Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) ATM Quick Highlights: - Background

ATM ATM
- Background - Background
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) ATM Quick Highlights
• Background • The Telecom Industry’s thrust into multi-media data

networking
• Physical and ATM Layers
• Comm unit is small, fixed-sized “cell” (53 bytes)
• AALs • Built to provide Quality-of-service
• Applications • Connection-oriented
• Designed to run over SONET/SDH
Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004
ATM
- Background
ATM
- Background The B-ISDN ATM
ATM History Reference Model
1980 ISDN
Plane Management Management Plane

1985 B-ISDN Study Group Layer Management Management Plane
ITU chooses ATM approach B-ISDN
Data Transfer Control Plane User Plane
Convergence
User and Control Upper Layers Upper Layers Sublayer
53-byte cell chosen
1990 Segmentation and
Packets ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
CS
ATM Forum founded SAR Reassembly Sublayer
Cells, VC’s ATM Layer Transmission
Convergence
TC Sublayer (Framing)
Physical Medium Physical Layer
1995 PMD
Anchorage Accord Stabilizes Specifications Physical Medium
Dependent Sublayer
2000
1
ATM ATM
Why? Why?
• Why a fixed cell size instead of variable-size

• Why a small cell instead of a large packet? packets?
• Queue delays tend to grow as packet size grows. A
small cell helps maintain streamlined flows. • Switch architecture can be optimized to the fixed
size, so switching can be done in hardware
• No/little performance loss due to padding large fields
• Small cells better for voice • Scalable parallel switch designs
• No need for in-route fragmentation
ATM ATM
Why? Why?
• Why 53 bytes? • Why start out with 9% Overhead?

Overhead isn’t everything…
– US wanted 64 payload bytes, Europe wanted 32
– Compromised on 48
– +5 header = 53
Figure from CMU Test Run 1997http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/academic/class/15347-s98/public/lectures/lect24.pdf
2
ATM ATM
ATM + and – ATM Architecture
End Station End Station
+
User User
• QoS Application Application
• Multimedia Support
Video
Video
Voice
Voice
Data
Data
• Hardware Switching -> High Speed
ATM ATM
• Connection-Oriented (-?) Adaptation Adaptation
Switch
Layer (AAL) Layer (AAL)
-
• IP Support ATM ATM ATM
Layer Layer Layer
• LAN arena dominated by huge installed Ethernet base
• Ethernet growing toward MAN, WAN 53-Byte 53-Byte
Cells Cells
• Connection-Oriented (+?) Physical Physical Physical Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer
• Living up to the hype of the early 90’s
ATM ATM
- Physical and ATM Layers - Physical and ATM Layers
ATM Cell Format
• Background 5 Bytes 48 Bytes
• Physical and ATM Layers Header Payload

• Cells, Formats, and Addressing
• Virtual Circuits
• Switches and Media
C
• Interfaces UNI GFC VPI VCI PTI L HEC
Header P
• AALs
C
• Applications NNI
Header GFC VPI VCI PTI L HEC
P
3
ATM ATM
- Physical and ATM Layers Header Error - Physical and ATM Layers
Control (HEC) UNI Header Fields
HEC covers the header only, not the payload -- the goal is to ensure correct delivery
C
GFC VPI VCI PTI L HEC
First Four Cell Header Bytes P
bbbbbbbbb bbbbbbbbb bbbbbbbbb bbbbbbbbb
/ x8 + x2 + x + 1 Remainder
+ 01010101
HEC GFC - General Flow Control
Only used between host and network. Overwritten by first switch.
If P(bit error) = 10-8, then P(Undetected header error) = ~10-20:
at OC-3, about 1 per 90,000 yrs VPI - Virtual Path ID
VCI - Virtual Circuit ID

HEC also assists in synchronizing:
- Look at 53-byte sequences until you find one where the HEC field works correctly PTI - Payload type ID
- If this holds up for D sequences in a row, assume you’ve synched
CLP - Cell Priority (ID’s cells for deletion when congestion experienced)
- p(bad synch) = ~2-8D
HEC - Header Checksum (all 1-bit errors corrected, 90% of multi-bit errors
detected)
ATM ATM
NNI Header Fields PTI Field Codes
PTI Meaning Used by AAL5

to denote end of
C
000 User Data Cell Type 0 No congestion experienced message
GFC VPI VCI PTI L HEC
P
001 User Data Cell Type 1 No congestion experienced
0 b b
VPI - Virtual Path ID 010 User Data Cell Type 0 Congestion experienced
VCI - Virtual Circuit ID 011 User Data Cell Type 1 Congestion experienced
Explicit Forward
100 Maintenance info between adjacent switches Congestion
PTI - Payload type ID
Indicator (EFCI)
101 Maintenance info between source and destination switches Set by
CLP - Cell Priority (used to ID cells for deletion when congestion experienced)
Congested
110 Resource management cell (for ABR congestion control) switch
HEC - Header Checksum (all 1-bit errors corrected, 90% of multi-bit errors
detected)
111 Reserved
4
ATM ATM
ATM Addressing ATM
E.164: Telephone Numbers - up to 15 digits • Background

ATM End-System Addresses (AESA) -- 20-byte Addresses • Physical and ATM Layers
Address US Format End-System • Cells, Formats, and Addressing
Type Code indicator Sub-address
Example
Format
39 840F 80 Org. ID Specified by Organization End-System Address
• Interfaces
Address Aggregation (Hierarchical Routing)
39.840F.80.809134.0001 BigCorp, Inc.

• AALs
Plant 1 39.840F.80.809134.0001.01 39.840F.80.809134.0001.0F Plant 15
• Applications
39.840F.80.809134.0001.0F.01 39.840F.80.809134.0001.0F.02
Bldg 1 Bldg 2
ATM ATM
- Physical and ATM Layers Virtual Paths, - Physical and ATM Layers
Virtual Circuits
Virtual Circuits
A Link can Carry Multiple Virtual Paths,
which can Carry Multiple Virtual Circuits • Normally Unicast, but one-way Multicasting Supported
• Unidirectional, but a pair can be created with same ID
Physical Link
Virtual Virtual Path -- effectively full-duplex
Circuit
VC 1 (1/1)
VC 2 (1/2)
VP 1 • Customers can lease a VP, then allocate VC’s within it
VC 1 (2/1)
(“Permanent VP”)
VP 2
VC 2 (2/2)
• Types of VC’s:
Private Switching Public Switching • Standard VC (“PVC”) – Static route
• Soft VC – Route can be changed in event of failure
Advantage of Two-Level Approach: • Signalled VC (“SVC”) – Demand connection initiated by used
A Bundle of VC’s can be switched by switching a single VP
5
ATM ATM
- Physical and ATM Layers VC Connection - Physical and ATM Layers Virtual Circuit
Messages Setup Process
SETUP
SETUP
Message Meaning (if from host) Meaning (if from Network) OC.
CALL PR
SETUP
OC.
CALL PR
SETUP Call request Incoming call ECT.
CONN
CALL PROCEEDING ACK Incoming call ACK Call request T CONNECT ACK
CONNEC
T
CONNEC
CONNECT Incoming call accepted Call request accepted CONNECT ACK
Desti-
Source Switch Switch
CONNECT ACK ACK Call request accepted ACK Incoming call accepted
CONNECT ACK nation
Host 1 2
Host
RELEASE Terminate request Terminate req from remote
RELEASE
RELEASE COMPLETE ACK Terminate from remote ACK terminate request
RELEASE
.
MPLETE
RLS CO . RELEASE
MPLETE
RLS CO
.
MPLETE
RLS CO
ATM ATM Operation Administration

- Physical and ATM Layers ATM Broadcasting - Physical and ATM Layers
and Maintenance (OA&M)
/Multicasting
Supervison, Maintainance, Testing, Performance Measurement, Loopbacks
Organized into levels according to Network Segment Type

Dest
Cells to be
F5: Virtual Channel
Broadcast
F4: Virtual Path
Sender Switch Dest

F3: Transmission Path
F2: Digital Section (“Line”) F2
Dest F1: Regeneration F1 F1 F1

Section
Term Term
Dest Switch Repeater Mux Repeater Switch
Eqpt Eqpt
6
ATM ATM
Preassigned VPI and VCI Numbers ATM
VPI VCI Meaning

• Background
0 0 Unassigned
0 1 Metasignaling
• Cells, Formats, and Addressing
0 3 F4 Flow (segment)
0 4 F4 Flow (end-to-end)
• Interfaces
0 5 Signaling
0 15 SMDS
• AALs
0 16 Intermediate Layer Management Interface (ILMI)
• Applications
ATM ATM
Switch Operation Transmission Media
• Baseline is SONET (B-ISDN)

IN OUT
A 0/6 B 0/14 A 7/4
1 1
D 0/11 C 0/11 B 12/18 D 12/6 C 12/6

• Short runs, Cat 5 TP OK
2 2
• All runs point-to-point

Switching Table
IN OUT
Port ID Port ID Label
1 0/6 1 7/4
Switching
1 0/14 2 12/18
2 0/11 2 12/6
7
ATM ATM
SONET / SDH SONET Multiplexing
Bell: Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
Only minor differences
CCIT: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
Overhead T1
T1
•• ST
S- ST
T1 • 1 S-
3
T1
125 usec T1 STS-1 STS-3 STS-12 OC-12
9 Rows Payload ••
T1 • Electro-Optical
S-3 Conversion
ST
1
S- S-3
ST ST
T3
90 Columns
• Synchronous, frame-oriented, TDM

• For basic SONET:
• 6480 bits/125usec = 51.84 Mbps total (“STS-1”)
• User data rate =~ 50Mbps
ATM ATM
SONET/SDH Data Rates ATM over SONET
SONET
Electrical Optical
SDH
Optical
Data Rate
Gross User
• ATM designed to run over SONET OC-3c
STS-1 OC-1 51.84 49.5
STS-3 OC-3 STM-1 155.52 148.6
• Basic: 155.52 Mbps gross rate
STS-9 OC-9 STM-3 466.56 445.8
STS-12 OC-12 STM-4 622.08 594.4 • Usually quoted as 155 Mbps
STS-18 OC-18 STM-6 933.12 891.6
STS-24 OC-24 STM-8 1244.16 1188.9
STS-36 OC-36 STM-12 1866.24 1783.3
• New generation runs at OC-12 (622 Mbps),
STS-48 OC-48 STM-16 2488.32 2377.7 OC-48 (2.4 Gbps)
# STS-1
Mux’ed “OC-x” means multiple users, muxed
“OC-xc” means one user – slightly higher User B/W
8
ATM ATM
ATM ATM Interfaces
• Background
Public
• Physical and ATM Layers Public
Carrier B
• Cells, Formats, and Addressing Carrier A
Public
B-ICI Public Public Public
• Virtual Circuits Switch Switch NNI Switch
• Switches and Media Public

UNI Public
• Interfaces Digital
UNI
• AALs Service
Unit Private Private Private
Switch NNI Switch
• Applications DXI
Private Private
Router UNI UNI
ATM ATM
- Physical and ATM Layers Broadband - Physical and ATM Layers
Inter-Carrier Interface (B-ICI)

NNI
• Switch-to-switch interface protocol

• Public Network-to-Network Interface • Two versions: Public and private (similar,
• Based on Broadband ISDN User-Part (B- more flexibility in private version)
ISUP) messages
• NNI Includes:
• Routing protocol (Link-sate/OSPF)
• Signaling protocol for link setup/teardown
9
ATM ATM
UNI DXI
“Frames In, Cells Out”

• Protocol for interfacing with user equipment
Provides Frame-Based Access to an ATM Network
• Follows ITU-T Q.2931 message format
Non-ATM HSSI, eg ATM Cells ATM

ATM DSU
Router Network
AAL5 CS
AAL5 SAR
ATM
ATM ATM
PHY DXI DXI PHY UNI PHY UNI
ATM ATM
- Physical and ATM Layers - AAL Layer
DXI Variants ATM
• Background
AALs VCs
Mode
Supported Supported
1 2 0-9232 2 1
1a AAL5 1023 Flag Header Body FCS Flag
• AALs
AAL5 1023
1 2 0-9224 2 1 • AAL Overview
1b Flag Header Body FCS Flag
AAL3/4 1 • AAL 1 and 2
1 2 0-65535 4 1 • AAL 3/4
2 AAL3/4,5 16.6M Flag Header Body FCS Flag • AAL 5
• Applications
10
ATM ATM
- AAL Layer - AAL Layer
Why AAL? The Evolution Of the AAL’s
Original Service Classes
A Real time
An “impedance matcher” Constant Bit Rate
AAL1
Connection-Oriented
between ATM and B Real-time
Industry
AAL2
Telcom
Variable Bit Rate
higher-level protocols Connection-Oriented
with variable-length cells C Non-real-time

AAL3 AAL3/4
Variable Bit Rate
Connection Oriented
D Non-real-time
Variable Bit Rate AAL4
Connectionless
Computer
“Simple
Industry
Efficient
AAL5
Adaptation
Layer”
ATM ATM
Cell Formation ATM
Application
Original Message
• Background
Data • Physical and ATM Layers
Convergence • AALs
Sublayer
• AAL Overview
AAL Layer
CS PDU CS Data CS
• AAL 1 and 2
SAR
Sublayer • AAL 3/4
S S S S • AAL 5
SAR PDU A CS Data part 1 A A Data part 2 CS A
ATM
R R R R
• Applications
Layer
A S S A S S
ATM CELL T A CS Data part 1 A T A Data part 2 CS A
M R R M R R
Physical
Layer
11
ATM ATM
- AAL Layer - AAL Layer AAL 1 Convergence
AAL 1
Sublayer
• Designed to support Class A traffic (voice) • Detects lost cells
• Voice has good error tolerance -> No bit error • Detects mis-delivered (“misinserted”) cells
control (CRC) needed • Smooths incoming traffic to minimize jitter
• Sequence numbers needed to ID missing • Breaks bit stream into 47/46-byte segments
cells for SAR sublayer
• Does not add headers or trailers
ATM ATM
- AAL Layer AAL 1 SAR PDU - AAL Layer AAL1 SAR PDU
(non-pointer type) (Pointer Type)
• Adds sequence # with protection (checksum) • Pointer field gives offset to start of next
• Adds parity bit (even) over header message (0-92 bytes)
1 byte
p
Cell Seq # 2 bytes
0 t 47-byte payload
Seq # Cksum
y
p
Cell Seq #
1 t Pointer 46-byte payload
Seq # Cksum
y
12
ATM ATM
AAL 2 AAL2 SAR PDU
• Designed to support Variable Bit Rate

1 byte 2 bytes
(“Bandwidth on Demand”)
Cell Info Payload
• Provides for partial payloads to support low- Seq # Type
45-byte payload
Length
CRC
rate data with low latency

First,
• Error protection over full PDU Intermediate,
Last
• Simple flag to indicate position in message
ATM ATM
ATM AAL 3/4
• Background • Originally 2 separate AALs:

• Physical and ATM Layers – AAL3: Connection-oriented packet svcs (X.25)
• AALs – AAL4: Connectionless svcs (IP)
• AAL Overview • Eventually combined into a single type for all
• AAL 1 and 2 data service
• AAL 3/4
• Data support overtaken by AAL5
• AAL 5
• Applications
13
ATM ATM
AAL3/4 CS PDU AAL3/4 SAR PDU
bytes 1 1 2 1 to 65535 0 to 3 1 1 2
44-byte
CPI Btag BA Size Payload Pad Etag Length ST Cell Seq # Muxing ID Payload Length CRC
payload
CPI - Common Part Indicator Message type, Units for BA Size and Length ST - Segment Type Indicates if this cell is from the middle (00), end (01) or beginning (10)
of this message or if this is a single-cell message (11)
Btag, Etag Identical sentinel bytes, Incremented for each new message
Muxing ID ID of the session that this cell belongs to (the CS may be handling
BA Size Estimated payload size (for buffer allocation) multiple sessions simultaneously
Pad Bytes added to to make Payload a multiple of 4 bytes
Length True payload size
ATM ATM
ATM AAL 5
• Pushed by computer industry as a lower-overhead data format
• Background
• The idea: Instead of using some of the 48-byte cell payload for
• Physical and ATM Layers SAR info, steal a bit from the cell to denote end of message
• AALs Efficiency:
• AAL Overview AAL3/4: 4 bytes per message + 4 bytes per cell => 44 User Data Bytes / Cell
• AAL 1 and 2
• AAL 3/4 AAL5: 8 bytes per message => 48 User Data Bytes / Cell, 8% improvement
• AAL 5 AAL 3/4 AAL 5

Message
• Applications 1000 by 1000 by
CS PDU 1008 by 1008 by
SAR PDU 1100 by 1008 by
14
ATM ATM
AAL5 CS PDU AAL5 SAR
1 to 65535 bytes 0 to 47 1 1 2 4
Payload Pad UU Length CRC

• Simply breaks CS PDU into 48-byte chunks
and passes them to ATM Layer.
Pad Inserted to make entire CS PDU a multiple of 48 bytes • No overhead bytes added.
UU “User - to - User” field. Available for use by higher levels.
Length Payload length, not counting padding
ATM ATM
- Applications - Applications
ATM ATM QoS
• Background • A (The?) Major ATM selling point vs. Best-Effort

• Physical and ATM Layers • The idea:
– At VC setup, sender specifies level and quality of service
• AALs required, also planned traffic profile.
• Applications – While establishing VC, network attempts to allocate
resources to meet requirements.
• QoS
– Requirements are agreed to or available capability is passed
• LANE back to sender.
• IP over ATM, MPOA – During transmission, network enforces traffic profile
15
ATM ATM
ATM Classes of Service QoS Parameters
SCR - Sustained Cell Rate

CDV - Cell Delay Variation
Parameter Meaning
CTD - Cell Transfer delay

CLR- Cell Loss Ratio
PCR - Peak Cell Rate
BT - Burst Tolerance
PCR - Peak Cell Rate Max rate req’d
SCR - Sustained Cell Rate Avg rate req’d
Flow Control
MCR - Minimum Cell Rate Min acceptable rate (Used in ABR Service)
CDVT - Cell delay variation tolerance Max acceptable jitter

Class Description
CLR - Cell Loss Ratio Fraction of cells lost or late
CBR Constant bit rate (e.g., Phone traffic) Y Y Y YY Y CTD - Cell Transfer Delay Delivery time (mean and max)
VBR-RT Variable bit rate, Real-Time CDV - Cell Delay Variation Measured jitter
Y Y Y Y Y Y
(e.g., Interactive Compressed Video) Y Y
CER - Cell Error Rate Fraction with one or more errors
VBR-NRT Variable bit rate, Non-Real-Time Y Y Y Y Y
(e.g, Multimedia email) Y Y SECBR - Severely-Errored Cell Block Ratio Fraction of “M”-cell blocks with “N” or more errored cells
ABR Available bit rate (e.g., File Xfer, email) Y Opt Y Y Y CMR - Cell Misinsertion Rate Fraction delivered to wrong destination
UBR Unspecified bit rate (e.g., TCP/IP) Y Y BT - Burst Tolerance Max Burst That can be sent at Peak Rate
ATM ATM
Traffic Shaping Agenda
Max Burst
• Background
Cell Rate
Target Mean
• AALs
• Applications
• QoS
• LANE
“Leaky Bucket”
Unregulated Cell Stream
• IP over ATM, MPOA
Max: Discard above
Mean
Regulated Cell Stream

Release at
Regular Rate
16
ATM ATM
LANE – The Goal LANE Protocol Stack
ATM Host
To Make LAN Host
Application ATM-LAN Bridge Application

Router
IP Bridging IP
LAN LAN LAN
ATM Emulation Emulation Media Emulation
Media
Access Access
AAL5 AAL5 AAL5
- Virtual Circuits Control Control
- No (easy) Broadcast Work Like
ATM ATM ATM
Physical Physical Physical Physical

Bridge
Virtual Circuit Packet

- Packet-Oriented (802)
- Broadcast as a Basic Function
ATM ATM
LANE -- Address Translation in
- Applications - Applications Broadcast and
the Virtual LAN Unknown Server (BUS)
The idea is to establish a VC to the host that a LAN packet would go to. Provides Broadcast, Multicast Capability
We need a way to determine which host to set up the VC to.
In 802-series LAN, the ARP protocol 192.18.4.1 192.18.4.2 192.18.4.3 192.18.4.4 LEC
is used to translate Network-Layer
Address (e.g., IP) to MAC address. Cells to be
Network address is broadcast to all “Who’s 192.18.4.4?” MAC Address Broadcast
possible targets, the right one responds.
LEC BUS LEC
LANE Client Software LANE Server Software

LES S
Network ATM W
E
“M ach LEC
Address Address I
T To ul LE
LEC
C BU tica C s
H S st ets
at SE u
Network Address po ND p
w a
ATM Address e r VC LEC
up ”
17
ATM ATM
ATM Classical IP over ATM
– Background
– Physical and ATM Layers
• Could use LANE to implement ATM-IP
– AALs
interoperability, but may be too much overhead
for large networks
– Applications
• QoS • Defined by IETF (RFC 1577)
• LANE • The key is IP <-> ATM address resolution
• IP over ATM, MPOA
• ATM Address Resolution Protocol (ATMARP)
• Inverse ATMARP (InATMARP)
ATM ATM
- Applications IP over ATM - Applications
MultiProtocol Over ATM (MPOA)
Connection Setup Process
Bootup
ATMARP
Server
VC
IP Host
LANE supports a single legacy LAN
IP Host
(Source) (Dest) format over ATM. MPOA extends this
ATM Ntwk
to multiple LAN types
Initiating Setting up
Send ATMARP ATMARP
r
SVC
d Server Server
Ad
P r
tI d
s Ad
De M
AT
IP Host st SVC
De IP Host IP Host
IP Host
(Source) (Dest) (Source)
(Dest)
ATM Ntwk
ATM Ntwk
18

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) ATM Quick Highlights: - Background

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ATM ATM

• Background • The Telecom Industry’s thrust into multi-media data

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

Plane Management Management Plane

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

• Why a fixed cell size instead of variable-size

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

• Why 53 bytes? • Why start out with 9% Overhead?

Figure from CMU Test Run 1997http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/academic/class/15347-s98/public/lectures/lect24.pdf

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

• Background 5 Bytes 48 Bytes

• Physical and ATM Layers Header Payload

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

Control (HEC) UNI Header Fields

VCI - Virtual Circuit ID

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

PTI Meaning Used by AAL5

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

E.164: Telephone Numbers - up to 15 digits • Background

39.840F.80.809134.0001 BigCorp, Inc.

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

ATM ATM Operation Administration

Organized into levels according to Network Segment Type

Sender Switch Dest

F2: Digital Section (“Line”) F2

Dest F1: Regeneration F1 F1 F1

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

VPI VCI Meaning

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

• Baseline is SONET (B-ISDN)

D 0/11 C 0/11 B 12/18 D 12/6 C 12/6

• All runs point-to-point

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

• Synchronous, frame-oriented, TDM

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

• Cells, Formats, and Addressing Carrier A

• Switches and Media Public

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

Inter-Carrier Interface (B-ICI)

• Switch-to-switch interface protocol

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

“Frames In, Cells Out”

Non-ATM HSSI, eg ATM Cells ATM

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

Original Service Classes

with variable-length cells C Non-real-time

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

• Designed to support Variable Bit Rate

rate data with low latency

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

• Background • Originally 2 separate AALs:

Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004 Chart © Glenn W Cox, 2001-2004

Pad Bytes added to to make Payload a multiple of 4 bytes

Length True payload size