Heaven’s Light is Our Guide

Rajshahi University of Engineering &

Technology
(RUET), Rajshahi

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)

Experiment no.: 01
Name of the experiment: Study of AM transmitter.

Course title: Radio and TV Engineering Submitted by-

Sessional Name: MD. NAEEM HOSSAIN
Roll no.: 141004
Course no.: EEE-4118 Section: A
Class: 4th Year Odd Semester
Date of experiment: 03-07-18
Session: 2014-15
Date of submission: 17-07-18

Year: 2018
 Experiment no: 01
Name of the experiment: Study of AM transmitter.
Objective : The objective of this experiment is to learn about the basic of AM transmitter.

Theory: In amplitude modulation transmitter, the modulating signal amplitude modulates the
carrier. Such transmitter are used for radio broadcast on long, medium and short waves, radio
telephony on short waves, television picture broadcast on very short waves or ultra short waves.
Transmitters that transmit AM signals are known as AM transmitters. These transmitters are used
in medium wave (MW) and short wave (SW) frequency bands for AM broadcast. The MW band
has frequencies between 550 KHz and 1650 KHz, and the SW band has frequencies ranging
from 3 MHz to 30 MHz. The two types of AM transmitters that are used based on their
transmitting powers are:
· 1. High Level
· 2. Low Level

High-Level and Low-Level Transmitters:

Below figure's show the block diagram of high-level and low-level transmitters. The basic
difference between the two transmitters is the power amplification of the carrier and modulating
signals.
Figure (a) shows the block diagram of high-level AM transmitter.

In high-level transmission, the powers of the carrier and modulating signals are amplified before
applying them to the modulator stage, as shown in figure (a). In low-level modulation, the
powers of the two input signals of the modulator stage are not amplified. The required
transmitting power is obtained from the last stage of the transmitter, the class C power amplifier.
The various sections of the figure (a) are:
 Carrier oscillator
 Buffer amplifier
 Frequency multiplier
 Power amplifier
 Audio chain
 Modulated class C power amplifier

Carrier oscillator:
The carrier oscillator generates the carrier signal, which lies in the RF range. The frequency of
the carrier is always very high. Because it is very difficult to generate high frequencies with good
frequency stability, the carrier oscillator generates a sub multiple with the required carrier
frequency. This sub multiple frequency is multiplied by the frequency multiplier stage to get the
required carrier frequency. Further, a crystal oscillator can be used in this stage to generate a low
frequency carrier with the best frequency stability. The frequency multiplier stage then increases
the frequency of the carrier to its required value.

Buffer Amplifier:
The purpose of the buffer amplifier is two fold. It first matches the output impedance of the
carrier oscillator with the input impedance of the frequency multiplier, the next stage of the
carrier oscillator. It then isolates the carrier oscillator and frequency multiplier.
This is required so that the multiplier does not draw a large current from the carrier oscillator. If
this occurs, the frequency of the carrier oscillator will not remain stable.

Frequency Multiplier:
The sub-multiple frequency of the carrier signal, generated by the carrier oscillator , is now
applied to the frequency multiplier through the buffer amplifier. This stage is also known as
harmonic generator. The frequency multiplier generates higher harmonics of carrier oscillator
frequency. The frequency multiplier is a tuned circuit that can be tuned to the requisite carrier
frequency that is to be transmitted.
Power Amplifier:
The power of the carrier signal is then amplified in the power amplifier stage. This is the
basic requirement of a high-level transmitter. A class C power amplifier gives high power current
pulses of the carrier signal at its output.

Audio Chain
The audio signal to be transmitted is obtained from the microphone, as shown in figure (a). The
audio driver amplifier amplifies the voltage of this signal. This amplification is necessary to
drive the audio power amplifier. Next, a class A or a class B power amplifier amplifies the power
of the audio signal.

Modulated Class C Amplifier

This is the output stage of the transmitter. The modulating audio signal and the carrier signal,
after power amplification, are applied to this modulating stage. The modulation takes place at
this stage. The class C amplifier also amplifies the power of the AM signal to the reacquired
transmitting power. This signal is finally passed to the antenna., which radiates the signal into
space of transmission.
Figure shows the block diagram of a low-level AM transmitter.

The low-level AM transmitter shown in the figure (b) is similar to a high-level transmitter,
except that the powers of the carrier and audio signals are not amplified. These two signals are
directly applied to the modulated class C power amplifier.
Modulation takes place at the stage, and the power of the modulated signal is amplified to the
required transmitting power level. The transmitting antenna then transmits the signal.

Require apparatus:
1. AM radio transmitter
2. Wire
3. Oscilloscope
4. Power supply
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 1.1: Circuit diagram of AM transmitter kit

In the figure 1.1 it is shown the circuit connection of AM transmitter kit which is performed in
laboratory.
Message signal:

Figure 1.2: Massage signal

From the figure 1.2 it is seen that the frequency of the massage signal is 1.16kHz.
Carrier signal :

Figure 1.3: Carrier signal

From the figure 1.3 it is seen that the frequency of the Carrier signal is 32.0200kHz.
Transmitted signal :

Figure 1.4: Transmit signal

From the figure 1.4 it is seen that the frequency of the Transmit signal is 2.372kHz.

Discussion :
From the experiment it could be seen that there were some errors.Because there were some noise
in the channel. Finally our experiment was done successfully.
Practical representation of audio signal:

An apparently simple noise, such as a single string on a guitar, produces a complicated

waveform, sensed in terms of pitch. The important part of this waveform is the basic period of
the waveform, its fundamental frequency. The smaller detail is due to components of higher
frequency and lower level.

List of different TV channels in Bangladesh:

Program Note
BTV Founded in 1964 as Pakistan television but
renamed BTV after 1971
BTV World It is state owned and available worldwide
Sangsad Television Broadcasts live scenarios of BD politics
Asian TV A private TV station transmitted from the
studio in Dhaka
ATN Bangla Offers a wide variety of programs like news,
movies, dramas & talk shows
ATN News A 24/7 news channel in Bengali
Banglavision A satellite TV channel which broadcasts from
Dhaka
Bangla TV A private TV channel of Bangladesh
Boishakhi TV A private satellite TV channel in Bangladesh
Bijoy TV A private satellite TV channel in Bangladesh
transmitted from Dhaka
Channel 24 A private TV station in Bangladesh that is
transmitted from its studio in Dhaka
Channel 9 Broadcasts Bangladesh Premier League
Channel i A privately owned TV network in BD and the
country’s first digital channel
DBC News Owned by Iqbal Sobhan Chowdhury
Deepto TV Owned by Kazi Media Limited which started
operation in September 2016
Desh TV Started operation in 2009 with an objective of
serving ‘desh’
Diganta Television Broadcasts 16 hours of news & 8 hours of
entertainment
Ekattor TV The first full HD 24/7 news & current affairs
channel in Bengali
ETV The first private terrestrial channel in BD
Gaan Bangla A music channel in Bangladesh started in
December 16, 2013
GTV Owned media rights of BPL since 2017
Independent TV A 24/7 news channel in Bengali that is
transmitted from its studio in Dhaka
Islamic TV Owned by Said Iskander, the younger brother
of Khaleda Zia
Jamuna Television A 24/7 news channel which provides national
and international news and information
Maasranga Television It is a part of Square Group
Mohona TV A private TV station in Bangladesh that is
transmitted from its studio in Dhaka
My TV A private entertainment TV channel in BD
NEWS24 A new 24 hours news channel owned by East
West Media Group in Bangladesh
NTV A private TV station in Bangladesh that is
transmitted from its studio in Dhaka
RTV Mainly broadcasts programs in Bengali
SA TV A private HD & 3G TV station in BD
Somoy Television A 24 hour Bengali news-based private
satellite TV channel in Bangladesh known for
its news presentations
ATN UK Holds the official broadcasting rights of
Emmy Award in Bangladesh
ATN Music 24 A 24 hour music channel
ATN Islamic TV A 24 hour online religious-based channel
NTV Europe Only available in Europe
Channel I Europe Only broadcasts in Europe
SA TV Europe Only available in Europe

List of all mobile networks available in Bangladesh:

Name No. of frequency Frequency bands Generation

bands in use
Airtel 2 GSM→1800 (DCS) GPRS→2.5G
1 GSM band EDGE→2.5G
1 UMTS band UMTS→B1 (2100) UMTS→3G
Banglalink 6 GSM→900 (E-GSM) GPRS→2.5G
2 GSM bands GSM→1800 (DCS) EDGE→2.5G
1 UMTS band UMTS→B1 (2100) UMTS→3G
3 LTE bands HSPA+→3.5G (4G
 speed)
LTE→B1 (2100)
LTE→B3 (1800+) LTE→4G
LTE→B8 (900)
Grameenphone 7 GSM→900 (E-GSM) GPRS→2.5G
2 GSM bands GSM→1800 (DCS) EDGE→2.5G
2 UMTS bands UMTS→B1 (2100) UMTS→3G
3 LTE bands UMTS→B8 (900 HSPA+→3.5G (4G
GSM) speed)
LTE→B1 (2100)
LTE→B3 (1800+) LTE→4G
LTE→B8 (900)
Robi 6 GSM→900 (E-GSM) GPRS→2.5G
2 GSM bands GSM→1800 (DCS) EDGE→2.5G
1 UMTS band UMTS→3G
3 LTE bands UMTS→B1 (2100) HSPA+→3.5G (4G
speed)
LTE→B1 (2100)
LTE→B3 (1800+) LTE→4G
LTE→B8 (900)
Teletalk 2 GSM→900 (E-GSM) GPRS→2.5G
1 GSM band UMTS→B1 (2100) UMTS→3G
1 UMTS band

List of different radio stations in Bangladesh:

Station Frequency Transmitter power Modulation type

(in Kw)
Amtali, Barisal division
Krishi Radio
(Agricultural
information service, 98.8 MHz FM
Ministry of agriculture)
Bandarban, Chittagong division
Bangladesh Betar 1431 kHz 10 kW AM
Bangladesh Betar 104.0 MHz 10 kW FM
Barguna, Barisal division
LokoBetar (Mass-line
media center, MMC) 99.2 MHz FM
Barisal
Bangladesh Betar 1287 kHz 10 kW AM
Radio Foorti 88.0 MHz FM
Radio Today 89.6 MHz FM
Bangladesh Betar 105.0 MHz 10 kW FM
Bogra, Rajshahi division
Bangladesh Betar 846 kHz 100 kW AM
Radio Today 89.6 MHz FM
Radio Mukti
(Community radio,
Landless distressed 99.2 MHz FM
rehabilitation
organization LDRO)
Chapai Nawabganj, Rajshahi division
Radio Mahananda 98.8 MHz FM
(Community radio)
Chilmari, Rangpur division
Radio Chilmari
(Community radio, 99.2 MHz FM
RDRS Bangladesh)
Chittagong
Bangladesh Betar 873 kHz 100 kW AM
Radio Foorti 88.0 MHz FM
Bangladesh Betar 88.8 MHz 10 kW FM
ABC Radio 89.2 MHz FM
Radio Today 89.6 MHz FM
Bangladesh Betar 90.0 MHz 10 kW FM
Dhaka FM 90.4 MHz FM
Bangladesh Betar 105.4 MHz 5 kW FM
Comilla
Bangladesh Betar 1413 kHz 10 kW AM
Bangladesh Betar 101.2 MHz 2 kW FM
Bangladesh Betar 103.6 MHz 10 kW FM
Cox’s Bazar, Chittagong division
Bangladesh Betar 1314 kHz 10 kW AM
Radio Foorti 88.0 MHz FM
ABC Radio 89.2 MHz FM
Radio Today 89.6 MHz FM
Dhaka FM 90.4 MHz FM
Bangladesh Betar 100.8 MHz 10 kW FM
Dhaka
Bangladesh Betar 630 kHz 100 kW AM
Bangladesh Betar 693 kHz 1000 kW AM
Bangladesh Betar 1170 kHz 20 kW AM
Bangladesh Betar 4750 kHz 100 kW AM
Radio Foorti 88.0 MHz FM
Radio Aamar 88.4 MHz FM
Bangladesh Betar 88.8 MHz 10 kW FM
ABC Radio 89.2 MHz FM
Radio Today 89.6 MHz FM
Bangladesh Betar 90.0 MHz 10 kW FM
Dhaka FM 90.4 MHz 10 kW FM
Asian Radio 90.8 MHz FM
People's Radio 91.6 MHz FM
Radio Shadhin 92.4 MHz FM
Radio Bhumi 92.8 MHz FM
City FM 96.0 MHz 5 kW FM
Bangladesh Betar 97.6 MHz 5 kW FM
Bangladesh Betar 100.0 MHz 3 kW FM
Colors FM 101.6 MHz FM
Bangladesh Betar 102.0 MHz 10 kW FM
Bangladesh Betar 103.2 MHz 5 kW FM
Bangladesh Betar 104.0 MHz 10 kW FM
Bangladesh Betar 106.0 MHz 10 kW FM
Jhenaidah, Khulna division
Radio Jhinuk (Srizoni 99.2 MHz FM
Bangladesh)
Khulna
Bangladesh Betar 558 kHz 100 kW AM
Radio Foorti 88.0 MHz FM
Bangladesh Betar 88.8 MHz 10 kW FM
Radio Today 89.6 MHz FM
Bangladesh Betar 90.0 MHz 5 kW FM
Dhaka FM 90.4 MHz 10 kW FM
Bangladesh Betar 102.0 MHz 1 kW FM
Koyra, Khulna division
Radio Sundarban
(Broadcasting authority
for Sundarban integrated 98.8 MHz FM
area)
Moulvibazar
Radio Pallikantho
(Bangladesh rural 99.2 MHz FM
advancement committee,
BRAC)
Munshiganj, Dhaka division
Radio Bikrampur
(Environment council 99.2 MHz FM
Bangladesh)
Mymensingh
Radio Foorti 88.0 MHz FM
Radio Today 89.6 MHz FM
Nalta, Khulna division
Radio Nalta (Nalta
hospital and community 99.2 MHz FM
health foundation)
Naogaon, Rajshahi division
Borendro Radio
(Community radio,
Naogaon human rights 98.8 MHz FM
development
organization, NHRDO)
Nowapara, Khulna division
Bangladesh Betar 100.8 MHz 10 kW FM
Rajshahi
Bangladesh Betar 1080 kHz 10 kW AM
Radio Foorti 88.0 MHz FM
Bangladesh Betar 88.8 MHz 10 kW FM
Bangladesh Betar 90.0 MHz 5 kW FM
Dhaka FM 90.4 MHz FM
Bangladesh Betar 104.0 MHz 5 kW FM
Bangladesh Betar 105.0 MHz 1 kW FM
Rangamati, Chittagong division
Bangladesh Betar 1161 kHz 10 kW AM
Bangladesh Betar 103.2 MHz 5 kW FM
Rangpur
Bangladesh Betar 1053 kHz 10 kW AM
Bangladesh Betar 88.8 MHz 10 kW FM
Bangladesh Betar 90.0 MHz 5 kW FM
Bangladesh Betar 105.4 MHz 1 kW FM
Raninagar, Rajshahi division
Radio Padma
(Community Radio,
Center for 99.2 MHz FM
communication and
development CCD
Bangladesh)
Sitakunda, Chittagong division
Radio SagarGiri (Youth
power in social action, 99.2 MHz FM
YPSA)
Sylhet
Bangladesh Betar 963 kHz 20 kW AM
Radio Foorti 88.0 MHz FM
Bangladesh Betar 88.8 MHz 10 kW FM
Radio Today 89.6 MHz FM
Bangladesh Betar 90.0 MHz 5 kW FM
Dhaka FM 90.4 MHz FM
Bangladesh Betar 105.0 MHz 1 kW FM
Teknaf, Chittagong division
Radio Naf (Alliance for
cooperation and legal aid 99.2 MHz FM
Bangladesh, ACLAB)
Thakurgaon, Rangpur division
Bangladesh Betar 999 kHz 10 kW AM
Bangladesh Betar 92.0 MHz 5 kW FM
Others
Radio Dhoni (Dhaka) 91.2 MHz FM
Radio Next (Dhaka) 93.2 MHz FM
Radio Din-Raat (Dhaka) 93.6 MHz FM
Radio Dhol (Dhaka) 94.0 MHz FM
Jago FM (Dhaka) 94.4 MHz FM
Bangla Radio (Dhaka) 95.2 MHz FM
Radio Edge (Dhaka) 95.6 MHz FM
Spice FM (Dhaka) 96.4 MHz FM
Radio CIUS (Dhaka) 96.8 MHz FM
Times Radio (Dhaka) 97.2 MHz FM
Desh Radio (Dhaka) 98.0 MHz FM
Radio 71 (Dhaka) 98.4 MHz FM
Radio City (Dhaka) 99.6 MHz FM
Radio Active (Dhaka) 100.4 MHz FM