2015 FEAARG (RRAFH) LES RFERER QUALIFYING EXAMINATION FOR APPLICANTS FOR THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT (MONBUKAGAKUSHO) SCHOLARSHIP 2015 PARR RR EXAMINATION QUESTIONS (FB + PRB EE) UNDERGRADUATE - RESEARCH STUDENTS. x ENGLISH sem scoteeeymMs 60.6, PLEASE NOTE: THE TES? PERIOD IS 60 MINUTES.on Nationality Ne rs Poem pat yor lla, ‘undoing your family nae) Masts Choose the word that best completes each contence. 1 Some of the ( ) of hay fever are a runny nose, watery eyes, and a headache. ‘A. diagnoses —-B_ medicines. ——©_patients D symptoms 2 The president bolioves that all ( ) in her company shoul help one ‘another even if they belong to different departments ‘A customers B employees retivoes. © thermometers 3 Some people will ( Din thei efforts to stop smoking. A. avvard B depress © succeed =D testify 4 He would never do anything to ) the future of his government, A butler BB falter. © jeopardize D vandalize 5 She didnt sound very ( ) about the idea of her parents coming to visit. A enthusiastic B oxlusive © pleasant ©—-D_ provocative 6 The tension between those countries was almost ( d. ‘A discrepant -B flippant ~—C_feasible—«D_ tangible 17 My daughter studied those subjects ( ) im onder to pass the exams, A diligently BB hardly © permanently =D superficially 8 A rocent survey revealed that the ( ) majority of small businesses go Droke within the fret two years,A agonizing TB overwhelming painstaking sustaining The timeit takes to climb a rope or a ladder leaves soldiers highly ( Yo attack. ‘A courageous B dangerous reeponsible -D_ vulnerable 10 In this country, the film market is ( ) by a few major corporations that hhave monopoly control over the production, distribution, and screening of movies. ‘A bonoited —B confiscated «dominated =D witnessed TI Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence, 1 Weill now discuss the ( 2) merits ofeach candidate. ‘A respectable "B respecthil respect D_ respective 2 You should complete and submit this form ( ) riday, April 2 A inadvance —B nolaterthan previously D_boforehand 3 Don't you find ( ) unplessant walking in the heavy rain? Ait B one © yourselt D that a ) for your constant advice, we couldn't have evercome the problem. A Shoulditnotbe BAS © Without -D_ Hadit not been ‘5. John spent 50 dollars and had his watch ( Yate watchmakers shop. A torepair —B_xepair © repaired =D repairing 6. The organizer ordered the receptionists to take the names of ( Deomes to the conference. A what B which © whoever = D_ whom 7 Over the next decades, the Japanese population is expected to. shrink ( ) a pace unseen in any developed country during peacetime, A at Bin © on D by8 Strange ( ) i may seem, there is no generally agreedupon way to Aistinguish botween a “language” and a"dilect.” Aa B although C % D despite 9 Ourplanet is home toa bewildering variety f plants and animals. We stil dont know exactly ( ) many insects or sea creatures there are, A what B how © that D whether 10 Believe it or not, at the beginning of the 20th century there ( ) aa places in the world where you could pay your bills with shells and beads. A usedtobe BB was © being D wore 1 Inthe allowing paragraphs, ono of the underlined parts is grammatically incorrect. (Choose the incorrect part 1 4 Many of ut ece planes as cold and fu factories, with rcinculated sir spreading ‘sinus around a long metal tube,» Bul that’s only partly te, c There's no doubt ‘hat traveling by plane increases the risk of developing respiratory infistions, butit has more todo with passengers being crowded into a confined space than Decause of the secisculated alt, says infeotious diseases specialist Dr. Irani Ratnam. 2 Leonardo da Vine! made many important discoveries, For instance, he produced the Sixt acounate sketch of the huinan spine,» His notes also contain the earliest ‘known description of oertsin type oliver disease, Fad he published his findings, ‘che would be considoted imnortant than the Beleian scientist Andreas Vesains, ‘whose influential textbook “On the Fabric of the Human Body” appeared in 1548 Buthe never did. 3 4 Lused to think of myself as a fairly cosmonolitan sort. of person but my. bookshelves told a different stor. » Apart froma few Indian novels and one or2s by English Te that our faultor theirs? » And bow come the French themselves read so many, ‘books that are translated fiom English end other languages? These are provocative questions (ats, according to new research from Japan, recognize their owner's voice. « Thes, just cant be hothered to react toi. “Historically sneaking. cats have not been domesticated to obey human orders,” the research eam said. ¢ This is in sontrast to the history of dogs and humans, p The former has heen bred overshoussnds of vears to resnond to orders and commands, Cats, it seems, never seeded to learn. 9 Unless reductions in the emissions of carbon dioxide from burning foesil fuels begin soon, « the Barth might be much closer to catastrophic warming than is IV Choose tho most suitable ward or phrase fom thelist to fll each ofthe numbered blanks in the passage below. ‘The interest in the nature of human languages appears to 1) when the Inuman species evolved in the history of time. There is no culture that hes left records ‘that do not reveal either philosophical or practical concerns for this unique human characteristic. Different historical periods reveal different emphases and different goals 2) both interests have existed in parallel. Egyptian surgeans were concerned with linical questions: an Bgyptian papyrus, ated about 1700 BCE, includes medical descriptions of language disorders following brain injury. The philosophers of anciont Grecce, on 3), arguod and debated questions dealing with the origin and the nature oflanguage. Plato, writing 4) 427 and 948 BCE, devoted his Cratylus Dialogue to linguistic issues of his day, and Aristotle was concerned with language from both shetovical and philosophical points of‘The Grocks and the Romans also wrote grammars, and( 5 the sounds of| language and the structures of words and sentences, This interest continued through the medieval period and the Renaissance in an unbroken thread tothe present period. Linguistic scholarship, ( @ —), was not confined to Rurope: in India the Sanslait language wae the subject of detailed analysis as (7) as the twelfth centuy BCE, Pipinis Sanskrit grammar dated about $00 BCE is (8) considered to bo one of the greatest scholarly linguistic achievements. In( 9), Chinese and Arabic scholars Bat Tnngunge. "The major efforts of the linguista in the nineteenth century were devoted to historical and comparative studies. Ferdinand de Sauseure (1857-1919), a Swiss linguist in this tradition, turned his attention tothe structural principle of language (10) to the ways in which languages change and develop, and in so doing, Decame a major influence on twentieth century linguistics. all contributed to our understanding of human 1A vise B bearisen be arising D. have arisen 2 A although —-B_dospite © therefoxe D. unless 3A onchand B socondthought C theotherhand D whole 48 betwen BB during © from D_ through. 5 A asked B discussed interrogated —-D_ wondered 6 A alone B exclusively C however D_ supposedly 7 A easly B iste © soon D well: 8 A again B snylonger © formerly D still 9 A addition effect © sum D view 10 A differently B instead © vatherthin with intent V Part 1: Read the following paseage and salet the beet answer to each question Listed below it “Long before guns and arrows, spears were the tool of choice for ancient hunters, ‘Topped with chaxp, pointed vocks, spears at first made it possible to kill animals by stabbing them close-up. Later, spears were sturdy enough tabe thrown at animals from a distance Until recently, the earliest known throwing spears dated back 80,000 years. But 2 rocont discovery in Bast Africa now extonds that type af spear hunting toa far easier‘time, one that precedes humans. It suggests that at least 279,000 years ago, an earlier, Inumanlike species must have been hunting big game, like hippos and antelope. ‘Sciontists dug up spear tips ftom that far back in time ata site in Bthiopia called Gademotta. Back then, during the Stone Age, tools were usually mado from found materials like stone, wood or bone. Any early spearthrowore at that time weren't people but early ancestors of humans called hominids, Hominide are a family of primates that includes humans and their extinct ancestors (known only from fossil). ‘The ancient hominids! spears most likely were long wooden poles topped with shaxp, hand-chipped (sharpened) tips made from glassy volsanie rock, explains Yonatan Sable, an archaeologist who has been studying the ancient spear tips made from this rock, known as obsidian. Given the tips age, his team concludes that prebuman species must have spear-hunted too. His team reported its findings on November 18, 2018, in the journal PLOS ONE: ‘The now finding challenges previcusly held idess about the earliest throwers of ‘stone-tipped spears, says archaoologist John Shes, who didnot work on the new study. Previous studies had suggested ancient peoples started attaching stones to spears capable of stabbing animals close-up no earlier than 100,000 years ago. ‘The new find shows that more complex throwing spears were made at Gademotta long befare thon. They probably belonged toa species “out of which the human species volved in eastorn Aftce," Shea told Science News. Which hominid left behind the points? No one knows, Scientists have uneasthed no prebuiban foils at the ste, 1 According to the article, the earlier type of spears differ from the later type in that they wore ‘A. topped with sharp, pointed rocks. B used to kill animals at clote range. used to attack hippos and antelope. 1D. the tool of choice for early hunters, 2 According to the recent discovery, the earliest known use of spears was A. at lest 27,900 years prior to former discoveries, 1B 60,000 in our past © noeaslee than 100,000 years ago. about 200,000 years earlier than previously thought8 According tothe recent discovery, spesrs may have been used by. ‘people who lived in an area in Ethiopia. humans who lived during the Stone Age, creatures different from humans. Jmumane at least 279,000 years age vow 4. Until the recent discovery it had been generally believed that A. spears were long wooden poles with bone at the tp. B spears were tipped with obsidian, C_stone-tippod spears were not used earlier than 100,000 years ago. D_ spear throwing began in East tia. 5 Just who made the recently discovered, earliest known throwing spear is A. stills great mystery due tothe lack of evidence at Gademotta. B_ expected tobe determined by the prehuman fossils found in Bthiopia. © undoubtedly » species out of which the human species evolved in eastern Aiea D_ probably a group of humans who lived at Gademotta. V Portif:Read the fellowing passage and select the best answer to each question listed below it For most of human history, science has been used alongside magic, religion, and technology to try to understand and control the world. Scionce might be something a3, simple as observing the sun rise each morning, or as complicated as identifing a new ‘chemical element. Magic could be looking at the stars to foretell the future, or maybe ‘what wo would call « superstition, ike keeping out ofthe path ofa black eat. Religion might lead you to secifce an snimal to appease the gods, orto pray for world peace ‘Technology might involve knowing how to light afro or build a now computer. ‘Science, magic, religion, and technology were used by the earliest human societies ‘that settled in iver valleys across India, China, and the Middle Bast, The river valleys ‘were fertile, which sllowed crops to be planted each year, enough to feed a large ‘community: This allowod come poople in those communities enough time to foeus on Bolone thing, to practice and practice, and become expext at it, The first “scientists (hough they wouldn't have been called that at the time) were probably priests In the beginning, technology (whichis about “doing”) was more impertant then scionce (which ia about “knowing". You need to know what to do, and how to do it, before you can successfully grow your erps, make your clothes, or cook your food. You don’t need to kitow why some berries are poisonous, or some plants edible, to learn how ‘to avoid one and grow the other. ou don't have to have a reason why tho sun rises each morning and sets each evening, for these things to happen, each and every day. But Jaman beings ere not only abe to leara things about the world around them, they are ‘also curious, and that curiosity lies at the heart of sconce. ‘We know more about the people of Babylon (in present-day Iraq) than we do about other ancient civilizations fora simple eason: They wrote on clay tablets, Thousands of ‘hoe tablets, written almost 6,000 years ago, have eurvived, They tell us how the Babylonians viewed their world. They were extremely organized, Keeping careful records of their harvests, stores, and state finances. The priests spent much oftheir time looking after the facts and figures of ancient life. They were also the main surveying land, measuring distances, viewing the sky, and developing techniques for eounting. We stil use some oftheir discoveries today. Like us, they used “eciontit tally mars to keep count: this is when you make four vertical marks and exots through these diagonally with «fifth, which you might have seen in cartoons ofa prison coll, sade by the prisoners keeping count of how many years they have bean locked up. Far ‘more importantly, it was the Babylonians who sad there ehould be sixty seconds in 2 ‘minute and sixty minutes in an hour as well as $60 degrees ina eizee and seven daya in the week, Tia fonny to think that there ie oneal season why sixty seconds make @ minute, and seven days make a week. Other numbers would have worked just as well. But, the Babylonian system got picked up elsewhere and it has stuck. 1 What do science, magi, veligion, and technology have in common? ‘A. Thoy are all used to identify what new chemical eubstances are B They are all usod to understand why the sun sts in the west © They are all used to find out or explain what the world is ike. D_ They are all used to discuss how humans think about the world. 2 What made it possible fr the eatliest human societies to settle in the areas of india, China, and the Middle Bast? A The land was rich enough to sustain a lange eoiety.B Science was regarded as more important than technology, © Most scientists and priests attempted to fed their communities, D_ People in anciont civilizations were cuxious about these areas. ‘Why do people today know more about Babylon than other enciont civilizations? A. The discoveries of Babylon are widely used even today” 'B_ Babylon developed the largest ancient civilization, People in Babylon attempted to dominate the world, D_ Various documents from Babylon are availabl today. Based on the information provided in the antcle, which diagram best represents the tally marks described? Sy Pa paar e a See ae ‘Technology will answer the question as to why some planta are edible. ‘Human beings are usually not curious about the world around them. A B © D