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PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTE INACAP

ENGINEERING IN MINES
ENGINEERING IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS

ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROJECT
INGLES IV

PREVENTION OF SILICOSIS IN MINING

RODRIGO OLIVARES CARRIÓN


JERRY LOLANDES TORERO

Academic guide: Macarena Ortiz Guajardo

Santiago

Section: 672
1 RESUMEN

In the following project report, we intend to present a product that goes directly to
benefit the collaborative society of the different working classes and companies that
are developed in the labor field of different areas of collaboration that execute actions
that release dusty chemical agents in areas restricted and poor ventilation as is the
case of different work areas such as construction of civil works, mining and works
that are developed for a specific time as in tasks.

The product consists of a face mask that purifies the air and oxygen contaminated
by different substances and chemical agents in a dusty state by the product of
different labor actions.

The mission of this product is to minimize the risks of long-term death suffered by
employees from different areas that work in the areas that allow the development of
types of occupational diseases that attack the lung areas.

The beneficiaries will be directly the collaborators of the affected areas and the
companies and / or organizations that fight in a conventional way these situations,
its benefits will be to minimize the indemnities and pensions that are generated to
the collaborators through the different occupational diseases.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Resumen .......................................................................................................... 2

2 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 5

3 Definition of the project ..................................................................................... 6

4 Product initiative ............................................................................................... 7

5 Use of air purifiers in working areas .................................................................. 8

6 Use of the product in civil works and construction ............................................ 8

7 Product use in mining ....................................................................................... 9

7.1 What is Silica? ............................................................................................ 9


7.2 Prevention of Silicosis .............................................................................. 11
7.3 Statistical percentage of workers potentially exposed to silica. ................ 12

8 Other occupational diseases that the product may decrease ......................... 17

9 Innovation in the product................................................................................. 21

10 Technical presentation of the product ............................................................. 23

11 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 24

12 Bibliography .................................................................................................... 25

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1: air purifying mask prototype. ................................................................... 6


Figure 2 Collaboration in civil works and construction. ............................................ 9
Figure 3: Damage caused the tuberculosis. .......................................................... 17
Figure 4: Damage caused Berylliosis. ................................................................... 17
Figure 5:Damage caused by Byssinosis. .............................................................. 18
Figure 6: Damage caused by Asthma. .................................................................. 18
Figure 7: Damage caused By Pneumonitis. .......................................................... 19
Figure 8: Damage caused by bronchitis ................................................................ 19
Figure 9: Damage caused by pneumoconiosis...................................................... 20

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Figure 10: Product chosen for modification. .......................................................... 21
Figure 11: Product with valid modification. ............................................................ 21

TABLE OF GRAPHIC

Graphic 1: Percentage of Silica in underground mining. ......................................... 7


Graphic 2: Expected Percentage of silica inhalation. .............................................. 7

CONTENT OF TABLES

Table 1: Workers potentially exposed to silica by branch of economic activity. .... 12


Table 2: Number of workers potentially exposed to silica according to the
administrative body of law 16,744. Year 2017. ...................................................... 13
Table 3: Number of workers exposed, in surveillance and carriers of silicosis,
according to the administrative bodies of law 16,744. Period 2011 to 2017. ......... 15
Table 4: Patients diagnosed with COPD attended in Salas ERA, with a history of
exposure to silica................................................................................................... 16
Table 5: Patients with a diagnosis of COPD attended in Salas ERA, with
background of exposure to silica. .......................................................................... 16

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2 INTRODUCTION

The environmental pollution generated by the production processes has been the
reason for many researches with which new production and control technologies
have been developed.

Chemical contaminants consist of inert (non-living) matter that is presented in the


form of dust, gases, vapors, liquids, fumes, and combinations. The airway is the way
of entry of the chemical pollutants to the most important organism. Since breathing,
along with the incoming air also make these contaminants, other chemicals such as
solvents, alcohols, can be absorbed by the skin, this being the second most
important way of entry.

Any mining exploitation generates pollution of the working environment, depending


on the degree of the same one of factors such as: the type of exploitation, applied
technology, chemical products used. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate
preventive measures to eliminate the health risks of the workers or, at least, to
reduce the concentrations of the pollutants to values that do not compromise them.

The mining engineer, like all engineering professionals, should take care that the
processes of production in which it is involved do not generate environmental
pollution. Being the mining operation a process in which the main objective is to
fragment the rock, it is inevitable that practically any action undertaken within the
exploitation and process operations in mining companies generates dust to a greater
or lesser degree.

The main objective is to make known to the workers exposed to powders resulting
from processes such as perforation, etc., of rocks that contain "free silica", the risks
that this element represents for his health and to indicate the procedures and
Existing methods to prevent and control the possibility of disease arising from
repeated inhalation of dust is called pneumoconiosis and other occupational
diseases, such as the disease called silicosis.

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3 DEFINITION OF THE PROJECT

This collaboration is based on research into one of the most problematic cases of
national and international mining, Pneumoconiosis, a lung disease that has been
studied and that directly reaches the life of 30% to 50% of employees belonging to
sectors of high risk of exposure to dust.

Sand, stone and earth are the most common materials that contain silica, the most
common form of crystalline silica is quartz. Inhalation of crystalline silica can cause
chronic or accelerated silicosis. Chronic silicosis, the most common form of this
disease, with a duration of more than 10 years or more of excessive exposure. As
silicosis progresses, seeing symptoms such as cough would be and lack of attention
after intense physical activity.

The following problem can be solved by creating an air purifying masker that allows
the purification of 99.1% of the contaminated air, will involve a silica meter that can
give the level of contamination in the underground mining (figure Nº1).

Figure 1: air purifying mask prototype.

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4 PRODUCT INITIATIVE

The main initiative of this project is firstly to see the long-term health conditions of
the employees who work in mining, civil works and any other who are exposed to
polluting dust that may aggravate health in the short and long term. Through the
existing statistical data, the minerals contain a percentage of silica of 78% directly,
in so far as 30% of free silica belongs to the environment, that is to say in the air of
the mine (graphic Nº1).

With this project it is expected to reduce the level of 30% contaminant of silica and
other agents breathed by collaborators to only 0.03% which is 99.1% less than 30%.
Over time, 50% of diseases of this type have been increased in just two years and it
can be said that 38% of jobs in Chile are exposed to this disease, others in smaller
amounts and others in older ones (graphic Nº2).

Graphic 1: Percentage of Silica in underground mining.

0.22%
0.48%

0.30%

Direct silica in mineral Silica in the air Oxygen free of contaminants

Graphic 2: Expected Percentage of silica inhalation.

0.80%
0.60%
0.40%
0.20%
0.00%
Total silica in Current Expected
mineral inhalation inhalation
inhaled percentage 0.78% 0.30% 0.03%

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5 USE OF AIR PURIFIERS IN WORKING AREAS

In the workplace environment, chemical substances may be present in the form of


dust, smoke, dew, mist, gas or vapor in quantities which could be detrimental to the
health of the worker. Exposure to these agents should be controlled to avoid the risk
of a professional illness. It is always more effective if the control is carried out in the
generator source of those agents or in the middle.

However, where such measures cannot be applied, or when they are insufficient,
and there is a residual risk, action must be taken to protect the worker's airways.
There are different types of respiratory protection that vary in design, applications
and ability to protect. A successful selection will depend on the chemical present,
the conditions of the exposure, the adjustment of the apparatus, as well as the
suitability of the person who makes the selection. Workers ' participation should not
be left to the side of this task.

For this reason, it is necessary to expose the technical criteria and the
recommendations to use adequate respiratory protection equipment.

6 USE OF THE PRODUCT IN CIVIL WORKS AND CONSTRUCTION

In construction work, a lot of dust is generated, especially in the work of chisel,


sanding, cutting and milling and renovating old and tiled plasters. In most cases,
workers use respiratory protection masks and spending on cleaning work amounts
to considerable amounts. It is more effective and healthier to use dust-absorbing air
purifier before it sits on surfaces and penetrates the lungs.

The air purifier can be used in the following occasions:

 When collaborating near asbestos or lead-based paint.


 When you must grind, cut concrete or have to drill rock containing silicon.
 When sanding, cutting, blowing, welding or using an electric generator in a
poorly ventilated place.
 When toxic and chemical agents are in the air and are above the permissible
exposure level (PEL) established by OSHA, or are not sure that they are not
above the PEL.

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 There is no other way to keep the exposure level low. For example, if
ventilation of the area through a nearby exhaust environment or any other
ventilation is not feasible, the product remedies the problem.

Figure 2 Collaboration in civil works and construction.

7 PRODUCT USE IN MINING

The occupational disease that predominates in mining and metallurgy is silicosis.

7.1 What is Silica?

Silica is called silicon dioxide (SiO2), which is found in nature in very different forms
of quartz, as a crystalline reservoir. It is one of the most abundant elements in the
Earth's crust. It is present in almost all mineral deposits (copper, iron, coal, etc. and
in many industries, such as foundries, ceramics, glass factory, refractory bricks,
abrasive cleaning, etc.).

The main producing agent of Silicosis is the free crystallized silica, which appears in
greater or lesser quantity in ores and rocks. Its concentration is higher in drilling,
loading of minerals, mineral loads, milling in Crushers and others, and it is because
these processes generate a great amount of dust, in which this element is harmful
to the health.

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Illustration 1: Silica found in mining Silica found in mining.

The higher the percentage of free silica in the ore and rocks, the higher the risk of
silicosis.

If minerals containing quartz are extracted, there will be abundant silica dust and, if
no protective measures are taken, it is likely that soon the worker is sick of silicosis,
on the other hand, when the task is fulfilled in a limestone mineral, of carbon or sulfur
that does not contain quartz, the danger of contracting this disease is much less, but
as to extract these minerals it is indispensable to break the rock that surrounds it,
which contains silica, there is also the risk of disease.

Almost all rocks contain silica. Mines also, in greater or lesser quantity. Even the
sand, which seems so insignificant and innocent, contains this dangerous element.
Silicosis is contracted by the silica dust that penetrates the lungs, when the worker
breathes. The greater amount of dust in the environment and the longer we stay in
it, the more silica will enter the lungs.

Illustration 2: lung with silica and without silica.

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7.2 Prevention of Silicosis

The application of the appropriate dust control measures in the mining operations
allows the worker to prevent the disease and to finish without health concerns his
working life.

Fortunately, there are some effective ways to avoid the disease, for this purpose all
the preventive means offered by the technology will be used. Some of the simplest
measures consist of:

7.2.1 Use of air purifier

The miner always must have his own defense by continually using the respirator that
will keep him protected. When the respirator is used correctly it prevents dust from
entering your lungs because the special filter it possesses does not allow the
passage of harmful particles.

The respirator is as necessary as the helmet and the safety shoes.

Ilustración 3: air purifying mask.

Respirator precautions are as follows:

 Keep it in good condition.


 Check that it fits perfectly to the face and does not let the dirty air through its edges.
 that the valves work well.
 The type of respirator is adequate and.
 Change the filter when it is compressed, and make sure that it is well positioned,
without wrinkles that allow the passage of dirty air.

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7.3 Statistical percentage of workers potentially exposed to silica.

The following tables show that the number of workers potentially exposed to silica
increased significantly between 2010 and 2017 from 347,662 to 440,801 people, a
variation explained by the increase in the Occupied Labor Force (FTO).

Table 1: Workers potentially exposed to silica by branch of economic activity.

ECONOMIC BRANCH Nº COLLAB. 2010 %RE % FTO Nº COLLAB. 2017 % RE %FTO


INDUSTRY AND MANUFACTURE 10672 1.3 0.2 4950 14.3 0.06
MINES AND QUARRIES 33619 39 0.5 98596 50 1.22
CIVIL WORKS 303371 56.5 4.7 337255 56.5 4.18
TOTAL 347662 5.4 440801 5.46

Specifying the abbreviations as:

 %FTO= busy work force


 %RE= Economic branch

Here is a graphic for more expression and understanding about the employees
exposed to silica in the year 2010.

COLLABORATORS EXPOSED TO SILICA IN YEAR 2010


10672 33619

INDUSTRY AND MANUFACTURE


303371 MINES AND QUARRIES
CIVIL WORKS

Graphic 1: Exhibition of silicon collaborators in the year 2010.

As the years go by, the country continues to develop in such a way that it does so
by creating civil works, exploitation of deposits, private companies, contractors and
independent collaborators. Below is the increase in employees exposed until last
year 2017.

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Here is a graphic for more expression and understanding about the employees
exposed to silica in the year 2017.

COLLABORATORS EXPOSED TO SILICA IN YEAR


2017
4950

98596
INDUSTRY AND MANUFACTURE
MINES AND QUARRIES
337255 CIVIL WORKS

Graphic 2: Exhibition of silicon collaborators in the year 2010.

While the number of workers in the construction sector did not change significantly,
there is a significant decrease in the industry and manufacturing sector and a
substantial increase in mines and quarries. The percentage of potentially exposed
workers remains in construction and increases in the other two economic branches.

Table 2: Number of workers potentially exposed to silica according to the


administrative body of law 16,744. Year 2017.

ECONOMIC BRANCH ACHS CChC IST ISL TOTAL


INDUSTRY AND MANUFACTURE 30103 14180 6876 5400 56559
MINES AND QUARRIES 16076 14923 2916 12594 46509
CIVIL WORKS 60762 185732 25729 44147 316370
TOTAL 106941 214835 35521 62141 419438

Specifying the abbreviations as:

 ACHS= The Chilean Security Association


 CChC= The Chilean Chamber of Construction
 IST= The Institute of Work Safety
 ISL= Instituto de Seguridad Laboral

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Graphic 3: Number of workers exposed, in surveillance and carriers of silicosis,
according to the administrative bodies of law 16,744. Period 2014 to 2017.

COLLABORATORS POTENTIALLY EXPOSED TO SILICA


250000 214835
Nº of collaborators

200000
150000 106941
100000 62141
35521
50000
0
ACHS CChC IST ISL

Accident insurance companies

.
While the number of workers in the construction sector did not change significantly,
there is a significant decrease in the industry and manufacturing sector and a
substantial increase in mines and quarries. The percentage of potentially exposed
workers remains in construction and increases in the other two economic branches.

Table 2 presents the number of workers potentially exposed to silica according to


the administering body of law 16,744. It should be noted that the sum of all workers
in this condition is only slightly lower (95.2%) than that calculated in table 1. The
number of workers per branch of economic activity is substantially different, except
for the Construction. The estimates presented in the 1indican table show that in the
manufacturing industry there are 4,950 workers potentially exposed, a figure that
approximates the estimated only for the ISL. For mines and quarries, the total
number of people presented in table 2 is 47% of the estimated table 1.

7.3.1 Exposed workers and carriers of silicosis according to the


administrative bodies of the law 16,744.

Because estimates of potentially exposed workers should have been made based
on information from the year 2017, the comparison with information on exposed
workers, in surveillance and carriers of silicosis should correspond to the Same year.
Unfortunately, the information provided by the administrative bodies of law 16,744 is
heterogeneous. Two tables are presented with the data provided by the security
mutual. Table 3 presents the information closest to 2017 and table 4 to that

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corresponding to 2018, which is the first year in which comparable information is
counted.

Table 3: Number of workers exposed, in surveillance and carriers of silicosis,


according to the administrative bodies of law 16,744. Period 2011 to 2017.

ECONOMIC BRANCH ACHS CChC IST ISL TOTAL


INDUSTRY AND MANUFACTURE 9592 7190 13293 122 30197
MINES AND QUARRIES 13890 35222 2763 6 51881
CIVIL WORKS 145 344 11 46 546

Below is a graph of the number of exposed workers, in surveillance and carriers of


silicosis, according to the administrators of Law 16,744. Period 2011 to 2017.

Graphic 4: Number of workers exposed, in surveillance and carriers of silicosis,


according to the administrative bodies of law 16,744. Period 2011 to 2017.

POTENTIALLY EXPOSED COLLABORATORS


60000
Nº Of colaborators

50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
COLLABORATORS COLLABORATORS IN COLLABORATORS WITH
EXPOSED SURVEILLANCE SILICOSIS
COLABORATORS

Table 3 shows the number of silicosis-bearing workers for the year 2011 for each
OAL. In that year the total amount was 646 sick. For the number of workers exposed
to silica, the information is presented as of December 31, 2012, except for the IST
reporting only since 2017. The number of workers in surveillance corresponds to the
data recorded as of December 31, 2012 for the ACHS and the ISL. The CChC
presents a consolidated which includes the years 2009 to 2016 and the IST reports
the data of the end of 2017.

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This study conducted a total of 1,957 surveys distributed by region as presented in
table 5.

Table 4: Patients diagnosed with COPD attended in Salas ERA, with a history of
exposure to silica.

PATIENTS
REGION DOUBTFUL EXPOSURE EXPOSED TO SILICE
RESPONDED
ATACAMA 128 2 115
COQUIMBO 587 47 383
METROPOLITANA 1242 135 388
TOTALES 1957 184 886

 EPOC= Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


 ROOM ERA= Rooms for patient care.

Next, patients diagnosed with COPD are presented attended in Salas ERA, with
background of exposure to silica.

Table 5: Patients with a diagnosis of COPD attended in Salas ERA, with background
of exposure to silica.

SURVEY IN REGION OF ATACAMA, COQUIMBO AND


METROPOLITAN REGION

886

1957
184

PATIENTS RESPONDED DOUBTFUL EXPOSURE EXPOSED TO SILICE

It is striking that the 115 patients identified as exposed to silica during their working
life, represent 90% of all those who are cared for in the halls of the Atacama region.

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Although to a lesser extent, the percentages of COPD-carrying patients served in
these halls in the Coquimbo and Metropolitan regions are also unexpectedly high.

8 OTHER OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES THAT THE PRODUCT MAY

DECREASE

The tuberculosis

It is a lung disease that causes infection in the lungs and leads to the formation of
granulomas. The disease spreads through the air by passing tuberculosis bacteria
from one person's lungs to another when coughing, sneezing, or talking. People who
inhale these bacteria can become infected. They may have some or all of these
symptoms: Constant tiredness, Weight loss, Persistent cough, Fever, Night sweats,
Loss of appetite.

Figure 3: Damage caused the tuberculosis.

The Berylliosis

Berylliosis is a lung inflammation caused by aspiration of dust or vapors containing


beryllium. In the past, beryllium was mined from the mines for use in the chemical
and electronic industries and in the fluorescent light bulb factory at present, it is used
mainly in the aerospace industry, both with the workers of these industries, some
People who lived near beryllium refineries also develop berylliosis. Acute berylliosis
can also affect the skin and eyes.

Figure 4: Damage caused Berylliosis.

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The Byssinosis

Byssinosis is a narrowing of the airways caused by aspiration of particles of cotton,


linen or hemp. Byssinosis can cause wheezing when breathing and tightness in the
chest, usually during the first day of work after a break. When it comes to a person
who has worked with cotton for many years, the tightness in the chest can last 2 or
3 days or even the whole week. Prolonged exposure to cotton dust increases the
frequency of wheezing, but does not progress to a disabling lung disease. The
diagnosis is established by a test that shows the decrease in lung capacity
throughout the workday; In general, this decrease is greater during the first day of
work.

Figure 5:Damage caused by Byssinosis.

Occupational asthma

Occupational asthma is a type of asthma caused by exposure to inhaled irritants in


the workplace. Occupational asthma is often a reversible disease, which means that
the symptoms can disappear when the irritants that caused the asthma are avoided.
However, permanent damage can occur if the person experiences prolonged
exposure. Examples of irritants in workplaces include: Dust, Gases. Fumes, Vapors.
It is estimated that the prevalence of asthma in the general population is 5-10% and,
of this, 5% can be of occupational type.

Figure 6: Damage caused by Asthma.

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Pneumonitis

Acute chemical pneumonitis or chronic chemical pneumonitis, is the inflammation of


the lungs (pneumonitis) or breathing difficulties caused by inhalation of harmful
chemicals. Many household and industrial chemicals can produce an acute and
chronic form of inflammation in the lung. Acute chemical pneumonitis causes edema
(inflammation) of lung tissue, movement of fluid in the air spaces of the lung, and
decreased ability to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. In severe cases,
death can occur because of lack of oxygen in the tissues (hypoxia). Many other
household chemicals can cause lung problems.

Figure 7: Damage caused By Pneumonitis.

Bronchitis

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; Allergic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis is


the inflammation of the main airways of the lungs of workers exposed to dust, fumes,
vapors or mists. Exposure to dust, smoke fumes, strong acids and other chemicals
that air carries cause this type of bronchitis. Cigarette smoking is a contributing
factor. Occupational exposure to dust from asbestos, talc, silica, cotton, linen and
coal in the workplace is a risk factor. The associated diseases are, among others:
occupational asthma, chronic bronchitis, pneumoconiosis of coal workers.

Figure 8: Damage caused by bronchitis

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Pneumoconiosis

Black lung disease; pneumoconiosis, is a respiratory disease caused by the


inhalation of carbon dust for prolonged periods. The habit of smoking does not
increase the frequency of this disease, but it can cause an additional detrimental
effect on lung function.

Figure 9: Damage caused by pneumoconiosis

The Asbestosis

Asbestosis is a pulmonary fibrosis caused by the inhalation of dust containing


asbestos fibers. The people who are most at risk of asbestosis are those who work
in the mines where this mineral is obtained and in the industries where they
manufacture fiber cement products, flame retardant textiles, the automobile industry
and the naval industry. People who, for work reasons, are more exposed to
asbestosis should avoid smoking, because asbestos potentiates the carcinogenic
effects of tobacco. Asbestosis often exists without symptoms, and is then detected
only by radiography. However, the symptoms of asbestosis typically include
shortness of breath and cough.

To conclude, these are just some professional diseases that most affect the
population of collaborators, no doubt, no more diseases and areas that develop work
actions that allow the release of chemical agents are discarded.

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9 INNOVATION IN THE PRODUCT

Next, the original product is presented in which it was focused to create a new model
that contains a better structuring and with the general characteristics that allows to
meet standards that are required by law for official use as an element of personal
protection.

Figure 10: Product chosen for modification.

In the presented product, different points that the official product should have were
recognized, one of them is the inner fabric that contains and is chosen for the comfort
of the consumer, the inner and outer fabric is made of Neoprene with two capable of
special silk fiber. In addition, the material is lightweight and you see it malleable and
solid to add different pieces in the future for its special edition. The product presented
does not have the air purification required by law, this is used for athletes on bicycles.

Therefore, it is shown with the modifications developed to meet the standards by law
required by the product to be accepted as PPE.

Figure 11: Product with valid modification.

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The previous modification leaves the product fully valid for apples that require the
product to generate a purification greater than 99.0% of the inhaled air. The
purification device that is later defined as technical details has been added and a
woven ribbon with elastic band was added for convenience.

The product will be determined after the next modification that will make it a totally
effective product and that can make employees aware of the amount of silica they
inhale if they do not use the mask created specifically for protection and with
modification for the comfort of the same.

Subsequently, the final product is defined to later deliver the technical details of the
EPP and the official value.

NEOPRENE FIBER

SILICA METER ELASTIC BAND

INHALATION
DIAPHRAGM

EXHALATION
DIAPHRAGM

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10 TECHNICAL PRESENTATION OF THE PRODUCT

The chosen mask that already has the official record here in Chile was called
Sinusoide and some of the characteristics that distinguish it from a conventional one
is that it adheres perfectly to the face ensuring greater possible vision during use,
without interfering with other protections (glasses protective, masks, helmets and
headphones). Thanks to the use of soft materials and without odors derived from
medical applications, the resulting mask is comfortable for long periods of use. They
contain interchangeable pleated filters and have a minimum efficiency for air
purification of 99.97% and a porosity of 0.3 microns. It has a filter 140: 1998
compliant to meet the exacting standard by law and also the standard BSEN143:
2000 / A1P3 (R).

 Features the inhalation / exhalation diaphragm


 Silicone Elastic band on head and neck.
 Mask = 98 g. Filters = 17.5 g each.
 Mask + filters = 133 g
 For use in environments with dust particles, fumes and mists of all kinds and
microorganisms (bacteria and viruses).

Por consiguiente, se ha preparado un producto de calidad y pensado


estratégicamente para evadir enfermedades profesionales que recibe directamente
la sociedad obrera y empresarial pagando todo tipo de indemnizaciones por años a
gente afectada por las mismas.

Se ha llegado a definir el precio por cada unidad a través de los diferentes costos
que ha salido fabricar cada mascarilla Sinusoidal. El valor comercial de este
producto para empresas en el rubro tendrá un valor de 46,8 USD (30.000 CLP).

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11 CONCLUSION

In the present project collaboration, it was possible to determine the importance of the use
of personal protection elements in workplaces, 40% of occupational diseases correspond to
those of our respiratory system. That is why we focus on innovating in a product for the
health of employees from different areas that suffer damages with the occupational diseases
known in the project.

The product currently chosen is not used in any of the mentioned areas, if it exists, but it
must be recognized that obtaining it to reduce the deaths of people and those that currently
carry it will allow them to reduce the future damages that could have been generated by
collaborating in them. conditions with deadly chemical agents that generate areas of civil
works, mining and architectural design in general.

To conclude, a product is undertaken with more comfort than the conventional one used in
mining. Also, much lighter and more accessible for collaborators who develop in civil works
as they often do not have any kind of protection to these dusty agents.

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12 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Murray J.: Occupational respiratory disease in mining. 2004


https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15289586
2. Arthur Mclvor: Miners, Silica and disability. 2015
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5137779/

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