TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.
Introduction.......................................................................
.............................................. 3
1.1
History............................................................................
........................................... 3
1.2 Bluetooth
Versions...........................................................................
......................... 3
2. System
Architecture.......................................................................
................................. 4
2.1
Piconet............................................................................
........................................... 4
2.1.1 Single secondary
communication: ....................................................................
..... 5
2.1.2 Multiple secondary
communications. ...................................................................
. 5
2.2
Scatternet.........................................................................
.......................................... 6
2.2.1
Range: ............................................................................
........................................ 7
2.3 Security
Architecture. .....................................................................
.......................... 7
2.3.1 Bluetooth Security
Risks..............................................................................
.......... 8
2.4 Connection
establishment .....................................................................
.................... 8
3. Protocol
stack..............................................................................
.................................... 9
3.1 Base-band
Layer .............................................................................
........................ 10
3.2 Link Manager
Protocol ..........................................................................
................. 10
3.3 HCI (Host Controller
Interface).........................................................................
..... 10
3.4 L2CAP (Logical Link Control and Adaptation
Protocol)....................................... 10
3.5
RFCOMM.............................................................................
.................................. 10
3.6 SDP (Service Discovery
Protocol)..........................................................................
10
3.7 TCS Binary (Telephony Control-
Binary) ............................................................... 10
3.8 PPP (Point-to-Point
Protocol) .........................................................................
........ 10
3.9
UDP/TCP/IP ........................................................................
................................... 11
4. Frame
Format.............................................................................
................................... 11
4.1 Access
Code...............................................................................
............................. 11
4.2
Header ............................................................................
......................................... 12
4.3
Payload:...........................................................................
........................................ 12
5. Bluetooth
Profiles ..........................................................................
............................... 12
5.1 Some available Bluetooth
profile............................................................................
13
References.........................................................................
................................................ 14
3
Rab Nawaz, Mehtab Afzal and Saima Tabassum
Deptt. of Computer Science
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad.
1. Introduction
Bluetooth is a wireless protocol for exchanging data over short distances for
creating personal area
networks (PANs). Basically it is a standard for short range radio communication
technology. Originally it
was developed by Ericsson, a cell manufacturer company in 1994 [1]. The embedded
Bluetooth capability
is widely used in many type of devices, like PDAs, computer peripherals (Mice,
keyboards, joysticks,
cameras, printers, LAN access points etc), cell phones, audio peripherals and other
many more applications
[1]. The radio technology used in Bluetooth is FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum), which send
the data in the form of chunks over entire 79 channels. To reduce the interference
the Bluetooth technology
utilizes AFH (Adaptive Frequency Hopping) mechanism. Frequency hopping works within
the available
spectrum to take advantage of the available frequency. This frequency hopping
provides more efficient
transmission within the spectrum, providing users with greater performance even if
they are using other
technologies along with Bluetooth technology. The maximum range for Bluetooth radio
is 10m, but it can
be extended up to 100m by using amplifiers. The data rate achieved is 1 Mb/s. The
Bluetooth standard
work on ISM band on 2.4 GHz frequency range, which is available globally unlicensed
[2].
1.1 History
The name �Bluetooth� and its logo are the trade mark of an associated named BSIG
(Bluetooth Special
Interest Group). The promoter members of this technology are, Microsoft, Ericsson,
IBM, Intel, Agere,
Motorola, Nokia and Toshiba and even thousands of others. The word �Bluetooth� is
taken from the 10th
century Danish King Harald Bluetooth. The kind united the Scandinavian Europe
during an era when this
region was in parts. This technology was first introduced in Scandinavia and this
technology merges
different industries such as cell phones, computing and automotive market. The
Bluetooth officially
introduced the first core specification version in 1998. Cable replacement was the
basic intended purpose of
Bluetooth technology. After the first version a lot has changed. In 2003 the
Bluetooth SIG has announced
the 2.1 version. In 2004, Bluetooth version 2.0+ERD was introduced. Devices using
this version hit the
market in 2005.
1.2 Bluetooth Versions
Many Bluetooth versions have been released since this technology was introduced in
1998. The earliest
versions 1.0 and 1.0B has many problems. The main problem was that there was a lack
of interoperability
among devices. The first successful core version of Bluetooth technology was 1.1
and corrected many
4
problem found in the earliest versions. After 1.1 version the next version 1.2
come. Version 1.2 is directly
backward compatible with Bluetooth 1.1 and it also reduces the radio interference
by using adaptive
frequency hopping (AFH). It has faster transmission speed of 1Mbps. It also
improves voice quality of
audio connections by enabling retransmissions of corrupted data. It has also the
specification of received
Signal Strength Indicator as well.
The next version was 2.0 or ERD (Enhanced Data Rate) was first introduced by the
Bluetooth SIG in June
2004 and appearing in Bluetooth devices in late 2005. It has the data rate up to 3
times faster than the
original Bluetooth specifications. It provides enhanced multiple connectivity. It
also facilitates the end user
to run multiple Bluetooth devices at the same time. As a result of this version the
BPAN will become more
common. Using this specification a user can easily synchronize a Bluetooth enabled
computer with a
Bluetooth PDA, and at the same time they can listen music at the same time using
bluetooth wireless
headphones.
2. System Architecture
The architecture defines how Bluetooth devices group themselves for communication.
A Bluetooth
Wireless Personal Area Network (BT-WPAN) consists of two sub architecture,
1) Piconet 2) Scatternet
2.1 Piconet
It is a basic unit of communication in Bluetooth. Piconet is an Ad hoc network.
Each piconet is a network
of eight Bluetooth devices. One device is acting as a master device while rests of
the devices (up to seven
active Bluetooth devices) are acting as slaves or secondary devices [2], but there
is no limit to the total
number of devices in a piconet. If there are more than seven slaves in one piconet
then rest of the slave
devices must be in �Parked� state. The maximum upper limit of �Parked� slave
devices in one piconet is
255 with direct addressing scheme [1]. To activate a parked slave into slave, the
master node must first
place a currently active slave into a parked state. When two Bluetooth devices
start communicating when
they come into the radio range of each other. If no piconet is available at that
time a negotiation process
will occur. Once device will become master and the other become slave [1]. All the
devices in one piconet
communicate with each other through master node. For communication purpose all the
devices synchronize
their hopping sequence with the master device. A master node is also responsible
for telling the slave
devices to switch to different states during the inactivity period. The master
radio shares its global ID and
clock information with each slave in its piconet. When a new node joins a piconet,
it first recreates the
Frequency hopping sequence of that piconet. The slave node must know the frequency
and then
synchronize itself with the master�s clock. Basically connecting two or more
piconets a gateway is used for
multihope communication. The bridge communicates with all the piconets connecting
to it by
synchronizing each piconet when it is ready to communicate. However a bridge can
communicate with
only one piconet at a time. The bridge device can be slave in all piconets or it
may a master in one piconet
and a slave in the others. The frequency hopping sequence and the polling order of
the slaves are selected
by the master node. The maximum range is up to 10m within one piconet, and the
maximum data transfer
rate is between 400 to 700Kbps, depending on the connection used i.e. synchronous
or asynchronous [7].
Each piconet has its own hopping channel [6]. The following figure shows the
architecture of piconet.
5
Figure. 1: Piconet in Bluetooth
Bluetooth transceiver uses all 79 channels, and utilizes random hop sequence over
these channels at 1600
hops per second for standard transmissions [1]. Amplifier can only be used in
bluetooth to extand the radio
range up to 100meters. One important thing to be noted that bluetooth specification
uses time division
duplexing (TDD) and time division multiple access (TDMA) for device communicaiton
within one piconet
or in a scatternet scenario [1]. The duration of each time slot is 625 micro
second.
Bascially there are two types of communication accured in piconet, single secondary
communication and
multiple secondary communications [12].
2.1.1 Single secondary communication:
If there is only secondary/slave device in a piconet. TDMA operation is very simple
by first divding the
time into 625micro second. The primary device uses the even numbered slots while
the secondary uses the
odd number slots. The communication in this scenario is half duplex mode. In slot 0
the primery device
sends and slave device recieves. In slot 1 the secondary/slave sends and primery
recieves. Single secondary
communication as shown in figure.
Figure