2  2! 2 3! 2 
 
 1 1  x 2  1  x3  
 2 1  x        ...
 4 8  4  16  8  
 1 1 1 3 
 2 1  x  x 2  x  ...
 4 32 128 

1
where x 1
2
 1  1   1  1  1 
     1      1   2 
 1
1    x  
1
2  2  2  2  2  2  x3  ...
1  x 

2 x 
 2 2! 3!
1 3 5
 1  x  x 2  x3  ...
2 8 16
1 1
 1 1 1 3  1 3 5 
 2  x  2 1  x  2  2 1  x  x 2  x  ... 1  x  x 2  x 3  ...
 4 32 128  2 8 16 

 1 3 5 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 
 2 1  x  x 2  x 3  x  x 2  x3  x 2  x3  x  ... 
 2 8 16 4 8 32 32 64 128 
 1 1 3 1 1 5 3 1 1 3 
 2 1  x  x  x 2  x 2  x 2  x3  x3  x3  x  ... 
 2 4 8 8 32 16 32 64 128 
 1 7 25 3 
 2 1  x  x 2  x  ... 
 4 32 128 

x
Valid if  1 and  x  1
2
 x  1 for both to be valid

1  2 x  1  2 x 
1

(a) 2

 1  1   1  1  1 
 1  2 x      1   2   2 x 
2 3
  
1
 1     2 x     
2 2 
  
2 2  2   ...
2 2! 3!

 1  x   4 x 2    8 x 3   ...
1 1
8 16
1 1
 1  x  x 2  x 3  ...
2 2

 This expansionis valid for 2 x  1


 x 1
Now substituting in x  0.01
49
1  2(0.01)  0.98 
50
49 1
 49 
50 50
1
 7
2 25
7

5 2
7 1 1
  1   0.01   0.01   0.01  ...
2 3

5 2 2 2
 1  0.01  0.00005  0.0000005  ...
 0.9899495

7  0.989945  5 2
7
2
0.0989945  5
2  1.41421982

6  7  5 2 A B C
(b) (i) Let P( )    
1   1    2    1   1   2  

Multiplying both sides by 1   1    2   


 6+7  5 2  A 1    2     B 1    2     C 1   1   
Let   1
 6  7 1  5 1  A  0  2   B  2  3  C  2  0 
2

18  6 B
B=3
Let   1
 6  7  1  5  1  A(2)(1)  B(0)(1)  C (0)(2)
2

4=2A
A2
Let   2
 6  7  2   5  2   A(3)(0)  B(1)(0)  C (1)(3)
2

12  3C
C  4

2 3 4
 P( )   
1  1  2  

1
Valid  1
2
  2
 2 1     3 1     4  2   
1 1 1

 1 1 
 2  2  2 2  2 3  3  3  3 2  3 3   2     2   3   ...
 2 4 
1 1
 2  2  2 2  2 3  3  3  3 2  3 3  2     2   3  ...
2 4
5
 3  2  6 2   3  ...
4
6  7  5 2 5
  3  2  6 2   3  ...
1   1    2    4
P( )  2 1     3 1     4  2   
(ii) 1 1 1 ss
Using binomial expansion:
  1 1  1  2   1 1  1 1  2   3  ...
2 1     2 1   1  
1
    
 2! 3! 
= 2 1     2   3  ...
 2  2  2 2  2 3  ...
Valid for   1

3 1     3 1   1   
 1 1  1  2   1 1  1 1  2   3  ...
   
1

 2! 3! 
 3 1        ...
2 3

 3  3  3 2  3 3  ...
Valid for   1
  1
1
  1 
42  
1
 4  2 1    
  2 
1
 1 
 4  2  1   
1

 2 
1
 1 
 2 1   
 2 
  1   1 1  1  1   1 1  1 1  2   1  
1 2 3
 1 
2 1     2 1   1            ...
 2   2  2! 2  3! 2  
 1 1 1 
 2 1     2   3  ...
 2 4 8 
1 1
 2     2   3  ....
2 4

(iii) All expansions valid for |x|<1


14. (a) 9! 9  8  7  6  5  4!

2!3!4! 2  1 3  2  1 4!
15120

12
 1260

2(n  1)! (n  1)!


(b) R.T.P :
n!
 
(n  r )!r ! (r  1)!(n  r  1)! (n  r  1)!r !
 n2  nr  n  2r 

r !  r (r  1)!
(n  r  1)!  (n  r  1)(n  r )!
N.B. (n  r  1)!
(n  r )! 
(n  r  1)
n !  n(n  1)!

n! 2(n  1)!
L.H.S: 
(n  r )! r ! (r  1)!(n  r  1)!
n! 2(n  1)!
 
(n  r  1)!
 r (r  1)! (r  1)!(n  r  1)!
(n  r  1)
n !(n  r  1) 2(n  1)!
 
r (n  r  1)!(r  1)! ( r  1)!( n  r  1)!
n !(n  r  1)  2r (n  1)!

r (n  r  1)!(r  1)!
n(n  1)!(n  r  1)  2r (n  1)!

r (n  r  1) !(r  1)!
(n  1)!n  n  r  1  2r

 n  r  1!r  r  1!
(n  1)!

(n  r  1)! r !
 n2  nr  n  2r 
(c) R.T.P: nCr  nCn  r

n! n!
i.e. 
r !(n  r )! (n  r )! n   n  r  !

n! n!
R.H.S: 
(n  r )! n   n  r  ! (n  r )!(n  n  r )!
n!
=
r !(n  r )!

15. (a) f ( x)  2 x  x  3
(i) f (2)  22  2  3  1  0
f (3)  23  3  3  8  0
 f (2)  f (3)  0
 By the Intermediate Value Theorem(I.V.T)  such that f ( x)  0
in the interval  2,3 .

(ii) ab  23


f  f    f (2.5)  0.156854  0
 2   2 
2.0    2.5
ab  2.0  2.5 
f  f    f (2.25)  0.49317  0
 2   2 
2.25    2.5
To summarize: 1st approximation=2.5

2nd approximation=2.25

(b) (i) Let f ( x)  x3  7 x  2


f (2)  23  7(2)  2  4  0
f (3)  33  7(3)  2  8  0
 f (2)  f (3)  0
 By the I.V.T  such that f ( x)  0 in the interval  2,3
(ii) ab  23
f  f    f (2.5)  0.125  0
 2   2 
 2< <2.5
 2  2.5 
f   f  2.25   2.359375  0
 2 
 2.25< <2.5
 2.25  2.5 
f   f (2.375)  1.2285...  0
 2 
 2.375< <2.5

f  2.4375   0.58032...  0
 2.4375< <2.5

f  2.46875   0.2348...  0
 2.46875< <2.5

f  2.484375   0.05676651...  0
 2.484375 < <2.5

f  2.4921875   0.0336604...  0
 2.484375< <2.4921875

f  2.48828125   0.011666...  0
 2.48828125< <2.4921875

f  2.490234375   0.010968231...  0
 2.48828125< <2.490234375

   2.49 2 d.p.
16. (a) Let g ( x)  2 x cos( x)  1
g (1)  2(1) cos(1)  1  0.0806046  0
g (1.5)  2(1.5) cos(1.5)  1  0.78778...  0
g (1)  g (1.5)  0
 By the I.V.T  such that g ( x)  0 in the interval 1,1.5

(b) g ( x)  2 x cos( x)  1
a g (b)  b g (a)
Using the formula c 
g (b)  g (a)
Now using linear interplation on the interval
1<  <1.5
1| 0.78778 | 1.5 0.0806046
c  1.0464106...
0.78778  0.0806046

g (1.0464106)  0.0478365...  0
1.0464106<  <1.5

Now, c 
1.0464106  0.78778  1.5 0.0478365  1.0723772...
0.78778  0.0478365

g (1.0723772)  0.0252732...  0
1.0723772<  <1.5

Using linear interpolation on the new interval gives:

c
1.0723772  0.78778  1.5 0.0252732  1.0856695...
0.78778  0.0252732

g (1.0856695)  0.0125400...  0
1.0856695<  <1.5

Now, c 
1.0856695 0.78778  1.5 0.0125400  1.0921615...
0.78778  0.0125400
g (1.0921615)  0.0060289  0
1.0921615< <1.5

 x  1.09 2 d.p.

17. f ( x)  x 3  3 x 2  5 x  4

First of all, let’s find the derivative of the given function f(x).

f '( x)  3x 2  6 x  5
Using Newton Raphson's process:
f  xn 
xn 1  xn 
f '( xn )
Given the first approximation x0  1.4
f ( x1 )
 x2  x1 
f '( x2 )
f (1.4)
 1.4 
f '(1.4)
f (1.4)  (1.4)3  3(1.4) 2  5 1.4   4
f '(1.4)  3(1.4) 2  6(1.4)  5
 0.136
  0.136  
 x2  1.4     1.45483...
 2.48 
 1.455 3 d.p.
 The second approximation x2  1.455

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