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MODERN BIOLOGY

THE SCIENCE OF LIFE

BIOLOGY is come from the two Greek words@

Bios means life


Logy comes from logos means reason or study

Sciencia meaning to know


Science is a body of knowledge gained by observation and experiment.

BIOLOGY is the science of life.

BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY

NAME IS THE STUDY OF

BOTANY PLANTS
ZOOLOGY ANIMALS
ANATOMY STUCTURE OF LIVING THINGS
PHYSIOLOGY FUNCTIONS OF LIVING THINGS
TAXONOMY CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
CYTOLOGY CELLS, THEIR STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
GENETICS HEREDITY
MICROBIOLOGY LIVING THINGSAT MICROSCOPIC LEVEL

CHEMISTRY is the study of matter, structure and changes it undergoes.


PHYSICS is concerned with. The relationships between matter and energy

CONTRIBUTORS TO BIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE

NAME AND NATIONALITY ACCOMPLISHMENT


Second Century
GALEN ( Greek ) Systematized science of Anatomy.
Developed scientific methods

Sixteenth Century

ANDREAS VESALIUS ( Belgian ) Did human dissections; further the study of


human anatomy.

WILLIAM HARVEY ( British ) Showed that blood circulates, established


science of Physiology
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK ( Dutch ) First to see one-celled organism with a
microscope

Eighteenth Century

CAROLUS LINNAEUS (Swedish) Developed the system of binary


nomenclature that biologist use today.
Established a two-kingdom system of
taxonomy.

Nineteenth Century

JEAN LAMARK ( French ) Developed an early explanation of evolution


involving use and disuse acquired caharacteristics.

LOUIS PASTEUR ( French ) Developed vaccinesfor rabies and Anthrax;


developed method for killing harmfu bacteriacalled Pasteurizatio . Disproved spontaneous
generation.

GREGOR MENDEL ( Austrian ) studied traits in pea plants. Laid foundation of


science of genetics.

Charles Darwin ( British ) established the concept of natural


selection;developed the modern theory of evolution.

Paul Ehrlich ( German ) used chemotherapy to treat syphillis and developed


diphtheria antitoxin.

Twentieth Century

THOMAS HUNT MORGAN ( American ) using fruit flies, showed physical basis of
heredity. Established the gene theory.

SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING ( British ) Discovered Penicillin, ushered in the age of


antibiotics.

DOROTHY C. HODGKIN ( British ) Discovered penicillin, usheredin the age of


antibiotics.

JAMES WATSON ( American ), F.H.C. Crick developed model of the structure


Maurice Wilkins ( British ) of DNA, one of the most important
discoveries in biology in the in the
twentieth century.

Jonas Salk ( American) developed polio vaccine


Albert Sabin ( American )

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH oped over many years and have been found to produce accurate
results.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD can be thought of as a logical, orderly way to solve a problem or answer
a question.

The steps followed in the scientific method are:

 Define the problem


 Collect information on the problem
 Form a hypothesis
 Experiment to test the hypothesis
 Observe and record data from the experiment
 Draw conclusion
 Accuately report research methods, results and conclusion.

TOOLS OF THE BIOLOGIST

MICROSCOPE

MICRO= very small


SCOPE= to see

Early microscope
Light microscope
Transmission Electron Microscope

Other tools of the modern biology

Ultra Centrifuge
Chromatography
Electrophoresis
X-ray diffraction
Computers

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