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PRE-MEDICAL
HYDROCARBONS
(ALKANE)
AIPMT Syllabus
2. Classification of hydrocarbons.
Exercise # 1 …….…………………………….70
Total No. of questions……………………….70
*** Students are advised to solve the questions of exercises in the same sequence or as
directed by the faculty members.
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Instruction to fill
(A) Write down the Question Number you are unable to solve in column A below, by Pen.
(B) After discussing the Questions written in column A with faculties, strike off them in the
manner so that you can see at the time of Revision also, to solve these questions again.
(C) Write down the Question Number you feel are important or good in the column B.
COLUMN :A COLUMN :B
EXERCISE
NO. Questions I am unable
Good/Important questions
to solve in first attempt
Advantages
1. It is advised to the students that they should prepare a question bank for the revision as it is
very difficult to solve all the questions at the time of revision.
2. Using above index you can prepare and maintain the questions for your revision.
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ALKANE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION :
These are the hydrocarbons in which Carbon - Carbon contains single bond. (Saturated hydrocarbon).
These are also called as ‘Paraffins’ (Parum + Affinis i.e. less reactive).
In alkane if chiral carbon or unsymmetrical carbon is present, then it shows optical isomerism.
General reagents such as dil. and conc. HCl, dil. and conc.H2SO4, dil. and conc. HNO3, acidic and basic KMnO4
and K2Cr2O7 usually does not react with alkane.
General formula is CnH2n+2 .(n = 1, 2, 3, 4..............)
3 1 2
1 6 5 5
2 3 6
2
H 1 3
4 5 4
H 6 H H H H
Methane Ethane
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The molecules of alkanes are angular , so carbon chains in these molecules are zig- zag type (not straight) which
(Unbranched) (branched)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES :
Physical state:
Alkanes are non-polar or weakly polar compounds so these are soluble in non-polar solvents (benzene, ether,
chloroform, carbontetrachloride etc.) and are insoluble in polar solvents (water etc.).
Boiling point :
because Mol. wt. = Surface area = Intermolecular Vander wall's interaction = B.P.
1
For isomers B.P.
No. of branches
Melting point :
The melting point of alkanes depends upon molecular weight as well as packing in crystal lattice
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Variation of boiling point and melting point in alkanes
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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANE :
Halogenation
R–X
X2/h or UV light
(F2 > Cl2> Br2 > I2)
O
Nitration
R–N
HNO3/400ºC O
Sulphonation
R–SO3H
H2S2O7
Reed reaction
R–SO2Cl
SO2 + Cl2/h
SO2Cl2/h
R–Cl
R–H
Isomerisation
or Branched alkane
R–R AlCl3/HCl
Pyrolysis or Cracking
Alkenes + CH4 or C2H6
500º–700ºC
Cr2O3 + Al2O3
Aromatic compound
500ºC
CH2N2/
Higher alkane
step up reaction
O2
CO2 + H2O + HC (exothermic)
combustion
O2 / Cu R–CH2OH
Catalytic Mo2O3
R–CHO
Oxidation (AcO)2 Mn
R–COOH
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PREPARATION METHODS OF ALKANE :
NaOH + CaO/
RCOOH
Soda lime
Kolbe's electrolysis
RCOONa
Na / ether
R–X
Wurtz reaction
Zn / Ether
R–X
Frankland's reaction
R–H
Zn/HCl or LiAlH4
R–X or
Reduction
R–R
HOH or ROH
R–Mg–X
or NH3 or RNH 2
HI / red P / 140ºC
RCOOH or ROH or R–C–R or RCHO
Reduction
O
Zn–Hg/HCl
R–C–R or R–C–H
Clemmenson's reduction
O O
H2N–NH2 / KOH
R–C=O or R–C=O
Wolff Kishner reduction
R H
200–300ºC, H2/Ni
R–CCH or R–CH=CH2
Sabatier Senderen's reaction
SPECIAL POINTS :
LPG is called as liquefied petroleum gas or kitchen gas which is a mixture of propane and butane.
CNG (compressed natural Gas) mainly contains CH4.
A mixture of n-butane and isobutane is called as Calore gas.
Methane reacts with ozone to make formaldehyde.
When methane is heated (at about 1500º C) in presence of nickel it makes acetylene.
Sabetier Senderen's reaction :
Ni/200ºC
CO + 3H2 CH4 + H2O
Ni/200ºC
CO2 + 3H2 CH4 + 2H2O
Preparation of synthesis gas :
CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2
Ni / 1000º C
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