Obstetrics & Gynecology

Specificity of a test refers to detect true negative

The positive predictive value of a test is the proportion of true positivbes among all positives
Ischaemic heart disease breast cancer advice regarding osteoporosis best management option raloxifene
(SERM)
Effects of diazepam in the foetus except hyprtonia
The efficiency of the combined oral contraceptive pill is reduced by the following drugs except sodium
valproate
Drugs cause photosensitivity reactions except amiodorone, quinolones, sulphonamides, tetracyclines
Mitral stenosis is 28 weeks pregnant. Increasing dysponea cause pulmonary hypertension
Oral contraceptive pills absolute contraindication active liver disease
Heavy cyclic vaginal bleed D&C histopathology showed earluy secretory phase endoterium anti-fibinolytic
agents.
38 year woman G3 P2, Last born 10 years ago presents at antenatal care. What test she is advised to
undergo chronic villus sampling (down, 12 wk)
Following are the changes in the fetal circulation at birth except aortic pressure is decreased due to
increased systemic resistance
Prolactin release is stimulated by the following except dopamine
Hormones or substances synthesized by the kidneys include the following except 1, 25
dihydroxycholecalciferol (vit D3)
Recognized cause of hirsutism congenital adrenal hyperplasia, diazosice treatment, phenytoin
administration, the stein-leventhal syndrome
Hypokalemia cushing’s syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, prolonged vomiting, renal tubular acidosis
Following are the effects of anaemia on the circulatory system except deceased cardiac output
The following are used to assess adrenocortical function except urinary excretion of 5-hydroxy-indole
acetic acid
The fallopian tubes develop from the paramesonephric ducts
Contraindications to intravenous beta adrenergic therapy in obstetric practice insulin dependent diabetes
First maturation division of primary oocyte results in secondary ooctyte and first polar body
Adults the spinal cord terminates at the intervertebral disc between L1, L2
The brain stem consists of all of the following except cerebellum
The secondary oocyte undergoes the second reduction division after fertilization
Lateral fornix (Right) of the vagina is closely related to ureter
Uterine prolapse is usually due to the weakness of cardinal (transverse cervical) ligament
Everted ischial spines Gynaecoid pelvis
Fallot’s tetralogy comprise infundibular stenosis, over riding aorta, variable anatomy of pulmonary artery,
ventricular hyper trophy , ventricular septal defect
Median umbilical ligament is the permanent of urachus
Following are male/female homologue structures except prostate gland and greater vestibular gland
Regarding the femoral ring following statements are true except it has lacunar ligament in its lateral
boundary
Palm and sole no sab aceous gland
In cardiac cycle the dicrotic notch is due to rebound of aortic valve
Nucleolus large amounts or RNA
The PO2 (partial pressure of 02) in the blood at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated with oxygen is about
26mmHg
Starling’s law of the heart does operate during exercise
Atmospheric pressure 1bar
Storage of platelets at room temperature is that it optimizes platelet function
Use of accessory muscles and nasal flaring are sings of labored breathing
Normal paramenters for SPO2 reading in a healthy person is 90 -100%
In a patient with a flail chest being ventilated, receiving 1.4L/Min. the most appropriate management would
be reducing the peak inspiratory flow rate
The drug no useful in the treatment of infertility is prolactin
Endogenous smooth muscle relaxant is endorphin
The most common adverse effect of diazepam used during labour is fetal heart rate variability
A lignocaine plasma level of 10mcg/ml corresponds to the onset of convulsions
Non-pharmacological measures should preferably be tried first in minor self limiting conditions
Therapy with Gaonadotropin may result in Amenorrhea
Gonorrhoe ofloxcin
Type II (NIDDM) diabetes mellitus prescribe tulbutamide or al sulphonyl urea
Estrogen progestin combination oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy is inhibition of ovulation
Abrupt withdrawal of Glucocorticoids advisable not suppression of adrenal cortical secretions
Lignocaine overdose is managed by hydrocortisone
Propranolol is commonly used in the treatment of essential hypertension
Fluids are secreted by vaginal walls mainly due to the action of VIP
Life span of sperms 24-48 hours
Vaginal secretion of female a PH 3.5 to 4.0
Estrogens cause the skin to become soft
Maturation of surfactants in the lung is accelerated by Glucocorticoid hormones
ADH dependent facilitatory reabsorption of water is maximum is both distal and collecting tubules
Kallman’s syndrome is characterized by hypogonadism
Sheehan’s syndrome results in transient blindness
Synthesis of thyroxin binding of iodine to tyrosine
Thyroid hyperfunction mostly leads to marked tachycardia
Type of protein synthesized by ribosomes is determined by its nucleotide composition of RNA
Gluconeogenesis is not stimulated by growth hormone
Regarding hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, following statements are true except may be due to ovarian
or testicular disease
Calcium absorption is increased by 1, 25-dihyroxycholecalciferol
Expected to reduce maternal behavior loss of expression of the gene for fos-B
Secretion of which of the following hormones does not increase at night insulin
Following does not increase the outpout of glucose from the liver insulin
Hypothyroidism due to disease of the thyroid gland is associate with increased plasma levels of cholesterol
Iron absorption from the intestine is increased by ferrous form
Bilirubin released into circulation from the reticuloendothelial system is bound by plasma proteins
Norepinephrine will cause contraction of the smooth muscle in the arterioles
The kidney is involved in the activation of cholecalciferol
Proteolytic Enzyme not present in the pancreatic secretion is aminopeptidase
Digestion of the starch begins in the mouth due to the salivary enzyme amylase
Increased parathyroid hormone secretion during pregnancy results from inhibitory effect of estrogens on
bone resorption action of parathormone
Blood sugar is not increased by mild exercise
Feature resulting from persistant low serum calcium do not include increased calcitonine secretion
In the presence of oxygen the end product of glycolysis two molecules of pyruvic acid
One molecule of glucose is completely ATP molecules is 38
Synthesis of urea in the liver is important because it removes Ammonia
Essential fatty acid is arachidonic acid
The vitamin having antioxidant action is E
The chemical transmitter involved in the onset of labour and cervical ripening is mostly likely to be nitric
oxide
To initiate contraction calcium binds with Calmodulin
The second messenger synthesized due to binding with G-protein linked receptors is cyclic AMP
Highest content of triglycerides is present in chylomicorones >VLDC
The precursor for protostaglandins is arachiodonic acid
Substance which cannot be exreted in the urine is unconjugated bilirubin
Vitamin K is not involve d in the synthesis of clotting factor fibrinogen
Contain about 2-3 of the total blood volume are veins
During pregnancy decrease in the total lung capacity
Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the left by fetal hemoglobin
Blood Transfusion reaction group A+ is transfused with AB-
AV nodal delay is shortened by sympathetic stimulation
The pulse pressure increase when there is an increase in stroke volume
Venous pressure (MM HG) in the superior sagittal sinus is about -10
Dead space volume is decreased in tracheostomy
In resting muscles, the interaction between action and myosin is inhibited by the bond between actin and
troponin
At rest, about 70% of oxygen in its arterial blood is extracted by the heart muscle
Emptying of the stomach is stimulated by gastrin
Platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction is promoted by thromboxane A2
Control of circadian rhythm fibers from the visual pathway pass to suprachiasmatic nuleus of the
hypothalamus
Increased permeability of the SA nodal fibers membrane for potassium decreases heart rate
PR interval in the ECG is prolonged in AV blocks
Coronary blood flow is controlled mainly by myocardial oxygen consumption
Redness (Flare) due to arteriolar dilatation. This response is due to axon reflex
Severe anemia blood flow turbulent due to decreased blood viscosity
Microtubules in centrioles
Anion Gap is decreased in metabolic alkalosis
Formation of interstitial fluid increases with decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Phosphate buffer is powerful than the bicarbonate buffer because its pk is 6.8
Not likely to be present in metabolic acidosis is increased plasma bicarbonate
Blastocycst, consists of an embryoblas and a trophblast, develops an amniotic cavity by the 8th
day,sometimes implant in the ovary , usually implants along the anterior or posterior walls of the uterine
body
Ovum surrounded by a non-cellular layer zona pellucida
The urorectal septum divides the cloca into rectum and urogenital sinus
Following are the cause of irreversible renal failure except renal tumor
Uterine cavity is obliterated during pregnancy by fusion of decidua copsularis and dicedua parietalis
Allantois does not function in human membryos , extends from the umbilicus to the urinary bladder, purely
endodermal in origin, takes part in blood formation during third to fifth weeks
Fetus blood with lowest concentration of oxygen is found in the superior vena cava
Progesterone is a precursor of aldosterone cortisol and corticosterone
Sulpha drugs interfere with bacterial synthesis of tetrahydrofolate
Active transport requires energy, usually in the form of phosphate anhydride bonds
The free fatty acids of blood are mainly bound to serum albumin
Interferons cause degradation of viral mRNA
Fetal hemoglobin has a lower bohr effect
Semi essential amino acid arginine
Estrogens are characterized by the absence of a methyl group at C-10
Aspirin acts by inhibition of cyclooxygenase
Ketosis increased fat utilization
A hyperglycemic factor glucagon
Intrinsic and extrinsic blood coagulation pathways converge at stuart factor Xa
Psychological buffer in the blood bicarbonate buffer
Ration of alkaline PO to Acid PO4 in blood is 41
Dietary fibre affects digestion of other dietary components
Whole wheat is an excellent source of thiamine
Cuboccupitofrontal diameter is measure from the glabella to the posterior fontanelle
Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid CoA-SH, lipoic acid, Mg++, TPP
Loss of water by insensible perspiration though the skin 600-800ml
Glucose absorbed from proximal convoluted tubule
Acid-base state PaCO2 and HCO3
Testosterne increases protein systhesis in bones and muscles
First line of defence during bleeding is provided by blood vessels
Blood group O negative has no antibodies to the ABO system in her blood
32 days ovulation 18th day of the ovarian cycle
Defect is in globin genes : Thalassemia
Lysosomes are produced by Golgi apparatus
Resting membrane potential is mainly due to outward potassium diffusion
After operation type of anaemia blood loss
Sodium pump is stimulated by increasing intracellular Na+T
Blood group B +ve exchange transfusion with B-ive blood
Absorption of iron is adversely affected by ingestion with citrus fruits
Normal pregnancy is associated with decreased serum albumin
Two abortions concerned about the porsibility of recurrence of abortion change of recurrence is not
increased
Quickening the 16th or 17th weeks
Plasma fibrinogen is converted into fibrin during blood clotting
The grasp reflex is present by the end of 3rdpostnatal month
4th week syncytium, cytotrophoblast, connective tissue, endothelium
Diagnosing people with the condition sensitivity
Exclude a particular diagnosis likehood ration
Pregnant dies in a roadside accident this death is defined as fortuitous death
Excluding people without the condition specificity
Enzyme for conjugation of bilirubin glucoronyl transferase
Doppler ultrasound pulsatility is increased in growth restricted feotus
Maternal mortality ration (MMR), is expressed as the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births
Ultrasound waves utilize sound waves with an upper frequency of 20KHz
Pre-eclampsia significant change in the fall of disease is due to fall in maternal and perinatal mortality
Clopiphene stimulatesovultion
Estrogen thrombophlebitis
Not a recognized action of terbutaline diuretic effect
X-Ray chest of a pregnant woman exploses her to a radiation of Rads
Induction of drug metabolizing enzyme include phenobarbitone
Plasma half life of a drug depends on its rate of clearance
Breast cancer tamoxifen
Acute biliary colic besides morphine hyoscine butylbromide
Travelling by air cyclizine
Tonic cloni epileptic seizures treated with diazepam intravenously
Poor renal functions administered in reduced doses is gentamicin
Receptors for thyroid hormones in the cell membrane, inside the nucleus
Actions of progesterone do include in the breast, reabsorption of salt and water from renal distal tubules,
secretary changes in the uterine endometrium, thickening of cervical mucous
During pregnancy there is decreased arteriovenous oxygen gradient
Injection of benzyl pencillin immediately administered adrenaline ‘
Growth of duct system and fat deposition in stroma female breast strogens
Human chorionic gonadotropin prevents involution of the coropus luteum
Growth hormone secretion is increased by exercise
Testosterone causes decent of testes during late fetal life
Definite evidence of ovulation presence of corpus luteum in the ovary
Pregnancy not likely to occur serum creatinine is raised
High serum thyroxine level in pregnancy is due to increased thyroxin binding globulin
Antidiuretic hormone is inhibited by alcohol
Insulin secretion is stimulated by glucagon
Glucocorticoids decrease Glucose utilization in cells
Glucagon serection is stimulated by exercise
Amenorrhoea in lactating mothers is due to inhibition of secretion gonadotropin releasing hormone from
the hypothalamus
Pregnant women no increase in growth hormone
Heavy doses of cortisol decreased number of eosinophils
Gluconeogenesis is not the action of insulin
Thyroid hormones increase the plasma concentration of free fatty acids
In the fetal heart interventricular septum has a large muscular and a smaller membranous part
Neural tube gives rise to the components of the central nervous system
The vitellline duct forms mechel’s diverticulum
All primary oocytes enter the first meiotic prophase during fetal development
Urinary bladder and vagina vesicovaginal fistula
Upper vagina develops from lower end of fused mullerian ducts
Maldevelopment of uro-rectal septum anoperineal fistula, rectal atresia, rectuourethral fistula, rectovaginal
fistula
Mammary gland , consists of fifteen to twenty lobes connected together by ducts and loose connective
tissue
Inguinal lymph nodes receive lymph from the following regions except ovary
The ovary of a nulliparous woman is related posteriorly to the internal iliac artery
The vagina is covered posteriorly by pelvic peritoneum in its upper and middle thirds
The pudendal nerve leaves the pelvis through the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen
The uterosacral ligament is not rich nervous tissue
Muscles attached perineal body deep transverse perinei, external anal sphincto muscle, lavatory ani,
superficial tranverse perinei
The bartholin’s gland lies the substance of labium minus
The sarco iliac joint is a plain variety of synvial joint, s supplied by posterior division of external iliac
artery
The human placenta separates from the uterine wall due to rupture of many uterine muscles
Stratified columnar epithelium conjunctiva, ducts of the parotid gland male urethra, oesophagus
Pelvic outlet dimensions are altered by the movement of coccyx
Posterior fontanelle, area is smaller as compared to anterior fontanella
Free nerve endings are non-encapsulated receptors
Structures found in the mid brain cerebral aqueduct, red nucleus, substantia nigra, tectum
Late secretory phase or the menstrual cycle spongy layer, corpus luteum secretes oestrogen and
progesterone, endometrium is doubled in thickness, uterine glands become tortuous
Following are branches from femoral nerve except lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
At the level of the sternal angle as a landmark the following statements are true except thoracic duct crosses
from right to left side
The internal jugular vein, runs downward through the neck in the carotid sheath deep to
sternocleidomastoid muscle
In femur neck-shaft angle is about 125 degrees
Regarding mammary glands the following statements are true except peau’d orange is due to obstruction of
cutaneous lymphatics by cancerous cells, pectoralis major serratus anterior and external oblique are in deep
relation to gland, the connection of posterior intercostal vein with the verberal plexus of veins provides a
route for cancerous spread to bones, the retro mammary space makes the breast freely movable
Neutralizing antibody develops in 95% of people after an attack of a disease, the epidemiological term used
for this is immunogenicity
Most common cause of maternal death in our country is haemorrhage
Maternal death incidence in Pakistan is 100 times more
Perinatal mortality rate accounts for still birth and neonatal deaths in first week of life
Lower six intercostal nerves supply the following except , Radiation therapy recommended radiation dose
is 7000-8000 rads
A 70 years old woman was treated for carcinoma body of uterus. Post treatment she developed nausea,
vomiting and bleeding per rectum. Likely treatment she received was radiotherapy
Interruption of the motor pathways in internal capsule on one side of the body causes spastic paralysis on
the opposite side of the body
Most potent oestrogen oestradiol
Medical treatment of unruptured ectopic pregnancy methotraxate
Diethylstillbesterol associated with vaginal cancer of female offspring
Total dietary inlake of calcium should be approximately 1200 mg/day
Contraindicated in cardiac and hypertensive patients ergometrine
Prevent neural tube defect folic acid
Fluid retention oxytocin
Appropriate therapy endometriosis danazol
Used for gonoccocal infections ceftriaxone
Potent abortificiant mifepristone
Appropriate to treat hyperprolactineamia bromo cryptine
Cephalosporin involve inhibition of transpeptidation reaction
Postmenopausal lady has evidence of low bone mineral density. The most appropriate drug available is
raloxifene
Unique property of serm is that act as agonist in some tissues and agonist in others
Anti androgen is used for treatment of hirsutism cryproterone acectate
Hypothalamus is not involved in the control of olfaction
The glucogon does not produce negative inotropic effect
Conditions that ctimaulates secretion of rennin may include diuretics
Acetazdanide acts as a diuretic agent because it decreases H+ secretion with resulteant increase in Na+ and
K+ excretion
The semi ensential amino acid is arginine
Angiotensin II mainly causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels
The most potent stimulus of hyperprolactinaemia is suckling in lactation
Receiving dopamine lactation is suppressed due to inhibition of secretion of prolactin
Gluco corticoid therapy blood picture a decreased count of lymphocytes
Leptin is a hormone produced from fats cells in the body its plasma level is higher in obese persons
Angiotensin III mainly causes secretion of aldosterone
Melatonin is the harmone of the pineal gland it decreases secretion of anterior pituitary gonad ltrapins
The semen contains secretion of seminal vesicles forming its main bulb
A patient presents with sensivity to cold. Highh cholesterol raised tsh. He showed an exxggerated plasma
rise is TSH release is response to thyorytopin releasing hormone (TRH) simulation. He is must likely to
have primary thyroid failure
Antidiuretic hormone (AHD) excess may lead to increased urea transport in medullary collecting duct of
renal tubule
Insulin is anabolic and increases the storage of glucose fatty acids and amino acids
Thalamus is a part of diencephalon it is an important relay center for impulses of somatic and special
sensations
Aldosterone secretion greatly stimulated a rise in plasma K+ concentration
Pacinian corpuscles are these are rapidly adapting touch receptors
Prostaglandins can be derived from fat soluble vitamins
Loss of water by insensible perspiration through the skin in 24 hours is 600-800ml
Most important physiological buffer in the blood is bicarbonate buffer
Non-thyroidal reasons to lose weight
New born deficiency of vitamin K because the gut is sterile immediately after birth
One of the following is not a phospholipid gangliosides
Caloric value of lipid is 9.0 K cal/gm
Sulfur containing amino acids found in proteins except threonine
Histones are proteins which are proteins rich in lysine and arginine
Potassium depletion may cause rise in plasma bicarbonate
Surfactant diplamitoylphosphasidylcholine
Metabolic alkalosis hyperaldosteronism
Erythropoietin secretion is inhibited by theophylline
Free hemoglobin binds haptoglobin
Glucose reabsorption in the renal tubule is by the secondary active transport with Na+
Injury to the cervical sympathetic chain lacrimation is affected
Neuro transmitter not synthesized from tyrosine is serotonin
Peroxisomes are concerned with catabolism of very-long chein fatty acid
Red blood cells have a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of about 85fl
Renal plasma flow can be measured by the para aminchippuric acid
Cardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of the body surface area
Increase in cardiac output by exercise
BT 10 minutes, CT 7 minutes prothromboin time 13 seconds and platelets count 10,000/cmm purpura
Cyanosis is bluish discoloration of the tissues when concentration reduced Hb of blood in the capillaries is
more than 5g/dl
Stimulatory effect of decreased arterial Po2 on the respiratory center is through peripheral chemoreceptors
in carotid and aortic bodies
Plasma proteins synthesized in the plasma cells Gamma globulins
Sinoatrial (SA) node spontaneously generates impulses which produce rhythmic heart beat
Saw tooth shaped P waves atrial flutter prolonged bleeding time thrombocytopenia
Increased urinary excretion of calcium mainly occurs in hyperparathyroidism
During acclimatization at high attitude there is an increase in pulmonary ventilation
Body heat is lost by evaporation and convection
With complete absence of ADH daily GFR is 150 liter without treatment 10L/day
Most of the carbon dioxide formed in the tissues of a human is returned to the lungs bicarbonate ions in
plasma
Onset of labour positive feed back system
Mean arterial BP is 50 MMHG CNS ischaemic response
Total bilirubin =9.5 MG/DL direct bilirubin =8.0 MG/DL hepatitis
Lowest renal clearance in a healthy adult is for bicarbonate
Oocyte surrounded by flat epithelial cells primordial follicle
Bronchial fistulas occur when the second pharyngeal arch fails to merge with the epicardial ridge in the
lower part of the neck. Such fistulas are found on the lateral aspect of the neck directly anterior to the
sternocleidomastoid muscles
Frequent episodes of nasal blockage in children is due to hypertrophy of adenoids
Second pharyngeal arch stapedius
First pharyngeal arch anterior belly digastrics
Cells in the liver are derived from frequent endoderm endothelial cells
In mitosis, the chromosome consists of two parallel subunits chromatids during prophase
In mitosis the chromosomes line up in the equatorial plane during metaphase
Genitofemoral nerve crosses the left ureter posteriorly
Reflux of the caecal contents into the ileum is prevented by ileocaecal sphincter
Lymphatics from the lateral quadrant of the breast drain into the pectoral (anterior) lymph node
Perineal Serotal swelling bulbar urethra
Genital ducts rmnant of mullerian duct include appendix testis
Philtrum of upper lip develops by the fusion of two medial nasal prominences taste buds are chemore
reptors
Optic grooves 22nd day embryo
Relation of structures in the hileum of kidney are different
Lumen of intra embryonic portion of the allantosis persists, it forms urachal fistula
Meiosis is a type of cell division in which exchange of genetic material takes place in autosomes
Myxoedematous and obese. Weakness of thenar eminence carpel tunnel syndrome
Hydrocephalus characterized abnormal accumulateion cerebrospinal fluid obstruction of aqueduct of
sylvius
Failure of fusion of medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence
13 year old male solid spermatic cord
Commonest cause of cleft palate multifactorial inheritence
Difficulty in walking down the stairs head tilt to the left side with elevation of the rifht eye ocular muscles
is involved right superior oblique
Histology motor cortex betz cells
Anencephalic child abnormality start 3rd week
Saturday palsy radial nerve
Baby prefers bottle milk cleft soft palate
Umbilical cord was attached to the apex of the sac omphalocele
Formation of coronal radiata granulose cells
Not likely to be present in the umbilicus right umbilical vein
Fetotoxic drugs affected newborn 1-2 weeks
Number of newsly diagnosed cases of breast cancer per 100,000 women during a given year is expressed as
rate
High hilly station patent ductus arteriosus
Pregnancy measles congenital cataract
Current bone density is best assessed by dexa (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scanning)
The gold standard for screening for breast cancer is mammography
Mostappropriate antepartium fetal assessment test with the lowest rate of false positive is biophysical
profile
Of 20 women with neonates getting tetanus 19 had not taken a tetanus toxoid vaccine & of 40 whose babies
did not have tetanus. 30 had taken two tetanus toxoid shots during pregnancy. The odds ration will be 9
RHO (D) prophylaxis be given within 72 hours of fetomaternal bleed
DVT pregnancy heparin
Effect of heparin is anlagonised by digoxin
Best option for accurate calculation of gestational age by ultrasound scan will be measurement of CRL= 8
weeks
Best method of continuous intrapartum electronic fetal monitoring is fetal scalp electrode and intrauterine
pressure catheter
Ritodrine S/E include SOB, pulmonary HTN
Eclemptic fits Mg SO4
Metronidazole S/E severe distaste vertigo
Family history of breast cancer present with colles fracture and osteoporosin. Best drug is SERMS
Portal hypertension dilated left colic vein
A femoral hernia occurs lateral to public tubercle
Transverses abdominis muscle for motion of falx inguinalis
Anteroposterior radiograph right border of heart superior vena cava
Lymph from the breast drains into anterior pectoral
Obstruction of right coronary artery after the marginal artery has branched off will lead to damage of
atrioventricular node
The great saphenous vein is connected to deep veins by peforating veins
Muscle lacks glucose 6 phosphatase
In biologic membranes internal proteins and lipids interact mainly by hydrophobic interactions
Peptide bond has C-C-N-C
Specific activity of an enzyme is the number of enzyme units per milligram of enzyme protein
Metabolic fuel for the brain is glucose but in starvation it is ketone bodies
Source of metabolic fuel for the liver in the postabsorptive state is fatty acids
Potent anti-oxidant is vitamin E
Coafactor for enzymes except pantothenic acid
Glycolytic pathway requires hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase
Glycogen skeletal muscle
Peptide bonds don’t play role in quaternary structure
Rate of gluconeogenesis availability of alanine in the blood
Estimate the rate of muscle protein loss 3- methyl histidine
Kidney stones genetic defect in an amino acid transport system amino acids is excess in the urine lysine
Glucokinase it has a much higher michaelis constant (Km) for glucose than hexokinase
Vitamin K is directly involved synthesis of prothrombin
Acetyl CoA is not substrate for glucogenesis during fasting
In diabetic patients postprandial state is characterized by high blood level of glucose and high levels of
insulin
Severe deficiency of thiamine a decreased level of transketolase activity in red blood cells
Increased protein use increased dietary requirement for riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Pellagra deficiency of niacin
Growth hormone (GH) is a key hormone for growth and development GH secretion is pulsatile, it circulates
in both a free form and a protein bound form, It is secreted by acidophil cells located in anterior pituitary,
its primary biologic action is stimulation of epiphyseal cartilage growth
IUCD users menorrhagic is common
Progesterone requires estrogen priming before it can demonstrate activity on sexual organs
In post operative period sips should be allowed after the appearance of gut sounds
Ectopic pregnancy can be managed by laparoscopy
Cytotoxic drugs include cisplatinum
Indication of diagnosed D & C are secondary dysmenorrhea
Hormone replacement therapy unopposed continues estrogen therapy in women who have had
hysterectomy
Pre-menopausal syndrome includes euphoria
Progesterone causes fluid retention in the body
Androgens is excreted in urine as 17 ketosteroid
Menstruation contain blood, mucous and unfertilized ovum
Ovulation is association with clomid therapy
Dilatation of curettage can be done as an out patient procedure
Laparoscopy is indicated in following ruptured ectopic pregnancy
Complications of D & E is age include uterine perforation
Dilatation & Curettage is an important investigation if pelvic tuberculosis is suspected
Manchester repair include posterior colporraphy
Acceptable methods for confirmation of ovulation are spinnbarkeit test of cervical mucous
Secreted by ovary estrogen and progesterone
Gonadotrophins used therapeutically for induction of ovulation
Congenital uterine abnormalities are associated with dystocia
Menopausal syndrome includes dyspareunia
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is associated increased levels of PGE in the endometrium
Vaginal discharge is a symptom of carcinoma cervix
Pelvic tuberculosis is associated with amenorrhoea
Cervical erosion is associated with vaginal discharge
Bartholin’s cysts treated by marsupialisation
Pelvic inflammatory disease ectopic pregnancy is a sequelae
Cervical smears should be placed in fixative immediately
Choriocarcinoma is treated with chemotherapy
Carcinoma of endometion spread through lymphatics
Complications of uterine myomatas include intraperitoneal haemorrhage
Complication of fibroids includes hemorrhage
Endometriosis leads to dysmenorrhoea
Endometriosis is commonly seen in caucasion race
Adenomyosis is diagnosed by finding islands of endometrium on below the basal layer at the endometrium
The common sites for endometriosis are pouch of douglas
The treatment given in endometriosis is combined pill
Mucin secreting tumours of the ovary 10 are mucinous
Carcinoma of vulva diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy
Urethral caruncle treated by excision and cauterization
Endocervical carcinoma diagnosed by mean of cone biopsy
Carcinoma of the endometrium best treated by total abdominal hysterectomy
Retroverted un complicated retroversion does not cause infertility
A vesico vaginal fistula are repaired by technique flap of splitting
Uterovaginal prolapsed is a not malignant condition
Utero vaginal prolapsed can be treated by ring pessary
Uterovaginal prolapsed is a sequeale of obstertrical trauma
Botryoides sarcoma in childhood requires radical surgery
Endometeriosis is commonly found in women having uterine fibroids
Carcinoma of cervix causes intermenstrual bleeding
Cervical erosion is associated with vaginal discharge
Carcinoma of valvae surgery is effective as primary treatment
Carcinoma of cervix causes intermenstrual bleeding
Complications of radiotherapy in CA cervix are pyometra
Endocervical carcinoma is usually a squamous cell carcinoma
Septic abortion foul smelling vaginal discharge is present
Cervical incompetence may be result of cone biopsy
Causes of 2nd trimester abortion include syphilis
Ectopic pregnancy pain precedes vaginal bleeding
Common type of ectopic pregnancy tubal
Tubal patency is demonstrated by laparoscopy and methylene blud dyetest
Combined oral contraceptive pill may be less effective in patient with epilepsy
Absolute contraindication of contraceptive pills are carcinoma in situ of cervix + acute liver disease
Intrauterine contraceptive devices are contraindicated in rheumatic heart disease patients
Bromocriptine inhibits lactation
Gonadotrophins used therapeutically for induction of ovulation
Abortion incomplete abortion always gives rise to menstrual disturbance
Hysterosalpingiogram is mandatory before induction of ovulation
Corticosteroids useful for prevention of the side effects of chemotherapy
In ovulation phase fern test becomes negative
Ovulation detection serum estrogen
Laparoscopy – sterilization
Contraception oral pills decreases menstrual flow
Cause hyperprolactinemia methyldopa (Aldomat)
When bromcriptine is used in the treatment of hyperprolactinaemia hypotension is a side effect
Benign idiopathic hirsutism Treated by cyproterone acetate
In the treatment of hirsutism dexamethasone is used when there is an adrenal cause
Long term problems after hysterectomy fatigue
Stages of puberty include breast budding
Normal menstrual cycle is characterized by menarche at the age of 11-14 years
Follicular phase includes ovarian follicle development
Lutuel phase includes ovulation to onset of menstruation
Precocious puberty includes deviation of hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis
In normal menstrual cycle endometrium regenerates form the basal layer
After menopause plasma prolactin rise
Sources of androgens in female include peripheral conversion
Human ovulation occurs after LH peak
The menopause associated with shrinkage of uterine body than of the cervix
Spermatozoa require testosterone for normal development
Human chrionic gonadotrophin (HCG) is involved in the induction of fetal testosterone secretion
Premenstrual syndrome is variable cluster of symptoms that appear to occur on a regular basis prior to each
menstrual cycle
Vesicovaginal fistula can be prevented
Prolapsed occurs because of defect in the pelvis floor
Complication of uterovaginal prolapse in severe form kinting of ureters can occurs
Genital prolapsed the result of damage to the pelvic supporting structures during child birth
Genital tuberculosis usually secondary
Vaginal metronidazole (Flygyl) is ideal treatment for bacterial vaginosis
Candidiasis is caused by candida albicans
Tuberculosis organisms resist decolorisation by 20% sulphuric acid after Ziehl neelsen staining
Female gential tuberculosis is a recognized cause of menstrual upset
In bacterial vaginosis odor in fishy
In inflammatory disease incidence of ectopic pregnancy is increased several fold
Genital tuberculosis has pelvic pain as most common symptom
Physiological causes of vaginal discharge include time of ovulation
Local causes of pruritus vulvae include candidiasis
Pelvic infections IUCD
Sexually transmitted disease leishmaniasis
Etiology of pyometra include puerperal sepsis
Causes of vaginal discharge include salpingitis
Cervical pap smear can be done in the out patient department
Uterine fibroids usually present with menstrual bleeding
In cervix carcinoma in situ is malignant condition
Histological types of CA endometrium are adeno carcinoma
Polycystic ovarian disease have lack of follicular maturation
Clinical presentation of polycystic ovaries are infertility
Hydatidiform mole produces hCG
Common sites of tumour metastinizing to ovaries are lung
Related to CIN changes are located in transformation zone
Uterine fibroids can regress after menopause
Benign cystic teratomy of ovary can be asymptomatic
Pap smear sampling device must cover 3600 of Cerrin
Risk factors for carcinoma endometrium tract are diabetes mellitus
Carcinoma insitu of cervix involve mucous glands of endocervix
Trophoblastic diseases recurs
Uterine fibromyomata may undergo following changes sarcomatous change
Tumours of epithelial orign mucinous cyst adenoma
Carcinoma cervix is associated with multiparity
Polycystic ovarian disease is characterized by increased incidence of endometrial carcinoma
Cervical pap smear can be done in the out patient department
Carcinoma cervix can be treated with radiotherapy at all the stages
Fibroid pregnancy torsion of pedunculated fibroid occurs most commonly
Polycystic ovaries respond to treatment with clomiphiine citrate
Polycystic ovary syndrome characterized by a thick walled capsule and normal number of primary and
secondary follicles
Cone biopsy of the cervix is diagnostic if the smear shows glandular abnormalities
Treatment of carcinoma endometrium includes surgery followed by radiotherapy
Ovarian tumours are diagnosed by laparotomy
Characteristics of malignant aneuploidy
Pre-invasive CA cervix hysterectomy is performed in old patients
Clinical features of CA cervix include vaginal discharge
Factors associated with CA endometrium include obesity
Differential diagnosis of vulval cancer includes vulvitis
Etiology of CIN includes history of STD
Staging of genital cancer is based on following pelvic examination
Clinical presentation of chorio carcinoma includes shock
Endometriosis can be treated with Gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogs
Therapeutic aims of treating endometriosis are to permit satisfactory coitus
Endometriosis is commonly found on the peritoneum
Adenomyosis is a cause of menorrhagia
Treatment of endometriosis include oral contraceptives
Treatment of secondary amenorrhoea are provera
Causes of post menopausal bleeding are exogenous estrogen
Management of PMB includes following hysteroscopy
A 60 year old para 1+0 has post menopausal bleeding possible reason is atrophic vaginitis
Menorrhagia can be caused by excessive fibrinolysis
Etiology of secondary dysmenorrhea fibroid
Etiology of primary amenorrhea are hypogonadotrophin hypogonadism
Post coital bleeding can be caused by laceration in vaginal wall
Abnormal uterine bleeding oligomenorrhea is scanty menses
Secondary amenorrhea mainly due to anorexia nervosa
Amenorrhea is associated with hematometra
Post menopausal bleeding can be first symptom of carcinoma of cervix
Menorrhagia can be due to endometrial hyperplasia
I.U.C.D. can cause dysmenorrhea
Posterior colpotomy can be done for diagnosis of haemoperitonium
Threatened abortion can lead to inevitabl abortion
Abortion is inevitable when Os is open
Ectopic pregnancy intracervical pregnancy
Missed abortion can be managed conservatively
Habitual abortion due to cervical incompetence is common in 1 st trimester
Diagnostic criteria of ectopic pregnancy are laparoscopy
Causes of abortion include fibroid uterus
Causes of cervical incompetence include previous D&C
Intrauterine contraceptice device alters tubal mobility
Asherman’s syndrome is characterized by amonorrhea
Lippes loop exarebates menorrhagia
Tubal ligation by pomeroy’s method can be performed immediately post partum
Injectable hormonal contraceptive with menstrual irregularities
Mechanism of action of I.U.C.D interferes with implantation
Contraindication to insertion of I.U.C.D is pelvic inflammatory disease
Seminal fluid may contain abnormal spermatozoa
Asherman’s syndrome may be treated by insertion of I.U.C.D
An intrauterine contraceptive device can be left in the uterus for atleast 5 years without lowering efficacy
Vasectomy has a failure rate of 10/1000 procedures
Hysterosalpingography is done to outline uterus and tubes in cases of infertility
Investigations are helpful in cases of amenorrhoea pregnancy test
Post menopausal bleeding complete pelvic examination is necessary
Bromocriptine inhibits lactation
Primary amenorrhoea testicular feminization
Features are associated with secondary amenorrhoea asherman’s syndrome
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) can transform a normal cyclic luteum intoa psedupregnant corpus
luteum
Uterovaginal prolapse causesdifficulty in walking
Candidiasis is common in pregnancy
Differential diagnosis of acute salpingitis include urinary tract infection
Trichomoniasis transmission is sexual
Differential diagnosis of cervical carcinoma are retained product of conception
Hormones producing tumor of ovary granulosa cell tumor
Ovarian tumor are of germ cell origin embryonal cell tumour
Complications of fibroid include sarcomatous degeneration
Histological types of endometrial carcinoma include adenocarcinoma
Complications of uterine fiberoid include infection
Uterine fibroids dysmenorrhea is unusual
Abnormal uterine bleeding is mainly caused by hormonal imbalance
Hysterectary with B.S.O post operatively she had high grade fever, right sided loin pain abdominal
distension IVP suggested ureteric injury at cardinal ligament level
Best time for a single congenital anomaly scan 18-20weeks
Main support of the uterus transverse cervical ligament
Vaginal bleeding and passage of vesicls endocrinological findings serum beta HCG>10,000 iu/L
Snowstorm appearance and absence of fetus trophoblastic tumor with 46xx-chromosome pattern
Tocolytic agent that causes her blood sugar to rise torbutaline
Phenytoin likely effect fetal hypoxia
Repeated abortions progesterone
Amount of iron 800 mgm
Irregular mass arising from the pelvis associated with ascites. The best methods for diagnosis is laparotomy
Postdates pregnancy prostaglandin vaginal tablet
A low HB and abnormal red cells with single further investigation will you perform RBC count
A 40 year down’s syndrome 1 in 100
The slide shows folded mucosa with columnar epithelim party cliated partly non-ciliated with indistinct
outer longitudinal inner circular smooth muscle layer fallopian tube
Shows columnar epithelium with clefts and indistinct smooth muscle layerscervix uteri
Lymphatic nodlus are present n cortex of a lymph node
Hydramnios oesophageal atresia
The normal umbilical cord contains wharton’s jelly
The umbilical cort contrains wharton’s jelly
Ultrasonography at 8 weeks of amenorrhea is reliable for gestational period
Continuous intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring risk of cerebral damage in high-risk pregnancies is
reduced
Fetal surveillance amount of liquor can be measured by U/S
U/S obstetrics is done to diagnose various malpresentation
X-Ray pelvimetry can accurately determine the capacity of the pelvis
Placentography is done by following U/S
Knowledge of the patient’s last menstrual period oxytocin stress test
Blood group testing
Antenatal care First visit are urine pregnancy test
Antenatal care helps in reducing congenital malformations
Advises first prenatal visit are blood group testing
Antenatal care pelvic examination should be done on first visit
Antenatal pelvic assessment is done at 36 weeks in a primigravida
Important investigations during antenatal period are Hb. Estimation
Components of anternal checkup consist of X-Ray pelvimetry
The active management of labor includes use of partogram
The first stage of labor is diagnosed by full cervical dilatation
Fatal distress is diagnosed by more than 20 fetal movements in 24 hours
Progress of labor is assessed clinically by cervical dilatation
Oxytocin causes water intoxication when given with large volumes of electrolyte free fluid
Preterm labor tends to recur in subsequent pregnancies
An anthropoid pelvis has a narrow sub pubic arch
The fetus weighing 1000-1500g should be delivered by cesarean section
Onset of labor is encourage by oxytocin
Active management of labor includes continuous intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring
Face presentation in labor is associated with anencephaly
An anthropoid pelvis has a narrow sub pubic arch
At the time of vaginal examination in labor the attendant should drape the patient with sterile line
Induction of labor should be performed in borderline C ephalo-pelvic disproportion
Progress of labor is assessed clinically by recording of the maternal pulse + cervical dilatation
Electrical treatment (faradism) or interferential therapy is still employed in woman with prolapse in order to
try and re-educate the pelvic floor. This type of therapy is accurately categorized by biofeedback
70 year old woman urinary incontinence off & on, with urgency urge incontinence detrusor instability
Commonest variety of breast carcinoma infiltrating ductal
All of the following can be used as distension media at hysteroscopy except haemaccel
True hermaphrodites most common karyotype is 46XX
Vulvaesquamous cell hyperplasia treatment option 1% hydrocortisone topical
Ectopic pregnancy treatment injection methotrexate (intramuscular)
Polymenorrhagia hyperplasia endometrium progestogen
Tubal patency test laparoscopy and dye test
4 months amenorrhoea test for pregnancy is negative appropriate step at this progesterone challenge test
Vaginal post coital bleeding dirty discharge unhealthy looking cervix pap smear
Bilateral tubal blockage with oligospermia best treatment ICSI
CIN II treatment long loop excision of transformation zone
Prolonged irregular menstrual bleeding appropriate investigation ……
Extremely painful periods 5 years of marriage adnexal tenderness endometriosis
Foul smelling vaginal dischargeno itching gardnerella vaginalis
Mastectomy for carcinoma of breast best contraception IUCD
Hysterectomy acute renal failure surgical ligation of ureter
Bicornuate uterus A 5*5 cm mass attached to uterus surgical removal of horn
Continuous progestin regimens if given for over one year induce amenorrhea in upto 90%
Intravenous immune-globulins to usual dosage given every 3-4 weeks 400 – 1200 mg/Kg
P/V bleeding atypical hyperplasia hysterectomy
Pelvic tuberculosis, the endometrium is likely to be involved in upto 90%
Have been utilized in ovarian cancer screening except leukocytosis
HPV high risk 16 & 18
Screening has proven most effective is gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
Odorless vaginal discharge and tenderness over ovaries diagnosis pelvic inflammatory disease
Pussy vaginal discharge chalamydia trachomatis
Oral contraceptive pills, pulmonary tuberculosis reduce the efficiency of oral contraceptives isoniazid
Post menopausal vaginal bleeding grade 3 adenocarcinoma appropriate treatment for her TAH + BSO
pelvic lymph node sampling
Severe lower abdominal pain, high grade fever and diarrhea on the 5 th post operative day following vaginal
hysterectomy diagnosis pelvic abscess
Presented a 20 week size, firm, non tender, fixed mass in the lower abdomen. Most reliable method MRI
Endometriotic spots surgery
Ovarian and breast cancer of BRCA I positive 75%
Frequency & dysuria on & off with leakage of urine cystocele & urethrocele diagnosis genuine stress
incontinence
11 weeks of pregnancy with history of one 5-year old healthy baby chorionic villus sampling
Bleeding per vagina placenta previa
 Pathology
Transfusion on 4th post operative day delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction
On glibenclamide tablets. She had an acute attach of asthma sugars was 40MG% interacted with steroids
Omphalocele failure of the bowel to return 6th – 10th week
Distress to pregnant women is dyspnea due to decreased PaCO2 levels
Gram negative infection in a urinary tract
An aminocglycoside antibiotic is amikacin
Clostridium perfringes is diffuse clostridial myositis
Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBSAB) is indicative of recovery from infection
Skin disinfectant is alcoholic solution of chlorhexidine
Flora not include bordetella pertussisa
Cirrhosis liver is hepatitis C virus
Neissaria gonorrhea gram negative diplococcus
P/V pelvis is very tender with hot vagina shows leukocytosis E.Coli\
Nonbacterial from burn wound is candida
Cause for repeated infections is defective NADPH oxidase
Does not produce vaginal discharge haemophilus ducreyi
Blood cultures are positive in meningococcal meningitis
Parasites not found in the specimen of urine is paragonimus spp
Thichomonas vaginalis sexually transmitted
Prolongation of prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time best treated with vitamin K
Most dangerous immunosuppression is whole body irradiation
Cell mediated hypersensitivity the incorrect statement is caused by lgM antibodies
Man is intermediate host in hydatid disease
Investigation least indicated in the work up DIC
Transfusion died within few minutes anaphylactic reaction
Factor VIII is produced in endothelial cells
Beta thalassemia most commonly manifested by increased amounts of hemoglobin’s A2 and F
Severe dysmenorrhea 8 cm semi solid with dark brown contents endometriotic cyst
Feature of turner syndrome are streak ovaries
Duchenne type is x-linked recessive
Pyometra can not result due to carcinoma vulve
Hypertrophic cervix initial test would be cervical smear
Postmenopausal woman presents with episode of vaginal bleeding. 1cm thick endometrium diagnosis is
endometrial carcinoma
Pelvic mass, ascites and right sided peleural effusion meig’s syndrome
Adnexal mass haemorrhegic diagnosis malignant tumor of ovary
Change not occur in uterine leiomyoma fatty degeneration
Common tumour of the breast is infiltrating ductal carcinoma
B lymphocytes that have been transformed into plasma cells
Metastatic calcification occurs in normal kidneys
No specific factor VIII concentrate available next best source of factor VIII is platelet concentrate
Component of shock is tissue hypoxia
Prothrombin synthesis impaired as a result of deficiency of vitamin K
In wound healing the incorrect statement is collagen is deposited during the lag phase
Most growth factors have receptors on plasma mabrane
Hamartoma is totally benign
Chemotaxis is caused by C5a
Autosomal dominant disorders are characterized by variable expressivity
Malignant changes in the lung is asbestosis
Osteoporosis may does not occur excess of vitamin C
Chronic inflammation accumulation of lymphocytes
Loss of libido hyposmia kallman’s syndrome. Incorrect statement infection is excluded by negative results
in the cord blood
Regarding necrosis incorrect statement is a reversible change
Beta thalassemia leads to haematologic consequences of diminished synthesis of beta chain
Sore throat serosangurinous vaginal discharge pathogen is streptococcus
Intra uterine contraceptive device actinomyces
Not an oncogenic virus hepatitis D
Liver cells that phagocytize foreign organisms kuffer cells
Formation lymph is liver
Vaginal infections associated with preterm labour is bacterial vaginosis
Watery foul smelling greenish vaginal discharge wet smear of vaginal secretions
Antithrombin III is a circulating protease inhibitor that when binds to serine protease is facilated by heparin
Platelets count increase after splenectomy
Highest plasma concentration is lgG
Cells responsible for innate immunity are activated most commonly by carbohydrate sequences in bacterial
cell walls
Ambiguous genitalia are not seen in rokitansky syndrome
Erythropoietin is secreted by cells in the peritubular capillary bed
Not associated endometrial carcinoma is ovarian agenesis
Miscarriages 2nd trimester fetal cytogenetic abnormalities
Disease due to a mutation in mitochondrial genome is leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy
Most specific test of amniotic fluid to exclude intra amniotic infection is interleukin-6
In osteoporosis structure defective is osteoclasts
Presents absence of utrus abnormality non development of paramesonehric duct
Placental abnormality significant in patients with preterm labour chorion vasculitie
Choriocarcinoma the incorrect statement is associated with ACTH production
Superimposed bacterial infection in ischaemic tissue result in gangrenous necrosis
Enzymes responsible for pyogenic abscess are manly derived from serum
Pseudomembranous colitis is usually caused by Cl. Difficle
The tumour known to secrete serotonin carcinoid
The tumour known to secrete excessive estrogen granulosa-theca cell tumour of ovary
Easiest method to demonstrate gonococci in the exudate is gram’s stain of the exudate
Finding in pyloric stenosis hyponatreamia
Immunology test is of diagnostic value hydrated cyst of liver
Pneumoconiosis asbestosis
Amoebic lung abscess usually results from direct extension from pre-existing amoebic liver abscess
Concentration of protein in the exudate 2.5 – 4.0 gm%
Basal cell carcinoma is locally malignant tumour
Potent biological carcinogen for the cervix is human papilloma virus (HPV)
Faecol-oral route is the mode of spread of hepatitis “A” infection
The most important microscopic diagnostic criteria for the premalignant lesion is pleomorphism
Most important cause of vaginal discharge is trichomonas vaginalis
Most diagnostic microscopic criteria for a malignant tumour is invasion of adjacent tissue (Metastasis)
Third trimester of pregnancy, vaginal infection usually occurs with following organism candida albicans
Herpes simplex virus not associated with primary atypical pneumonia not parasitestransmittedby faecal oral
route is trichinella spiralis
Hookworm infecctions does not cause macrocytic anaemia
Herpes viruses not associated with viral infection is rhabdoviruses \
Not associated with the infection of the female urinary tract is dorderlein’s bacillus
Chlamydia is the etiological agent for lymphogranuloma inguinale
The factors not associated with recurrent vaginal candiadiasi high estrogen levels in blood
The ortganism which is not the gram negative endotoxin producing aerobic robs clostridia
Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism is recommended. Positive predictive value of TSH
screening is required because it is percentage of all positive results that are true positive
Graft rejection does not depend upon the age of the patient
Hypertensive was brought in semicollapsed state likely cause in this patient is diuretic intake
Multiple blood transfusion haemochromatosis in liver
Antibiotic pancytopenia bone marrow depression
Laboratory diagnosis of thalassemia in the developing foetus is possible by analysis of amniotic fluid
Autosomal dominant disorders are characterized by variable expressivity
MHC is composed of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes
Primary Amenorrhea blind vagina. Ovaries and uterus were not present testicular feeminising syndrome
Webbed neck 45XO
Sex linked disorders are usually affect the males
Not agent causing squamous metaplasia of cervix increased level of GH
Not a tumour markers prostatic acid phosphatase
Pertussis can be given in pregnancy
Not a major chemical carcinogens alcohol
Azzoospermia is not associated with hypospadias
Long term use of oestrogen does not increase the risk of ovarian cancer
Disseminated intravascular coagulation is not a complication the over administration of the thrombokinase
Chronic inflammation results from infection by intracellular microorganisms
Is not a stem cell in constant state of division hepatocytes
Oedema does not occur in shock
Transplant surgery not notable increase incidence of acute leukaemia
Secondary polycythaemia excess of erythropoietin
Red infarcts is not encountered in carbon monoxide poisoning
Tumour a growth of tissue which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues
Hyper prolactinaemia can not be due to hyperthyroidism
Not occurring due to intra-uterine rubella infection is hutchinson’s teeth
The tumour which does not arise from the ovary is pheochromocytoma
Abdominal bloating several foul smelling frothy stools per day useful investigation would be stool detailed
report
Paget’s disease intra epithelial carcinoma, is characterized by the presence of paget’s cells which have got
hyprchromatic nuclei and vacuolated cytoplasm, occurs commonly in the breast but occasionally in the
vulva, produces eczema like lesions on the vulva
Hypertranslusency of unilateral lung is not seen in asthma
In a carcinoma the parenchymoatous cells produce the main bulk of tumour
Shock is also seen in spinal injury
Irregular vaginal bleeding hysterectomy atypical hyperplasia
Purulent vaginal discharge and pruritis strawberry cervix trichomoniasis
Carcinoma beyond the cervix but not onto the pelvic wall and involves the vagina but not the lower third
stage II
Passing grape like structure per vagina serum β HCG
Cystic mass showed solid and cystic area with brownish grey greasy material with hair cystic teratoma
Fat necrosis acute pancreatitis
Free radicals effects DNA of the cell
Extent of damage to tissue by lonising radiation
Most useful diagnosis of systemic lupus erythmatosis is antibodies against double stranded DNA
Lymph node biopsy from cervical region most likely slows afferent & efferent lymphatic channels
Epstein bar virus burkitt’s lymphoma
Infarction thrombosis
Chemical mediators of inflammation prostaglandin
Growth of nasal cavity rounded cystic numerous tiny spores rhinosporiodium
Viruses cause cellular injury mainly by altering synthesis of proteins
Dyplasia is principally encountered in epithelia
Role of histamine is hyperaemia
Breast orange peel appearance cause of loose dimples cancer invasion fibrosis
Antigen CEA tumour marker of Gut
African boy sickle cell disease likely cause hemolytic crisis
A year old male child failure to thrive fever off and on HB is 7 G/DL hypochromic microcytic picture,
nucleated RBCS elder brother receivers regular blood transfusion relevant investigation would be
haemoglobin electrophoresis
PH 7.08 (7.15-7.45) PCO2 (MMHG) 66 (35-45) CHO3 (MMOL/L) 18 (23-19) diagnosis metabolic
acidosis with respiratory acidosis
Pregnant female bilirubin 30 MMOL/L most life thereatening viral hepatitis E
Pregnant HP is 9.8G/DL with MCV 58FL and MCH 15PG her serum feritim level is 150MG/ML
thalassemia trait
Diagnosis of diphtheria bacilli characteristic morphology on special stain
Most frequent granuloma associated with suppuration nocardia fungus
Red cells are agglutinated by antisera A & D while her serum is agglutinating B cells donor would be blood
group AB positive
Occult blood iron deficiency anaemia
Potent exotoxin streptococcus pnemoniae is streptolysin
Tonsils crypt abscesses agent would be staphyeococcus
Diagnosis leprosy in its early stage nasal scraping for lepra bacilli
Causes of fatty changes in liver the most frequent caeuse in our country is viruses
Epidemic hepatitis E virus
HB of 8G/DL shows HB A2 on electrophoresis the other likely feature is mild erythroid hyperplasia
Invasive lesions of breast most commonly do not present with painful lump
Jaundice pain epigastrium alkaline phosphatase was 1100 IU/L gall stones
New born baby Neck rigidity Neisseria meningitis
Most frequent etiology of hepatitis in our country is hepatitis “A” virus
Maternal in heritance dependent on mitochondrial DNA
Type 1 immunological reaction spasmogenic substances
Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell mediated hyper sensitivity
Pregnant woman with idiopathic thrombocytopenia the platelet auto anti bodies are of lgG type
Spoon shaped nails decreased MCV , MCHC and MCH
Birth of fourth child amenorrhoea weakness fatigue and gradual loss of axillary and pubic hair diagnosis
pituitary necrosis
In transmission of poly cystic kidney disease only one parent could be affected
Trisomy 21 child may have one parent carrying robertsonian translocation
Cause of infertility in a young woman tuberculous endometritis
Mediator responsible for pain prostaglandins
Polyuria polydipsia and weakness investigation fasting and plasma glucose 2 hour after 75g oral glucose
Amenorrhoea her pregnancy test was negative investigation would be FSH, LH and prolactin estimation
Therapeutic trial of calcium and vitamin D helped diagnosis osteomalacia
Source of bacilli in tuberculosis salpingitis is haematogenous
Common etiology of purulent discharge from vagina is eschericha coli
Etiology agent for condyloma acuminatum of vluva is wart virus
Vulvar lesion premalignant kraurosis vulval
Diagnostic microscopic evidence of a granuloma is localized collection of epitheloid cells
Puerperal sepsis is bacteriodes
Source of Escherichia coli infection of female genital tract is by retrograde infection
Usual cause of anemia in the infants is G-6 PD deficiency
T lymphocytes found para cortical areas of lymph nodes
Antigens responsible for graft rejection HLA system
Metaplasia is characterized by morphological and functional changes
Ionizing radiation producing free radicals
Chronic inflammation evidence of inflammation with repair
Female HIV infection invasive cancer of uterine cervix X-linked agammaglobulinaemia pyogenic
infections
Type-II hypersensitivity reaction erythroblastosis fetalis
Barr bodies diagnosis of turner’s syndrome
True hermaphroditism XX/XY
Reversible injury cellular swelling
Diagnostic feature of a dead cell karyolysis
34 weeks of pregnancy BP 180/120 MMHG and +++ proteinurea charactrstic lesion generalized
microthrombi in arterioles and capillaries
Missed abortion blood stained fould smelling discharge small growth in vagina SBHCG is 5 folds more
than expected at 8 weeks of gestation diagnosis is chorio carcinoma
XXY klinefelter syndrome
Hepatitis A virus don’t be so fatal
Respiratory syncytial virus were negative paroxysmal cough with respiratory stridor bordetella pertussis
Cervix dysplastic changes human papilloma virus
Uncontrolled severe watery diarrhea vibrio chlerae
Dilated fallopian tubes purulent vagina discharge gonococcal infection
HIV infection in this infant would be HIV culture of blood lymphocytes
Autosomal dominant pattern not present in horizontal transmission (affected sibling)
Autosomal recessive disorders 21-hydroxylase deficiency, ataxia telangiectasia, sick cell anemia, tay-sachs
disease
Proband the person who presents for medical attention, whether affected or unaffected
X-linked inherited disorders fragile X syndrome, rett syndrome, the urea cycle defect ornithine trans
carbamylase (OTC), vit D. Resistant rickets
Erythropoietic tissues reach peak this peak is achieved at 30 weeks
Bone marrow is rich in proteoglycans the one which is not included is fibronectin
Thrombospondin produced by, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, megakaryocytes, platelets
Fibronectin is a glycoprotein its molecular weight is 450Kd
Commitment is defined as transition from pluripotential self-renewing cells in the stem cell compartment to
the progenitor cells
Transmitting HBV infection is HBeAg +ve and HBeAb –ve
Antibody secreting plasma cells percentage 70%
CD$+ TH cells have at least two different profiles of cytokine production, TH1 and TH2. TH1 cytokines do
not include interleukin (IL)-4
An 8 years started to bleed vaginally well developed breasts likely cause granulosa cell ovarian tumour
Premature ovarian failure autoimmune disease
Radiotherapy for cervical cancer cervical smear usually shows karyorrhexis and karylysis
Common changes uterine prolapse chronic cervicitis and with squamous metaplasia
ICUD squamous metaplasia of endocervix
Common cause of vaginitis during the reproductive age is trichomonas vaginalis (pinkish discharge)
Perinatal infection is most contagious in case of herpes simplex infection
Ovarian mass was palplable with hepatomegaly ovarian tumour chorio carcinoma,ovary
Etiological agent dyskaryosis ( a pre-malignant lesion) humanpapilloma virus (HPV)
Yellowish vaginal discharge trichomonas vaginalis
Most likely growth which is related to oestrogen leiomyoma uterus
New born redness of the eye with purulent exudate likely infection due to Neisseria gonorrhea
Vulva premalignant lesion paget’s disease
Culture no growth of pathogenic bacteria but direct smear of vaginal discharge reveals many bacilli
lactobacillus (Doderlain bacilli)
Warty growth of vulva condyloma acuminatum
Rubella infection cataract
Laboratory test for streptococuss anti streptolysin titre (ASOT)
Plaque like mass on upper part of post vaginal fornix lesion is squamous cell carcinoma
Painfull lump on right side of introitis infective organism gonococcus
Watery vaginal discharge with painful red papulae and ulcers on vulve and vagina tender inguinal nodes
herper simplex
Shows mild dysplasia squamous vacuolization HPV infection
Hysterectomy atypical endomatial hyper plasia
Whorled smooth muscle bundles leiomyoma
Have right fallopian tube distorted white chessy material tuberculos salpingitis
Ovarian cyst irregular uterine bleeding uterine histopath report show endometrial hyperplasia Brenner
tumor
Partial mole 69 XXY
Growth of pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial product in the blood is tumor necrosis factor
Generalized edema tuberculous pericarditis cause of edema constrictive pericarditis
A 35 year full term pregnant female labour died cause death is amniotic fluid embolism
Invasive carcinoma of beast metastasis in two axillary tumor measures 5.5cm stage 2-B
HB 5.25 G/DL, RBC 1.8 * 10 12, WBC 1.2 * 10 9/L platelets 20 * 10 9/L reticulocytes 0.1% diagnosis
aplastic anemia
Watery foul smelling greenish vaginal discharge protozoal infection confirmatory test wet smear of vaginal
secretions
Secondary infertility fallopain tubes were blocked endometrium showed a collection of epitheloid cells
histiocytes and gaint cells buterculous infection
Vulva pruritis pinkish frothy viginal trichomonas vaginalis infection
Oozing blood from every venipuncture site least indicated clotting time
Snowstorm appearance and absence of fetus trophoblastic tumor with a 46XX chromosome pattern
Half of the myometrial invasion Ic
Down’s syndrome poor moro reflex and an additional finger
46XX/45*0 gonadal dysgenesis and hypoplasia of germinal elements
Serum is agglutinating B Cells A positive
Exchange transfusion leukodep, leukodepleted blood
Treatment of malignant disease actiomcin D binds with DNA by hydrogen bonding
Thickening bleeding of her gums broadening of her lips and nose, and mild hirsuitism adverse effects is
phenytoin
Anencephalic baby recommended folic acid, 1mg daily
Blood sugar to rise from 90MG/Dl trbutaline
Phenytoin least likely effect long bone deformity
Most striking lesion in the kidneys in a case of severe pregnancy induced hypertension would be fibrin
deposition in glomerular vessels
Lymphoma cervical node immune disorder is acquired immune deficiency disease (AIDS)
HCG levels in normal pregnancy first detected in meternal serum on day 9th of ovulation
During pregnancy common change seed in uterine fibroid is red degeneration
Puerueral sepsis likely organism mixed bacterial infection
Offensive vaginal discharge pyrexia skin rash causative organism staphylococcus aureus
Abdominal mass ascites plural effusion meig’s syndrome
Two units of blood during hysterectomy serum bilirubin 4MGM/DL delayed haemolytic transfusion
reaction
History of weight gain, hirutism and infrequent menstruation first line investigation hormone profile
Gravida swelling of right leg for 3 days Doppler confirmed deep vein thrombosis most important factor
responsible decreased fibrinolysis
Blood transfusion 2 minutes cause of death is ABO incompatibility
Primary amenorrhea blind vagina ovaries and uterus were not present diagnosis is testicular feminizing
syndrome
Secondary amenorrhea for 1 year primary infertility well developed secondary sex characteristics recent
ultrasonic examination shows atrophic uterus diagnosis premature ovarian failure
Whitish vaginal discharge nuclear pleomorphism increased nuclear cytoplasmic ratio diagnosis is
adenocarcinoma in situ
Post menopausal 5 cm mass ultrasound endometrium is 2.5 cm thick granulos cell tumour ovary
Pregnant woman rheumatic heart disease likely to be associated with mitral stenosis
Female with cervical lymphoadenopathy histological granulomata definite diagnosis of tuberculosis in
demonstration of AFB
Chronic renal failure unlikely to be present hypophosphatemia
Pinkish forthy vaginal discharge trichomonas vaginalis infection
Antenatal care effective tetanus can be best achieved by immunization with the toxoid
Injection of PPD induraded area along with macrophages would be T cells
A 48 hour old baby delivered meningitis Escherichia coli
Loss of touch and vibration sense vitamin B12 deficiency
Exchange transfusion after 10 days graft versus host disease
Large haematoma on forehead prolonged bleeding circumcision investigations first coagulation studies
Premalignant lesion of cervix 90% reliable for the laboratory diagnosis PAP cytology smear
Cervix dysplastic changes human papilloma virus
Complete haemolysis beta haemolytic streptococcus group A
Multiple sexual partners HPV infection
Platelets 75*10^9/L, prothrombin 13 sec (C = 11 Sec), APTT 35 sec (C=32Sec) platelet concentrate)
Breast cancer BRCA a & 2 gene mutation test
Five year of menopause with heavy bleeding breast nodule fibrocystic change likely disease in this case is
carcinoma endometrium
Chronic renal failure renal transplant HLA compatibility
Jaundice 2nd day after deliver the baby is breast cause of her jaundice is physiological jaundice
Cancer of cervix most frequently originates at the squamo-columnar junction
Girl after sexual assault bruised vulva and right sided labial swelling entering into the vagina probable
injury is of para vaginal venous plexus
Urticarial and eczematous rash allergic type I hypersensitivity reaction
A pregnant woman has a Siamese cat toxoplasmosis
Platelet count is 12/10E9/L bone marrow shows megakaryotic hyperplasia diagnosis ITP (idiopathic
thrombocytopenic purpura)
A 4 year old baby generalized lymphadenopathy TCL 14.2 * 10^9/L and platelet count is < 10*10^9/L
diagnosis acute lumphoblastic leukaemia
Urticaria reaction mediated by lgE antibodies
A butterfly rash arthritis systemic lupus erythmatocus
Common cause of myocardial cell injury ischemia
Commonest type of necrosis is coagulative
Most common use of apoptosis is seen in embryogenesis
Fatty change of liver in industrialized nations alcohol intake
Most important cell of chronic inflammation is macrophage
Classical finding in tuberculosis is caseating granuloma
Neonate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) E-coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin