MS Thesis format

Title Page

Approval Sheet

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

Abstract

Chapter 1

The Problem and its Background

Introduction

Statement of the problem

Background of the study

Conceptual Frame work

Objectives

Assumptions / Hypothesis

Scope and Delimitations

Significance of the study

Definition of terms

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

Foreign Literature

Local Literature

Theoretical Framework
 Relevance to the present Study

Chapter 3 – Methodology

Research Project / Research Design

Project Development – Procedures

Operation and Testing Procedures

Evaluation Procedure or Validation

Evaluation Criteria

Instruments and Testing Used

Chapter 4 – Results and Discussion

Project Technical Description – Technical Design

Project Structure / Organization

Project Limitations and Capabilities

Project Evaluation and Results

Chapter 5 – Summary and Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

Summary of Findings

Conclusions

Recommendations

References

Appendices

Researcher’s Profile
 MS Thesis format

Title Page

Approval Sheet

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

N.B. generally for quantitative researches; the outline for qualitative researches will depend on the
created research design

a. The summarized form for the undergraduate thesis proposal shall be as follows:

Chapter 1 - The Problem and its Background

Introduction

1. This is a discussion of the circumstances or conditions, etc. that led to the conceptualization
of the proposed research. This states the reasons why the particular research problem is
selected for investigation.
2. Present topics from general to particular
3. Cite first the general scenario regarding the proposed study
4. Make use of relevant literatures i.e. laws, policies, rules, and regulations as bases in
conducting the proposed study
5. Discuss the timeliness of the study
6. Justify the purpose of the study
7. Relation to the UPH Research Agenda, Placement to the UPH Advocacies, and Configuration
to UPH Research Categories
8. Limit the discussion to three pages

Statement of the problem

. Must show the basic importance of the study that promotes research.
 . The problem must indicate its timeliness according to its physical; socio-economic; and
environmental relevance. .

. The research problem and the need/s it will try to address must be directly and accurately stated in
a clear, concise and recognizable manner.

. The statements can either be in a descriptive form or an inquisitive posture or both.

. Also, provide sub-problems that shall focus on the development approach/s to be applied.

This is a discussion of the research problem/s to be addressed, answered or solved by the

proposed research.

This study will evaluate, assess, determine, construct, etc. (main problem, stating the concept of
the study)

Specifically, it will seek answers to the following sub-problems:

1. (State the construct of the concepts or variables)

a. (state the indicators of the constructs given)

b.

c.

d.

2. (Another related construct)

a.

b.

3. (Usually the last problem speaks of the thesis of the researcher – contribution of the
researcher to address the main problem of the study vital to the body of knowledge. Contribution may
be in a form of a strategy, measure, action plan, suggestion/recommendation, policy, program, projects,
etc.)

Background of the study

. It could start with a general statement of the study.

. Historical citations if there are any. Remember, they must be historical developments that led to the
proposal and not a comprehensive history of the project location. In cases where redevelopment ¡s
permitted, focus on activities which does not have facilities provided yet.

. How the problem came into being, its source or origin, and circumstantial account depicting the
reason/s that prompted to pursue research. Include only historical developments that led to the
proposal of the project. Do not provide a comprehensive history of the project location.

. Why and how the study was chosen (initial, general justification).
 Conceptual Frame work

(This evaluates and interprets obtained information. The predicted relationships

between/among variables must be illustrated mathematically, graphically or textually. Research
variables to be investigated include independent, intervening and dependent variables (artistic
expressions/materials should be presented as variables). Operational definitions i.e. The operational
definition assigns meaning to a variable or concept by specifying the activities or “operations” necessary
to measure it, and indicators should be consistent with those cited in the review of literature and must
be consensually acceptable measures of the specific variables of the study.)

1. Discuss the theory where the concept of the study is anchored

2. Provide discussions on the contribution of the theory to the field of specialization being
undertaken
3. Discuss also the use or its operationalization relative to the proposed study
4. Focus on the discussion of the theory itself
5. Discuss the concept of the study based on the statement of the problem
6. Discuss the variables of the study, extent of the study, purpose of the study, etc.
7. Discuss the relationships of the variables
8. Discuss the indicators and indices of the variables
9. Discuss the process on how the data on the different indicators of the variables will be collected
and how this will lead to the formulation of the strategies, intervention, model formulation,
suggestions, or recommendations of the study
10. Provide a model illustration or variable scheme labeled: Fig.2. Conceptual Framework Model),
one page.

Objectives

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

• Goal or goals, Aim or aims are synonymous, therefore, ¡t is or they are fairly loose statements
that set forth a direction for the study. The statement of goal/s must be generic to the problem and can
be in one to three sentences only. While objectives are more definitive statements always ¡n reference
to the goal that was earlier established. Preferably, there must be a minimum of three and a maximum
of six objectives only, five is average. The more objectives, the more the jury would ask for more
solutions.

• Always remember that goals and objectives that are formulated should be workable and
attainable. Avoid wishful ones.

• The usual problem about understanding project goals and objectives ¡s that the students cannot
differentiate a program’s goals and objectives (which are usually non-architectural) with that of
architectural goals and objectives.

• Program’s goals and objectives focuses on the functions the project may provide while
architectural goals and objectives focuses on the perceived qualities desired for the project.
 • With the foregoing ¡t must then be clearly agreed now that the student may present the two
separately or in a more creative manner, meld them together into cohesive statements, so that the
reader may also clearly establish comprehension of the project’s agenda.

• In the formulation of the goals and objectives, follow this diagram:

Main Problem ---------------------------------------------------- Goal

Sub-Problem No. 1 ----------------------------------------------- Objective No. 1

Sub-Problem No. 2 ---------------------------------------------- Objective No. 2

Sub-Problem No. 3 ---------------------------------------------- Objective No. 3

• The goal should be an answer to your main problem while your objectives should be answers to
your sub-problems.

Assumptions / Hypothesis

The thesis, though a theoretical exercise which need no immediate application, should however be
as REALISTIC and ACHIEVABLE as possible. It would only mean that you will be dealing with assumptions
which will support your study and give substance to your work. These may be conditions where you
base your study that need some validation through key informants you have interviewed. Your client’s
name, the possible funding source, the organization who will run the proposal and the likes are
examples of these. Your assumptions can be of great help when dealing with programming and cost
analysis, further, it can bring your project into a more realistic sense and create a more formidable
framework for the design.

Scope and Delimitations

As you study different cases, it would become evident to you that each structure, user group,
locality or situation is made up of several variables. A study of a municipality, for instance, could cover
its physical, cultural, historical, social and economic frameworks. But not all of these may be relevant to
your project. So, you have to state in the SCOPE all the specific concerns that you will focus on. You also
have to discuss the extent of work that you will cover in regard to these elements.

To further clarify matters, you can discuss all those concerns that you will NOT be covering in the
DELIMITATION. This will give your reader a more simplified view of what to note in the cases under
study.

 Scope. It is the condensed description of your work’s extent or coverage. It is important to

determine the dimension of difficulty of your proposed study. Componential (referring to thesis
components) approach may be considered in order to get a clearer view of the things that you are
going to undertake. Say, the selection procedure and process investigation of the site
environmental systems and the processes involved, space design and planning theories! Principles
to be applied, cost and budget sources and constraints, etc...
 Delimitations. You do not limit a thesis, you delimit it, and according to description, “It is not what
the project cannot achieve, but it is what not the project can achieve”. This is so because of some
limitations, and in research, limitations constitute the weakness/s of the study beyond the control
of the researcher. The delimitation statement should be clearly provided to give the reader the
extent of the study in terms of its comparison with the scope given. In short, scope and
delimitations could be validating complements of each other.

1. Discuss in two paragraphs

2. Discuss in the first paragraph the scope of the study. The scope of the study should include
the variables of the study, indicators or measures, population and respondents of the study,
processes to be considered in gathering the data of the study, venue, period wherein the
study will take place
3. Discuss the second paragraph the limitation of the study
4. Provide justifications on the choice of the scope. Discuss the variables and indicators that
will not be considered in the conduct of the study and justify its limitation
5. Limit discussions to one page
6. Provide a vicinity map of the venue of the study on a separate page by labeling it with the
Locale of the Study

Significance of the study

. The proponent must precisely state that the present study is not a duplication of an existing
study, though, it may be a replication of another study provided it must be stressed that the present one
is still essential and intends to establish an investigation to refine lest, affirms or solutions of other
studies done before. This is important so that the study could enforce contributions of the present
proposal to the most important purpose of the research, what it could care to share to what we call the
“fund of knowledge”.

Focus should be made on the type of development approach to be applied in the project which makes it
unique from others.

(Explain, in terms intelligible to the lay reader, the importance, contribution or expected utility
of this research to contemporary concerns and to the scientific/artistic domain of the field of study. The
following criteria may be used by the proponent to determine the significance of the proposed research:

a. Contribution to the development of theory, knowledge or practice

b. Contribution to the advancement of methodology
c. Originality of the research
d. Importance to a wide or critical/influential population
e. Timeliness or focus on current issues
f. Evaluation of a specific practice
g. Contribution to existing knowledge)

Definition of terms
 1. Provide two types of definition of terms (if possible): conceptual and operational (how the
terms were used in the study)
2. Provide operational definition if the terms to be used will not be limited to its conceptual
definition.
3. Provide a note if a particular definition was taken from a book or other documentary
sources.
4. Arrange the terms as they appear in the statement of the research problem.

Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature

Related Literature and Studies

(This discusses the literature related to the proposed research. It may include formal literature
in local and international publications, relevant personal communications, unpublished
materials (e.g. theses and dissertations), and other similarly verifiable sources. The review
should discuss the following:

Status of the problem/topic under study

Relation to the general and specific objectives and pertinence to the stated hypotheses

Illustrate theoretical approaches to the problem/s and points out inconsistencies in

results, data gaps, and methodological inadequacies

Relation to other researches in the field)

1. Discussion should be in topical arrangement

2. Arrange resources from general to particular according to topics
3. Highlight significant points in establishing arguments
4. Use the findings of related studies to strengthen the arguments and so with the literatures that
are found to have bearing with the present study being conducted
a. Related means that studies previously conducted have bearing with the present study in
terms of concept, subjects, methodology, instrumentation, etc.
b. There may be at least a minimum of 10 literatures (written within the last 10 years) and
10 studies (if any) conducted from 2000 onwards
5. Limit discussion to 25 pages

To help you further understand, here are some guidelines on citing related literature.

1. Materials must be as recent as possible. New learnings are discovered everyday. Your piece of
literature may be true and relevant today but not in the next months or years. It is not that changes
occurs that abrupt but developments may arise which may have altered the theories presented on
your researched literature.
2. Materials must be as objective and as unbiased as possible. You have to avoid material which are
obviously and extremely siding an organization, group or an individual figure, whether political,
religious or otherwise.
3. Materials may not be too few or too many. It is always best to know where and when to stop.
Maintain a balanced presentation of literature, just enough, not to overwhelm your readers. In an
undergraduate thesis like yours, ten (10) pieces of literature for review is recommended.

Foreign Literature

Local Literature

Theoretical Framework

Your thesis is a research-based thesis. It means that you are supposed to formulate ideas based on
your gathered facts and information to later on be applied to a specific project. To know the applicability
of these theories, it is essential that you create a framework. Something which will bind your thoughts
into one concrete THRUST-- where ALL your inputs as well as your outputs will be based. Usually, your
research topics correspond to these. You must always remember that these topics are supposed to be
supportive ideas in the development of your study, if not the main end of it.

This will be the part where you will inform your readers if there is a theory you want to prove e.g. a
limited area can affect the behavior of a drug dependent, or a concept you want to test say, a moving
space is best suited for the healing mind. You might wonder what the difference between a theory and a
concept is. According to Homans (1967), a THEORY has three basic components (1) conceptual scheme
(2) set of proposition stating relationships between properties or variables and (3) context for
verification. Your Architectural Theory of Design subjects (AR 273 and 263) clearly state this as a relation
between two properties, in the given example, space and behavior. Theories have been subjected to
further studies by various people and yet they are still something that can be verified. Your thesis can be
a supportive study and a test if the theories presented are really true. A theory is something which
already has a proponent. It means that a person before you had already proposed this theory and other
people have been verifying this as well. Therefore, your framework should be based from a proponent
and the consolidation of studies made as well to see the extent of verification done. CONCEPTS on the
other hand are just ideas or concrete expression of terms (see chapter on concept). These may be based
on your OWN ideas and NOT coming from another researcher or proponent. If your research topic will
be working on this type of a framework, then you have to state so. Yes, this may sound a little bit
confusing and difficult at first but you have already done this before, haven’t you? You are just to
organize and give your work a more solid basis by stating the theories and/or concepts and HOW will
you go about this. Again, these may just be part and parcel of the research topic or the entire thesis.

Relevance to the present Study

1. Discuss the inconsistencies and vagueness of the findings of the studies previously conducted
2. Present the difference of the present study being conducted in terms of the respondents, areas
being studied or the variables of the study, methodology used, scope and limitations of the
studies
3. Limit discussion to one to one and a half pages

Chapter 3 – Methodology
 (Provide an introductory discussion on the content of the chapter)

(Research Design describes the systematic plan to obtain the needed information. It includes the
following: Sampling Method which includes a justification for the choice of the sampling method,
sampling size, and subjects/respondents; Data Collection Procedures showing how the procedures
will help satisfy the research objectives which includes an enumeration of the expected data
outputs; append data collection materials to be used, e.g., questionnaires, observations forms,
etc.; Description of the Respondents; Description of the Major/Main Data to be Collected;
Planned Analysis which illustrates the various ways by which the data gathered would be analyzed
and interpreted in relation to the research objectives; specify the planned measures & statistical
tools and confidence levels, if applicable; necessary permits/consent should be obtained in cases
where research would involve human/animal experimentation, etc., identify the people or
institutions from whom/where the necessary permits/consent will be obtained.)

In any research, it is not only important that you know WHAT to do but more essentially HOW you will
do it. The methods of research will help you with this process. You see, this is an organized table or
framework which explains the step by step process of doing your study. You can choose from a number
of methods used in an architectural research (descriptive, analytic or a combination), you have to
enumerate them and elaborate and explain as well why are you using them. If it is an interview: with
whom? Why? etc. If it is a survey: what type of questions will you be asking? How were you able to
establish them? And so on and so forth... It is also recommended that you prepare a WORK PLAN. This is
a synthesis of your plan and how are you going to conduct the study.

Research Project / Research Design

Project Development – Procedures

Operation and Testing Procedures

Data Gathering Process

1. Discuss the process on how the research will be undertaken.

2. Begin the discussion from asking permission to conduct the study from the venue to data
processing, analysis, and interpretations
3. Limit discussions to one to two pages

Statistical Tools (if applicable)

1. Discuss the statistical treatments that will be used in the conduct of the study
2. Justify the use and purpose of each tool (e.g. weighted mean, frequency, ranking, etc.)
3. Limit discussion to one-half page

N.B.
 It is necessary to append the research instruments of the study during the proposal defense.

Evaluation Procedure or Validation

Evaluation Criteria

Instruments and Testing Used

1. Discuss the types of instrument that will be used in the study

2. Discuss each part and how they will be answered by the respondents and how it will be scored
3. Discuss also on how the instruments will be administered, how long will it be administered,
and who will administer the instruments
4. Limit discussions to one to two pages

Validation of the Research Instrument

1. Discuss the process on how the validation of the instrument was conducted
2. Mention the author if the instrument was adopted from another research
3. Discuss the dry-run process if there is any
4. Mention the suggestions of experts if the instrument was subjected to validation and relate
items that were suggested
5. Limit discussions to one page

(Research Design describes the systematic plan to obtain the needed information. It includes the
following: Sampling Method which includes a justification for the choice of the sampling method,
sampling size, and subjects/respondents; Data Collection Procedures show how the procedures will help
satisfy the research objectives which includes an enumeration of the expected data outputs; append
data collection materials to be used, e.g., questionnaires, observations forms, etc.; Description of the
Respondents;

Description of the Major/Main Data to be Collected; Planned Analysis which illustrates the various ways
by which the data gathered would be analyzed and interpreted in relation to the research objectives;
specify the planned measures & statistical tools and confidence levels, if applicable; necessary
permits/consent should be obtained in cases where research would involve human/animal
experimentation, etc., identify the people or institutions from whom/where the necessary
permits/consent will be obtained.)

Chapter 4 – Results and Discussion

Project Technical Description – Technical Design

 Project Structure / Organization

Project Limitations and Capabilities

Project Evaluation and Results

Chapter 5 – Summary and Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

This is where you correlate and summarize all the factors that you have studied to see their implications
to the project. You can end this chapter by recommending and endorsing concepts and approaches
learned from the case studies according to their suitability to your project.

Summary of Findings

Conclusions

Recommendations

So, you have made the problem clearer and more specific than before. What do you do now? That
would be what you will be discussing in this section. This may be a statement of what structure you have
concluded is necessary to solve the problem. If there are concepts and theories that need to be studied
and discussed further so that you could arrive at the most effective design solutions, you have to
present them along with your recommendations. Same goes if you think that there is a new design
approach which has to be developed and used for the proposal.

References

This is the list of references (books, magazines, interviews, etc.) you have consulted in the
development of your book.. Here items are arranged alphabetically regardless of the articles. You may
provide bibliographies for every chapter and have them listed at the end. You can break down a rather
long bibliography according to topics or type of publication, but you have to maintain an alphabetical
arrangement within each section.
 Remember to put the authors’ surname first, then the first name and middle name or intial (if any).
Separate the major elements with a period. Page numbers are only necessary if the source is an article,
but if it is a book, you need not indicate them.

Appendices

Researcher’s Profile

b. The general thesis format considerations for the undergraduate academic research requirement
will be as follows:

Left Margin 1.5 inches

Right Margin 1 inch
Top 1 inch
Bottom 1 inch
Pagination Upper right side corner
(No pagination on chapter pages)
Space Double
Text Alignment Justified
Style Normal
Font Size 12 (body of the text)
Font Type Times New Roman, Arial, Courier New
Titles and Sub-headings Bold
Verb Tense Future Tense (Proposal Paper)
Past tense is usually appropriate for the literature review,
experimental design, and procedure; Present Tense to describe
and discuss results or findings i.e. tables, illustrations
(Final Paper)
Pronouns Third Person
(First Person may be used if it is Phenomenological or
Ethnographic or as long as there is reasonable justification
for its usage)
Page Content No hanging pages
No one sentence paragraph writing
Provide three to five introductory lines in Chapters II, III, IV, and V

c. The rules for editing and documentation will be as follows:

Guidelines on General Editing and Documentation

4. Paper title, author(s)’s affiliations, degree, and date of graduation should appear on the title
page.
5. Abstract should be written in 350 words or less summarizing the salient points of the study
(topic, objectives, problem, methods, findings, conclusions, and recommendations). It should
be accurate, self-contained, concise, and specific. Citing references in the abstract should be
avoided. Procedures should be written in the past tense and present tense for the results. The
active voice should be used instead of the passive voice. The word “Abstract” should be
written with the first letter in the upper case and the rest of the word in lower case. It is placed
at the center of the top page. Its contents should be written as a single paragraph in block
format. The first line is not indented.
6. The quality of paper must be substance 20 in weight, 8.5 by 11 inches in size, and plain white
in color.
7. Times New Roman font letter is advised with font size 12 throughout the manuscript. Do not
use italics frequently, in general.
8. The preliminary pages and their order of progression in the manuscript are: a. Title Page b.
Recommendation for Oral Defense c. Approval Sheet d. Editor’s Certification e. Results Sheet f.
Acknowledgment g. Table of Contents h. List of Tables i. List of Figures j. Abstract
9. The preliminary pages or pages before the thesis text are numbered with lower case Roman
numerals positioned at the upper right corner of the page. Pages after the preliminary pages
starting with the Introduction will be numbered using the Arabic numerals placed at the upper
right corner of the page. Throughout the thesis, certain pages may be counted in the
numbering sequence without actually carrying a number. These include the pages of a
beginning of a chapter. Page numbers continue throughout the appendix.
10. The first two or three words of the thesis title appear five spaces to the left of the page
number on every page. The running head can be inserted as a header, which then
automatically appears on all pages. It should not appear though in the blank sheet and in the
title page.
11. The left hand margin must be one and a half inches and the top, right hand, and bottom
margins are one inch.
12. Each chapter of a thesis must always begin on a new page.
13. Double spacing is required throughout the thesis except for tables, figure captions, references
where single spacing is used.
14. Use four spaces between the major division heading and the first line of the text following the
heading.
15. Use triple space before the major subheadings and before and after all tables.
16. Use double space between lines of text. Use one space between a period and the next
sentence. Use single space within the citation itself but double space between each and
complete individual citation.
17. Place short tables on a page with some text while place long tables and figures on a separate
page immediately after the page on which the table or figure is first mentioned. Tables should
be given brief and clear explanatory titles typed above the pertinent table and should be
numbered using Arabic numerals. Figure captions are typed below the pertinent figure. Table
and figure titles should be bold. Illustrations should be labeled as “Figures” such as “Figure 1”
and the labels should be marked consecutively throughout the text and should be placed
before the figure itself. Figures and tables are not the same and should not be numbered with
reference to each other.
18. Quotations fewer than 40 words should be incorporated into the text and enclosed by double
quotation marks. Display quotations of 40 or more words in a double-spaced block-type
written lines with no quotation marks. Do not single-space. Indent five to seven spaces from
the left margin without the usual opening paragraph indent. If the quotation is more than one
 paragraph, indent the first line of the second and additional paragraphs five to seven spaces
from the new margin.
19. Reference listing should be placed at the end of Chapter 5 and not after every chapter.
20. Appendices may be used to present more detailed information where such inclusion in the
thesis text would unnecessarily obstruct clear presentation of the argument. Appendices most
frequently follow the Reference List. An appendix should be topically independent of the other
appendices. An appendix should be labeled. An appendix should not have footnotes. The word
appendix should be placed in the center, written in capital letters with corresponding letters
such as APPENDIX A.

Guidelines on In–Text Citations

1. If the author’s name appears in your sentence, cite only the year of publication in parenthesis.
If both the year and the author are mentioned in the text, no parenthetical citation is needed.
If you do not use the name or year of publication in your text, insert the information where
appropriate. If the citation occurs at the end of the sentence, the end punctuation appears
after the parenthetical reference. Within a paragraph, you need not include the year in
subsequent reference to a same study.

de la Cruz (2008) described philosophy as art therapy. In 2008, de la Cruz described

philosophy as art therapy. A recent study (de la Cruz, 2008) found that… The basis for this
claim is taken in the research… (de la Cruz, 2008).

In a recent study, de la Cruz (2008) described the deconstruction…de la Cruz discovered

that…

2. Name both authors in the signal phrase or parenthesis each time you cite the work. In the
parenthesis, use the ampersand (&) between the authors’ names. In the signal phrase, use
“and”.

Power and rights can be a basis for an ethic of solidarity (de la Cruz & Aguilar, 2004).

According to de la Cruz and Aguilar (2004), power and rights can be a basis for an ethic of
solidarity.

3. If a reference has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference
occurs. In other references, include only the last name of the first author followed by “et al.”
and the year if it is the first citation in the paragraph.

First Citation:

Metin, Zuniga, and Hona (2002) posited that a synthesis of Thomism and Postmodernism
can be a basis for a Neo-Enlightenment or Postpostmodernism.

In 2002, Metin, Zuniga, and Hona posited that a synthesis of Thomism and Postmodernism
can be basis for a Neo-Enlightenment or Postpostmodernism.

Thomism and Postmodernism are associated with the vague notion of Neo-Enlightenment
or Post-postmodernism (Metin, Zuniga, & Hona, 2002).

Second Citation:
 As Metin et al. (2002) also explained… This study (Metin et al., 2002) also discussed… This
study provided… (Metin et al., 2002).

4. If there are six or more authors, include only the last name of the author followed by “et al.”.

A study (Reynancia et al., 2000) attempts to structure… In a recent study… (Reynancia et al.,
2000).

5. If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or give the
first word or two in the parenthesis. Titles of books and reports are italicized, and titles of
articles and chapters are placed in quotation marks.

The Gadamerian fusion of horizons can be seen as articulations of the public political
conception of justice as fairness as espoused by Rawls (“Philosophes”, 2007).

6. The names of groups that serve as authors (corporations, associations, agencies) are spelled
out in the first citation and abbreviated thereafter.

First Citation:

Self-determination is defined as… (United Nations) in 1999… Self-determination is defined

as… (United Nations [UN], 1999).

Second Citation:

In the UN (1999) report… A document states that… (UN, 1999).

7. If there are two or more works by different authors, list the works in alphabetical order and
separate them with semicolons.

There is no evidence that man has a human soul (Evangelista, 2001; Lorente, 2003; Negrete,
2005; Negado, 2007).

8. To avoid confusion, use initials of first names with the last names if your reference list
includes two or more authors with the same last name.

Research conducted by S. Crisostomo (2006), revealed that… Research made by O.

Crisostomo (2006), showed that…

9. Identify works by the same author with the same publication date by adding the suffixes a, b,
c and so forth after the year. These kinds of references are ordered alphabetically by the title
on the References page.

Several studies (Cueto, 1997a, 1997b, 1997c; Tither, 1995) found that…

10. If you use a source cited in another source, name the original source in your paragraph. Use
the phrase “cited in” followed by the author and year of the text in which you found the
material.

Abogado mentioned that existence is not totally preceding essence as existentialists would
put it (as cited in Tayam & Dioquino, 2001).
 Chi and Ryan conducted a synthesis… (as cited in Negrete, 2007).

11. When possible, cite an electronic document as you would any other document using author –
date style. Electronic sources may lack author’s name or dates.
12. If no author is named, mention the title of the document in a signal phrase or give the word or
two of the title in parenthesis.
13. Since personal communications do not provide a recordable date, they are not included in the
reference list. However, they are cited in text only. In the text, initials and the surname of the
communicator as well as the exact date should be given.

Guidelines on Reference List Format

1. All entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author:
a. Alphabetize letter by letter
b. Alphabetize prefixes literally and disregard the apostrophe.
2. When ordering several works by the same first author, give the author’s name in the first and
all subsequent references:
a. One-author entries by the same author are arranged by year of publication, the earliest
first
Rawls, J. B. (1971)
Rawsl, J. B. (2001)

b. One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname
i. Crisostomo, S. (2008)
ii. Crisostomo, S., & Pylades, O. (2009)

c. References with the same first author and different second or third authors are
arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author or, if the second author is
the same, the surname of the third author, and so on
Umali, P., Leus A. (1996)
Umali, P., Lorenzana, E. (1995).
Umali, P., Leus A. (1996).

Umali, P., Leus A., Lorenzana, E. (1997).

Umali, P., Leus A., Nacional, C. (1998).

3. Place a comma before the ampersand.

4. Do not place a period after the name of a website.

Sample References for Works Cited List

1. Book/Translated Book/Edited Book

1.1. Daniels, N. (1996). Justice and justification: reflective equilibrium in theory and practice.
Cambridge: Cambridge University.
1.2. Grube, G. M. A. (Trans.). (1974). Plato’s republic. Indianapolis: Hackett.
1.3. Kearney, R. (Ed.). (1996). Paul ricouer: the hermeneutics of action. California: Sage.

2. Book/Second Edition, Jr. in Name

 2.1. Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction to
organizational behavior (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

3. Book, Two to Six Authors

3.1. Mulhall, S., & Swift, A. (1992). Liberals and communitarians. Oxford: Blackwell.
3.2. Belleza, A., Samar, J., Sario, A. (2008). Integration of instruction, research,
3.3. And extension. Legazpi: Aquinas University.

4. Book, More Than Six Authors

4.1. Barquez, R., Aquende, E., de la Torre, J., Binamira, A., Bondad, M. T., Peralta, V., et al.
(2008). Pedagogy: The aquinian way. Legazpi: Aquinas University.

5. Book by a Corporate Author

5.1. Public Agenda Foundation (1992). The health care crisis: Containing costs, expanding
coverage. New York: McGraw Hill.

6. Book with no Author or Editor

6.1. Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-
Webster.

7. Work in an Edited Book

7.1. Good, T. L., & Brophy, J. E. (1986). School effects. In M. C. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of
research on teaching (3rd ed., pp. 570-602). New York: Macmillan.

8. Unpublished Thesis/Dissertation
8.1. Regino, E. R. (2004). Correlates of special intelligence of secondary school teachers and
students of science. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Aquinas University of Legazpi,
Legazpi.

9. Legal Sources
9.1. For Statutes: Name of Act), Volume, Source Section (Year).
9.2. For Cases: Name v. Name, Volume, Source Page (Course Date).
9.3. For Regulations: Title/Number, Volume, Source Section (Year).

10. Article in a Journal

10.1. Lacayo, R. (1991). Global warming: A new warning. Time, 137 (16), 32.

11. Electronic Sources

11.1. Author/Authoring Body. (Date). Title of the document. From (URL address) on (Date)

12. Article from an Internet Journal

12.1. Same with number 10, followed by the retrieval date and URL address and retrieval date

13. Item from a CD-ROM

13.1. Albatross. 1992. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. [CD-ROM]. Oxford: Oxford
University Press

14. Electronic Book in an Electronic Database

 14.1. Same as a book, followed by the retrieval date and the name of database.

15. 15. Motion Picture

15.1. Peter, J., Osborne, B., Walsh, F. (Producers), & Jackson, P. (Director). (2003). The Lord of the
Rings The Return of the King [Motion Picture]. CA: New Line Cinema.