Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ROAD CONSTRUCTION
M B Mgangira
Slide 2
TRH14 material guideline document
Slide 3
Slide 4
Unbound material:
Introduction
Slide 5
Always refer to local Specification
Grading of unbound natural gravel materials
100
Percentage passing by mass
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00
Sieve Size (mm)
G4 material Calcrete Base (D804)
Decomposed granite base (D514) Decomposed granite subbase (D514)
Weathered dolerite base (S191) Weathered dolerite subbase (S191)
Shale base (P10/2)
Slide 6
Unbound material:
Specification
Slide 7
Unbound material:
CBR classification
TRH14, South Africa!!!
Material CBR Relative compaction
G 2 to G4 80 % 98 % mod AASHTO
G5 45 % 95 % mod AASHTO
G6 25 % 93 % mod AASHTO
G7 15 % 93 % mod AASHTO
G8 10 % in situ density
G9 7% in situ density
G10 3% in situ density
Slide 8
Unbound material:
Field density specification
Base G1 86 - 88 % AD
G2 100 - 102 % mod AASHTO
G3 and G4 98 % mod AASHTO
Subbase G3 to G6 95 % mod AASHTO
Selected G7 to G9 93 % mod AASHTO
subgrade
Slide 9
Unbound material:
Structural pavement design
• Resilient modulus
• Stress-dependent
• Density
• Saturation
• Permanent deformation mechanism
• Shear strength parameters
• Plastic deformation model
• Density, saturation, bulk and shear stress
Slide 10
Material treatment: Introduction
Slide 11
Mechanical modification
• Two methods
• Compaction
• Blending
• End-product of the same
type as the original
material
• Modification of properties
and engineering
parameters
Slide 12
Non-pozzolanic soil stabilizers
Slide 13
Non-pozzolanic soil stabilizers
Testing for suitability
Slide 14
Non-pozzolanic treatment (continued)
Treatment
None 32 2 181 51 33
Product B 76 2 137 39 42
Product G 65 2 144 41 37
Product C 72 - - 85 45
Product D 69 - - 46 38
Slide 15
Pozzolanic treatment:
Background
• Modification
• Reduces PI (ion exchange and flocculation)
• Increases shear strength (wet)
• No tensile strength
• Stabilization
• High stiffness
• Significant improvement in shear and tensile
strength
Slide 16
Pozzolanic treatment:
Background (continued)
• South Africa is arguably the worlds largest user of
pozzolanic stabilization per kilometre of road
• Almost every road has a stabilized layer
• Usually stabilized layer under a crushed stone or
gravel base with a surface treatment or thin asphalt
(25 to 50 mm)
• Local experiences!!!
Slide 17
Pozzolanic treatment:
Chemical agents
• Grading
• Aggregate crushing strength
• Flakiness
• Sand equivalent
• Atterberg limits
• Durability
• Deleterious minerals
Slide 19
Pozzolanic stabilisation:
Material specification
Criterion C1 C2 C3 C4
Strength (MPa) Min 6 (4) Min 3 (2) Min 1.5 (1) Min 0.75 (0.5)
100% Mod Max 12 (6) Max 6 (4) Max 3 (2) Max 1.5 (1.0)
AASHTO (97%)
ITS at 100% - - > 250 > 200
Mod AASHTO
Slide 21
Pozzolanic stabilisation:
Carbonation
Slide 23
Pozzolanic stabilisation:
Construction
• Processing
• Lime – within 10 h of contact
• Cement – within 8 h of contact
• Curing
• Various techniques (within 24 hours)
• Next layer, emulsion, prime, continuous
mist-spray
• Ineffective curing = carbonation
• Compaction
• Bases > 97% Mod AASHTO
• Subbase and selected – 95 and 90-93%
Slide 24
Bituminous treatment
• Hot-mix asphalt
Slide 25
(SAPEM, 2013)
Slide 26
Chemical Stabilization:-
• FIT-FOR-PURPOSE CERTIFICATION
Slide 27
Chemical Stabilization:-
Synthetic polymer treatment: sand
Enzyme-based products
Slide 28
Discussion
Slide 29