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• Only those photons that hit the mirror directly are reflected back into the lasing
media creating more and more photons that travel back and forth between the
mirrors parallel to the tube and the intensity of the light increases.
The CO2 laser accurately vaporizes the epidermis and dermis layer by layer
resulting in the reorganization and strengthening of collagen bundles in
addition to epidermal regeneration to rejuvenate the skin.
• CO2 lasers emit light at a wavelength of 10,600 nm that is absorbed
strongly by water chromophore (A chromophore is the part of
a molecule responsible for its color).
• Thus, with CO2 resurfacing lasers, if the pulse width is less than 1
millisecond, minimal thermal necrosis will result. This zone of
thermal necrosis is sufficient to seal small dermal blood vessels and
lymphatics, yet narrow enough to reduce the incidence of scarring.
• Laser remove the outermost layer of the epidermis and some
portion of the superficial dermis and then reestablishing this layer
through normal wound healing. Healthy epidermis migrates from
adjacent tissue and adnexal structures, and new collagen and
elastic tissue are deposited by activated fibroblasts.
Uses-
syringomas, sebaceous
actinic keratoses
hyperplasia,
solar lentigines
rhinophyma,
superficial rhytides
atrophic facial acne scars,
mild dyschromia
atrophic discoid lupus scars,
Favre-Racouchot disease.
trichoepitheliomas,
colloid milium,
actinic cheilitis,
Angiofibromas
Bowen’s disease,
Nevi
erythroplasia of Queyrat, and
seborrheic keratosis
laser assisted hair grafting in
Xanthelasma
androgenic alopecia.
• postoperative erythema,
• minimal facial swelling,
• xerosis,
• scaling,
• pruritus,
• mild superficial scratches secondary to the
hand piece, and bronzing.
PLASMA RESURFACING
• The Plasma Skin Regeneration (PSR)
system launched in February 2005 by
Rhytec Ltd .
• Energy is delivered to the skin surface
via nitrogen plasma.
• Plasma is the fourth state of matter in
which electrons are stripped from
atoms to form an ionized gas.
• Pulses of ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) RF
energy are used to ionize a flow of
nitrogen gas, producing millisecond
pulses of plasma, with no UHF energy
delivered to the skin.
This glow is directed, in pulses, through a quartz nozzle held 5 mm from the
skin’s surface, delivering energy through a 6-mm spot size.
Upon impact, the ionized energy is released, causing a localized heating in a
controlled, uniform manner without relying on a chromophore mediator.
The result is a uniform and efficient distribution of energy into the dermis.
• One unique feature of
plasma resurfacing is its
nonablative nature.
Immediately post
procedure, the stratum
corneum and epidermis are
retained.
• Plasma resurfacing is
approved by the FDA for the
treatment of facial rhytides,
actinic keratosis, and benign
skin lesions.
• It has also been used to
improve skin tone, texture,
and pigmentation.
• The expected side effects from plasma
resurfacing thus far are minimal.
• The most common side effect is postoperative
erythema, which usually subsides by day 3.
• By postoperative day 4, a new epidermis has
formed, and by day 10, fibroblasts are
increased and the tissue remodeling cascade
has started.
Laser Tissue interaction
• When the laser strikes on object, a variety of desirable
and undesirable effect may result as the light is reflected,
scattered, transmitted and absorbed.
melasma
Photodynamic therapy:
• The use of light-activated
drugs to treat acne and other
skin conditions currently is
best represented by topical 5-
aminolevulinic acid, (Levulan).
The compound is metabolized
by sebaceous gland in to
porphyrins.
• The acne bacteria itself also
produces porphyrin, and the
use of blue, green or red light
stimulates the production of
oxygen free radicals that
destroy the bacteria and
suppress the sebaceous gland
activity
photorejuvenation
Photorejuvenation is a skin treatment that uses lasers, intense pulsed light,
or photodynamic therapy to treat skin conditions and remove effects of
photo aging such as wrinkles, spots, and textures. The process induces
controlled wounds on the skin, prompting it to heal itself by creating new
cells.
Special laser treatment
Vascular lesions:
Hemangiomas:
• Hemangiomas are the most common benign tumors of
infancy.
• 60% occur at head and neck region
• 70% of hemangiomas regress satisfactorily but 30% of
patients will have cosmetically significant deformity.
• Laser is a potentially useful option in several settings.
• The pulsed yellow dye laser may be very useful for very early
hemangiomas, ulcerated hemangiomas, and regressed
hemangiomas that still contain vascular pigmentation or visible
ectatic vessels.
• The laser only penetrates about one millimeter into the skin and
therefore, it is most effective for small flat hemangiomas.
• Multiple laser treatment may be necessary every two to four weeks
during the proliferative phase as hemangiomas will often exhibit
temporary regression followed by rebound growth.
• Laser treatments are not effective for already bulky or
subcutaneous hemangiomas as the light will not penetrate deeply
enough to produce noticeable improvement.
• Hemangiomas can be excruciatingly painfull specially when located
in the perineal region, there has been some success with pulsed
yellow dye laser treatment of these hemangiomas.
• Faster healing has also been
reported with laser
although the mechanism for
this observation is unclear.
• Hemangiomas that have
regressed well enough to
avoid the need for surgical
excision may have residual
ectatic vessels that will
improve with pulsed dye
laser.
Capillary vascular malformation:
• Port wine stains tend to darken with age as the dilated dermal capillaries
and venules enlarge with time.
• The involved areas may also show textural changes and soft tissue
hypertrophy and hyperplastic vascular nodule, pyogenic granulomas may
develop with problematic bleeding, again the pulsed dye laser (595 nm) is
the treatment of choice.
• Children respond better than teenagers because the immature vessels are
more photosensitive and treatment can be offered beginning in infancy.
• Multiple (at least six to eight)
treatments are needed as
recommended for cumulative
benefit, and that it is
extremely rare for any
capillary vascular
malformation to completely
disappear.
• Topical anesthetic cream is
helpful on the trunk and
extremity but children with
large facial port-wine stain
will be better treated under a
general anesthesia.
Metal eye shields for periorbital laser therapy
Venous malformations
• Venous malformations consist of dilated clusters of
varicose veins and treatment options include laser
photocoagulation, sclerotherapy and surgical
debulking.
• Small superficial veins may improve with pulsed dye
laser therapy but usually the energy pulse is too brief
and the vessels are too large to show significant
benefit.
• Longer energy delivery with a continuous wave laser
such as KTP( potassium titanyl phosphate crystal) or
neodymium:YAG laser can result in significant heat
absorption and vascular destruction with a significant
shrinkage in the size of malformation.
• Large venous malformation can be debulked by
surgery or by using the fiber of a KTP or neodymium-
YAG laser as a contact tip laser scalpel.
• Endovenous laser photocoagulation with the
assistance of ultrasonic guidance is now a
therapeutic option for cosmetic varicose veins as
well as congenital venous malformations.
• Congenital venous malformation
Lymphatic malformations:
• Cutaneous vesicles resembling tiny water blisters represents the
dermal component of a lymphatic malformation.
• Usually associated with a more extensive subcutaneous
component.
• Lymphatic oozing from ulcerated vesicles can
be palliatively treated with the CO2 laser
which is absorbed by water.
• The heat of the absorbed laser energy may
cause a desirable fibrosis at the site of leaking
lymphatics.
• This treatment is palliative but can be
repeated for unresectable lesions.
Venolymphatic malformations
• Similar to lymphatic malformation but associated with additional venous
component.
• The cutaneous component may appear as tiny purple vesicle or crusting
scabs (angiokeratoma).
• Commonly associated with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome.
• Vesicles are more responsive to coagulation by continuous laser than the
yellow dye pulsed laser, therefore the KTP is more effective.
• Crusting lesions can be tangentially shaved, then compressed with a glass
slide to control bleeding before being lased.
Angiokeratoma
Telangiectasia/Rosacea
• Represents undulating dilated dermal vessels that course through
the dermal layer.
• They appear discontinuous because they are visible near the
surface and then disappear as they are into the deeper dermis.
• Associated with U/V damage or rosacea, they respond to a variety
of vascular lesion lasers.
• They respond to Intense pulsed light therapy after multiple
sessions.
Rosacea treated by laser
Pyogenic granuloma:
• Shiny nodule of proliferative vascular tissue covered by a fragile epidermal layer.
• They have an annoying propensity to bleed when ulcerated.
• Can occur at any age but more common in children and pregnant women.
• May result from minor trauma.
• Treated by tangential shave excision followed by laser photocoagulation of the
dermal base.
• A glass slide is used to compress the bleeding base and a continuous laser such as
KTP will pass through the glass to coagulate the proliferative lesion.
Spider angiomas:
• Superficial vascular lesions characterized by central feeding
arteriole and radiating braches.
• Compression will blanch the lesion which will then readily reappear
at the center and expands outwards after the pressure is released.
• Pulsed yellow dye laser is excellent way to coagulate the entire
lesion
Cherry angiomas
• Macular or papular
cherry-colored
nodules commonly
seen in adult skin.
• Range in size from
punctate lesions to
several millimeters.
• Laser is effective in
treatment
Spider veins/Varicose veins:
• While possessing no
significant malignant risk,
can cause severe
disfigurement, as the nevi
thicken and create a
verrucous surface texture.