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Theory of Machines
or
cos <p = J1-(
Asin0
B
=m2A oos0--?====?
[
A cos 20
?B2 -A2 sin2 0
Example 7.8 A tangent cam with straight
working faces
@
Solution:
rc=60 mm
rr = 24 mm
rn= 12 mm
N= 180 rpm
Refer Fig. 7.36,
tangential
@ to a base circle of 120 mm
diameter has a roller follower
of 48-mm diameter. The line
of stroke of the roller follower passes through the
axis of the cam. The nose circle radius of the cam is
12 mm and the angle between the tangential faces
of the cam is 90�. If the speed of the cam is 180 rpm,
determine the acceleration of the follower when
(i) during the lift, the roller just leaves the
straight flank
(ii) the roller is at the outer end of its lift, i.e., at
the top of the nose
I
\
\
'?
rn=12mm
B
I
'
I
'
-?
Fig. 7.36
m = ---- = 6n rad/s
60
2.1l' X 180
r,= 24 mm
r
A3 sin 20
4(B2 -A2 sin2 0)312
]
(7.32)
Follower on the Nose This case has already been discussed for the tangent cam when
the roller follower
is on the nose. Same expressions for the displacement, velocity and the
acceleration hold good.
re= 60 mmCams
OA = OP +
re
a= (180� - 45� - 90�) = 45�
PA
= OQcos a +
= r cos a +
QK
rn
60= rcos 45� + 12
r = 67.9 mm
tan /3 =
BC
PQ
OB OB
rsin a
67.9 sin 45�
60+24
= 0.571
/3 = 29.74�
f= -?-?----
cos3 0
(i) Acceleration when the roller just leaves the
straight flank,
m2 (re + r,) (2- cos2 0)
= (6n)2 (0.06 + 0.024) (2 - cos2 29.74�)
cos3 29.74�
= (6n)2 x 0.084 x 1.9035 = 56.8 m/s2
(ii) Acceleration when the roller is at the outer
end of its lift, i.e., at the top of the nose,
0 = a
- cos (a-0)
r3 sin2 2(a-0)
4 [ 12 -
?12 -
r2 sin 2 ( a -
r cos 2 (a-0)
r2 sin2 (a - 0)
0) J
31 2
I
'
= (6n)2 X 0.0679 -1-
[
= 69.6 m/s2
0.0679
0_036
]
(I= r, + rn = 24 + 12 = 36 mm)
J,r,
\
?
"--
'
�7
Fig. 7.37
re+ r,
j
237
Example 7.9 A tangent cam with a base
circle diameter of 50 mm
@
Solution:
re
@ operates a roller follower
20 mm in diameter. The
line of stroke of the roller
follower passes through the axis of the cam. The
angle between the tangential faces of the cam
is 60�, speed of the cam shaft is 200 rpm and
the lift of the follower is 15 mm. Calculate the
(i) main dimensions of the cam
(ii) acceleration of the follower at
( a) the beginning of lift
(b) where the roller just touches the nose
(c) the apex of the circular nose
= 25 mm h = 15 mm
(i) Refer Fig.7.37.
OP +
Also,
or
or
= re
r, = 10 mm N= 200 rpm
a= (180� - 30� - 90�) = 60�
r + rn + r, = re+ r, + h
r + rn rn
r cos 60� + rn = 25
0.5 r+rn =25
= re+ h = 25 + 15 = 40
(i)
(ii)
60�238
Theory of Machines
Subtracting (ii) from (i),
r = 30 mm
rn = IO mm
tan /3
r sin a
re + rr
30sin 60�
--- = 0.742
25+ 10
/3 = 36.6� or 36�36'
(ii)
Acceleration of the follower
2,r X 200
m =
60
f=
= 20.94 rad/s
(a) At the beginning of Lift, i.e., roller centre at
B, 0 = 0�.
m2 (re + rr) (2- cos2 0)
cos3 0
= --'------Cams
(i) Apply sine rule to t:J>OQ,
OP
PQ
sin q,
rf - re
sin 50
But
or
r1 -20
sin 50
�
sin (180
� =
r +
� - a)
rf -rn
sin 100
rn
= re+
� =
h
OQ
sin /3
r
sin 30
r = re+ h-rn
= 20
= 32 -rn
=
.5 rr 10
rf -rn
sin 100
From first and last terms,
0
or
r1
r1
� =
= 24.51 - 0
0.5 r1 = 34.51 - 0
= 69.02-1.532rn
2 - 0
.97 rn
From second and last terms,
0
From (i) and (ii),
69.0
rn
r1
= 10
r = 32.0
= 69.0
32-rn
sin 30
�
.766 rn
.766 rn
(i)
.5 r1-0.5 r n = 31.51 - 0
= 63.0
2 - 1.532 rn = 63.0
.7 mm
- 10
2 - 1.532 x 10
.985 rn
(ii)
2 - 0
.7 = 21.3 mm
.7 = 52.6 mm
(ii) Accelerations
(a) At the beginning of contact, 0 = 0
or
f = (
f = oJ (rr re) cos 0
21r ;;00
r
= 2742 X
f= 2742 x 32.6 cos 30
� - 80
32.6
= 89 370 mm/s2
or 89.37 m/s2
(b) Contact on circular flank when 0 = /3 = 30
� = 77 410 mm/s2 or 77.41
�,
re
m/s2
( c) Contact on circular nose, when 0 = /3 = 30
f= -oir cos (a- 0) = -2742 x 21.3 cos (80
= -37 540 mm/s2 or - 37.54 m/s2
�) = -2742 X
= -58 400 mm/s2 or -58.4 m/s2
Maximum acceleration is when the contact is just
( d) Contact at the apex of nose, 0 = a = 80
f= - orr COS (80
21.3
�,
�,
� -30
�)
= 40mm
h= 24 mm
a = 75�
m =
2n x420
60
Refer to Fig.7.39.
r + rn
or
r = 40
N=400
rn
= 44 rad/s
= re +
h
+ 24 - 8 = 56 mm
(PQ)2 = ( OP)2 + ( OQ)2 -2( OP)( OQ) cos L POQ
rpm
= 8 mm
Fig. 7.39
�
p
(52.6- 20
)
�,
.97 rn
�
239
made with the circular flank; it is 89.37 m/s2 and
the maximum retardation is at the end of the lifting
period, i.e., when the contact is at the apex of the
nose; it is 58.4 m/s2.
Example 7.11
+ 12 -rn
The following data relate
to a symmetrical circular
cam operating a flat-faced
follower:
Minimum radius of the cam
Lift
Angle of lift
Nose radius
Speed of the cam
40mm
24mm
75�
8 mm
420 rpm
Determine the main dimensions of the cam and
the acceleration of the follower at the
(i} beginning of the lift
(ii) end of contact with the circular flank
(iii} beginning of contact with the nose
(iv) apex of nose
Solution240
Theory of Machines
(rr 8)2 = (rr 40)2 + (56)2 - 2(rr 40)(56) cos
(180� - 75�)
r} + 64-16r1 = r} + 1600-80r1
+3136+29r1 -1160
35 r1
= 3512
r1
= 100.3 mm
OP= 100.3 - 40 = 60.3 mm
PQ = 100.3 - 8 = 92.3 mm
Applying sine rule to AOPQ,
OQ
sin /3
r
or
or
=
sin /3
56
sin /3
sin 105�
= 100.3-8
sin 105�
sin /3 = 0.586
/3 = 35.9�
Acceleration when the follower is on the circular
flank,/ = al- (rrrJ cos0
(i) At the beginning oflift, 0 = 0�,
f = m2 (r1 -re) = 442 (100.3 - 40)
= 116 740 mm/s2 = 116.74 mJs2
(ii) At the end of contact with the circular flank,
f = m2 (r1 -re) cos 0 = 442 (100.3 - 40)
cos 35.9� = 94 565 mm/s2 = 94.565 m/s2
Acceleration when the follower is on the
nose, f = -m2
r cos (a- /3)
(iii) At the beginning of contact with the nose
f = - m2r cos (a -/3) = - 442 x 56
X COS (75� -35.9�) = -84 136 mm/s2
or -84.136 mJs2
(iv) At the apex of the nose, a= f3
f = -m2r = - 442 x 56 = - 108 416 mm/s2
or
Example 7.12
@
- 108.416 mJs2
In a four-stroke petrol engine,
the exhaust valve opens 45 �
before the t.d.c. and closes
15� after the b.d.c. The valve
has a lift of 12 mm. The least radius of the
circular-arc-type cam operating a flat-faced
follower is 2 5 mm. The nose radius is 3 mm.
PQ
sin (180�-a)
rf -rn
The camshaft rotates at 1500 rpm. Calculate the
maximum velocity of the valve and the minimum
force exerted by the spring to overcome the
inertia of the moving parts that weigh 300 g.
Solution:
re
= 25 mm
h= 12mm
m = 0.3 kg
N= 1500 rpm
rn
= 3 mm
Crank rotation during of the exhaust valve = 45�
+ 180� + 15� = 240�
In four-stroke engines, the camshaft speed is half
that of the crankshaft.
Angle of action of the camshaft,
2a =
240
2
a=
120
2
Refer to Fig. 7.37,
r + rn
or
= 600
= re +
h
r = 25 + 12 - 3 = 34 mm
(PQ)2 = (OP)2 + (OQ)2 - 2 (OP) (OQ) cos L POQ
(rr 3)2 = (rr 25)2 + (34)2 - 2 (rr 25) (34)
cos (180� - 60�)
r} + 9-6r1 = r} + 625 -50r1 + 1156+ 34r1 -850
=
r1
92.2 mm
Applying sine rule to AOPQ,
OQ
PQ
sin /3
r
sin /3
34
=?--
sin 120�
sin /3 = 0.33
a= 19.27�
Velocity is maximum when the contact is on the
point where the circular flank meets the circular nose.
vmax = m (r1- re) sin /3
=
2,r ??
500
= 157.08 X
67.2 X
= 3480 mm/s or 3.48 mis
(92.2-25) sin 19.27�
0.33
sin (180� -a)
rf -rn
--=-----
sin /3
92.2-3
sin 120�
= 120�Cams The same result is obtained if relation of Eq.
(7.28) is used, i.e., Vmax = OJr sin ( a- 0)
Maximum acceleration is when 0 = 0, fmax = oi (rr re)= (157.08)2 (92.2 - 25)
= 1658 090 mm/s2 or 1658.09 m/s2 Maximum retardation is when a -0= 0, 838.92 m/s2
/max = <ffr = (157.08)2 x 34 = 838 920 mm/s2 or Spring force is needed to maintain
contact during
the retardation of the follower.
Minimum force, F = m x f = 0.3 x 838.92 = 251.7 N
7.11 ANALYSIS OF A RIGID ECCENTRIC CAM