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Article history: Exergetic analysis has become an integral part of thermodynamic assessment of any power generation
Received 29 September 2008 system. Energy and exergy studies for power plants optimum design and for combined chemical
Accepted 23 February 2010 industries received much attention recently. An Integrated Solar Combined Cycle System (ISCCS) is
Available online 25 March 2010
proposed as a means of integrating a parabolic trough solar thermal plant with modern combined cycle
power plants. In this study attempt will be made to analyze the Integrated Solar Combined Cycle in Yazd,
Keywords:
Iran using design plant data. Energy and exergy analysis for the solar field and combined cycle is carried
Solar energy
out to assess the plant performance and pinpoint sites of primary exergy destruction. Exergy destruction
Thermal power plant
Parabolic collectors field
throughout the plant is quantified and illustrated using an exergy flow diagram, and compared to the
Thermal performance energy flow diagram. The causes of exergy destruction in the plant include: losses in combustor,
collector, heat exchangers, and pump & turbines which accounts for 29.62, 8.69, 9.11 and 8% of the total
exergy input to the plant, respectively. Exergetic efficiencies of the major plant components are deter-
mined in an attempt to assess their individual performances.
Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0960-1481/$ e see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.renene.2010.02.021
2158 A. Baghernejad, M. Yaghoubi / Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 2157e2164
2. System description saturated steam, and return the steam to the heat recovery steam
generator for superheating by the gas turbine exhaust. This method
Yazd thermo-solar power plant is constructed on a 900-hectare is implemented for the Yazd integrated solar combined cycle
land and its full capacity estimated to be 467 MW. At this power system such as illustrated in Fig. 1. During a typical operating
plant two 159 MW gas turbines, and a 132 MW steam turbine, and scheme the fossil fired power plant is assumed to operate in a 24 h
a 17 MW solar plant is considered. Fig. 1 shows the plan of inte- mode whereas the solar field can only deliver thermal input during
grated solar combined cycle in Yazd. Also its corresponding ther- daylight hours provided that the direct normal irradiation (DNI) is
modynamic processes are shown in Fig. 2. sufficient to produce considerable net heat. According to the
In this system a combined cycle unit with the following equip- available heat balances, the thermal demand not satisfied by the
ments is used: solar steam generator will be compensated by the duct burner
located at the HRSGs. In this present study, it is assumed that duct
Two V94.2 gas turbine units with natural gas fuel. burners are off and in turn solar field is used for heating working
Two pressure heat recovery steam generator. The high and low fluid, consequences economize in fuel consumption. Also the solar
pressure steam conditions were as follows: 89.6 bar and 509 C steam generator is only operated if the HTF temperature at the solar
and 9.6 bar and 236.3 C. A design stack temperature of 113 C field outlet is at its nominal temperature of 393 C. The heating of
was selected to recover as much energy from the turbine the solar system up to its working temperature will be via bringing
exhaust as possible. the parabolic trough collectors from stow position into focus
A no reheat two pressures steam turbine. when the sun is about 10 above the horizon and the DNI is above
a certain threshold value (e.g. >200 W/m2). To achieve normal
For the purpose of analysis it is assumed that: The Integrated operation the main HTF circulation pumps are operated and the
Solar Combined Cycle System operates at a steady state. Ideal-gas system is heated up by solar irradiation. Water/steam valves
mixture principles apply for the air and the combustion products. between solar steam generators and HRSGs are kept closed until
The combustion is ideal and heat losses have been considered from the HTF has reached to its normal working temperature.
the collectors, solar heat exchangers and stacks. All other compo- Ones the HTF system reaches the start-up temperature of the
nents operate without heat loss. The exit temperature is above the solar steam generator, the feed water control valve of the solar
dew point temperature of the combustion product. steam generator is opened and the solar steam production starts. At
this time the steam pipes connecting the solar heat exchanger and
2.1. Plant operation the HP steam drums of the HRSGs is opened. From the existing heat
balance diagrams, the feed water temperature and pressure for the
The most efficient method for converting solar thermal energy solar steam generator is 214 C and 117 bar and steam temperature
to electric energy is to withdraw feed water from the heat recovery and pressure is 310.6 C and 96 bar, which corresponds to the
steam generator downstream of the second stage (highest saturated steam without superheating. Therefore the solar steam
temperature) feed water economizer, produce high pressure generators consist of four single heat exchangers: 2 identical
A. Baghernejad, M. Yaghoubi / Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 2157e2164 2159
1200
4
Fuel
260
T [K]
320
32
Solar Field 2
600 340
30 25
31 24
120
22 330
23
Steam Cycle
160
14
300 15 1
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.8 5.1 5.4 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.9 7.2 7.5 7.8 8.1
s [ kJ/kg-K ]
Fig. 2. T-S diagram for Integrated Solar Combined Cycle System, Yazd.
2160 A. Baghernejad, M. Yaghoubi / Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 2157e2164
Fig. 3. Heat transfer diagram of Yazd ISCCS with 63.6 kg/s steam flow rate.
branches with one pre-heater and one evaporator for each HRSG. law (except for reversible processes). Rather exergy is consumed or
These heat exchangers are of the shell-and-tube type with water/ destroyed, due to irreversibilities in any real process. The procedure
steam at the shell side and hot HTF at the tube side. of the energy and exergy analysis is discussed by Bejan et al. [10].
The heat exchange process between the exhaust gas turbine and
working fluid is shown in Fig. 3. The upper line in the figure is the 3.2. Exergy efficiencies
temperature of the exhaust gas turbine in the heat recovery steam
generator, and the lower lines are the temperatures in the low and Whereas there is no standard set of definitions in the literature
high pressure feed water and steam sections. In this figure, the long for Exergy efficiency, two different approaches are generally used
horizontal line represents the latent heat transfer in the high one is called brute force, while the other is called functional.
pressure evaporator. The largest temperature difference in the heat
recovery steam generator occurs in this part. Also, the dot hori- A brute force exergy efficiency for any system is defined as the
zontal line represents the latent heat transfer in the evaporator of ratio of the sum of all output exergy terms to the sum of all input
solar heat exchanger. Solar heat exchanger carries a portion of the exergy terms.
saturated steam production duties. When saturated steam is A functional exergy efficiency for any system is defined as the
produced in a solar steam generator, the latent heat transfer duties ratio of the exergy associated with the desired energy output to
in the heat recovery steam generator are decreased and the sensible the exergy associated with the energy expended to achieve the
heat transfer duties are increased. This figure represents day time desired output.
operation, with a steam flow rate of 63.6 kg/s. Of this flow rate,
50.5 kg/s is provided by thermal energy in the gas turbine exhaust In this study, we used the functional form of exergy efficiency.
and the balance of 13.1 kg/s is provided by solar energy. The functional definition, however, requires judgment and a clear
understanding of the purpose of the system under consideration
before the working equation for the efficiency can be formulated.
3. Analysis The product represents the desired result by the system. Accord-
ingly, the definition of the product must be consistent with the
3.1. Mass, energy and exergy balance equations purpose of purchasing and using the system. The fuel represents the
resources needed to generate the product and it is not necessarily
For a general steady state, steady-flow process, the three restricted to being an actual fuel such as natural gas, oil, and coal.
balance equations, namely mass, energy and exergy balance Both the product and the fuel are expressed in terms of exergy. The
equations, are employed to find the heat input, the rate of exergy losses represent the exergy loss from the system. The FePeL defi-
decrease, the rate of irreversibility, and the energy and exergy nitions of the system are obtained using the guidelines of Lozano and
efficiencies. Unlike energy, exergy is not subject to a conservation Valero [11]. An exergy rate balance for the system reads:
Table 1 Table 2
LS-3 Collector specifications [13]. Energy analysis of the collectors field.
Aperture Area per SCA (m2) 545 HCE Transmittance 0.96 subsystem Energy Energy Energy Energy First law
Mirror Segments 224 Mirror Reflectivity 0.94 received delivered loss loss efficiency
Aperture (m) 5.76 Length 99 (MW) (MW) (MW) (%) (%)
HCE Diameter (m) 0.07 Concentration Ratio 82 Collector Qi ¼ 114.96 Qs ¼ 91.96 22.99 20 80
Average Focal Distance (m) 0.94 Peak Collector Efficiency (%) 68 Receiver Qs ¼ 91.96 Qu ¼ 51.23 39.67 43.14 56.8
HCE Absorptivity 0.96 Annual Thermal Efficiency (%) 53 Collector- Qi ¼ 114.96 Qu ¼ 51.23 62.67 54.5 45.4
HCE Emittance 0.17 Optical Efficiency (%) 0.8 receiver
A. Baghernejad, M. Yaghoubi / Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 2157e2164 2161
Qu
Ex_ P Ex_ þ Ex_ L h¼ (11)
3 ¼ ¼ 1 D (2) Qi
Ex_ F Ex_ F
Table 5
Exergy rates and other properties at various locations of ISCCS. State numbers refer to Fig. 1.
4. Numerical results and discussion Total solar radiation incident on the collector subsystem is
Qi ¼ I$N$A ¼ ðIb :Rb Þ$Wo $L ¼ 114:96 MW, total energy absorbed
Numerical results are based on the site design condition with by the absorbers is Qs ¼ 91.97 MW. The useful heat available per
ambient temperature of 19 C, a relative humidity of 32 percent and collector is found to be 0.2 MW. Assuming the collector fluid
wind speed 3 m/s. The analysis is carried out for 21 Jun in Yazd at entering temperature at 298 C and the mass flow rate of fluid in
12:00 noon (LAT). At this hour, solar radiation intensity at the plant the collectors to be 218 kg/s, the outlet collector fluid temperature
site is taken about 800 W/m2. is found to be 393 C. Also, from this analysis it is found that for
The solar field considered in this site is comprised of 42 loops inlet working fluid temperature 214 C and mass flow rate of
and for each loop, 6 collectors from type of LS-3 [13] which are 13.1 kg/s, the outlet fluid temperature would be 310.6 C.
single axis tracking and aligned on a northesouth line, thus Table 2 shows the results of energy analysis and Table 3 shows
tracking the sun from east to west. Various design parameters of the results of exergy analysis for the solar field based on Eqs.
these collectors are given in Table 1. These parameters are (3e21). A comparison of the exergy and energy analysis is shown in
selected from manufacturer data base [13]. Changing any Table 4. It is found from Tables 2-4 that the main energy loss in
parameter will affect optical and thermal efficiencies of the collector's field takes place at collector-receiver subsystem.
collector which will make different solar fraction to power The exergy flows (in percent) in each location of the integrated
generation. solar combined cycle power plant are derived by dividing the exergy
Table 6
Calculated thermodynamic parameters of the system (Fig. 1).
subsystem Fuel ExF Product ExP Exergy Exergy loss Relative Exergetic
(Mw) (Mw) destruction ExL (Mw) irreversibility c (%) efficiency 3 (%)
ExD (Mw)
Air Compressors (AC) 286.13 265.57 20.56 0.00 4.8% 93%
Combustors 1036.95 776.10 260.86 0.00 61% 75%
Gas Turbines (GT) 564.80 535.85 28.94 0.00 6.7% 95%
Solar Pump 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.00 0.0164% 58%
Collector 109.14 29.87 46.2 33.06 5.7% 27%
Solar Heat Exchangers (SHE) 30.16 23.38 4.9 1.82 6% 77%
LP Steam Turbine 101.02 89.56 11.46 0.00 2.7% 89%
HP Steam Turbine 71.73 63.67 8.06 0.00 1.8% 89%
Condenser 22.67 27.60 27.60 0.00 6.4% 82%
Condensate Extraction Pump (CEP) 0.51 0.37 0.14 0.00 0.032% 72%
LP HRSGs 18.02 14.56 3.46 0.00 0.81% 81%
HP HRSGs 157.6 145.14 12.45 0.00 2.9% 92%
Stacks 0 0 0 21.02 0 0
System 880.52 392.37 432.25 55.90 e 44.56%
A. Baghernejad, M. Yaghoubi / Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 2157e2164 2163
Fig. 4. Exergy flow diagram, given as the percentage of total exergy input for the ISCCS.
2164 A. Baghernejad, M. Yaghoubi / Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 2157e2164
Fig. 5. Energy flow diagram, given as the percentage of total energy input for the ISCCS.
The energy flow diagram in Fig. 5 shows that 53.83% (corre- 4. Because of combustors have maximum exergy loss in the
sponding to about 458 MW) of the energy input of the plant is lost and system, therefore their inefficiency can be reduced by pre-
the remaining is converted to power. Also it is found from Fig. 5 that heating the combustion air and reducing the air-fuel ratio,
the main energy losses take place at the condenser and stacks. Heat consequently the performance of the combustors and total
dissipation of condenser and stack account for 35.94% (305.82 MW) system can be improved.
and 10.15% (86.36 MW) of the total energy input, respectively. Also,
the loss at the solar collectors is not so small. Although the solar col- Further analysis by changing collector specifications such as
lector's loss is significant, the percentage energy loss in the condenser optical and physical characteristics would change the optical effi-
(35.94%) is more than the collectors (7.36%), whereas the result of the ciency Eq. (4) and thermal efficiencies Eqs. (10e11) as well as
exergy analysis shows a different behavior for these two components. exergy efficiencies Eqs.(16 and 20). Therefore collectors with better
It can be seen that the solar collectors is the part where the exergy loss optical parameters enhance solar fraction and efficiencies and
(9%) is more than condenser (3.13%). It is due to the fact that at the collectors with poor optical parameters will reduce solar contri-
collectors, high quality energy is lost; but the energy lost in the bution and corresponding efficiencies.
condenser is of low quality.
Acknowledgements