1.

Salt  is produced when H+ ion from an acid is replaced by a metal ion or

ammonium ion ( NH4+) .

2. Example : NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O
3. Types of common salt :
 Sulphate  formed from sulphuric acid, ______________

 Nitrate  formed from nitric acid, ______________

 Chloride  formed from hydrochloric acid , ______________

 Carbonate  formed from carbonic acid ______________

 Ethanoate  formed from ethanoic acid, ______________

4. A salt is composed of positive ion ( cation ) and negative ion ( anion ).

5. Thus it is a ionic compound and is hold by a strong ionic bond.
6. Preparation of a salt is depends on its solubility in water

COMMON METHOD TO PREPARE A SALT

SOLUBLE SALT INSOLUBLE SALT

TERLARUT

SOLUBILITY OF SALT IN WATER

PREPARATION of SOLUBLE SALT
1. There are 4 methods to prepare soluble salts
a) Acid + Alkali  salt + water

b) Acid + base  salt + water

c) Acid + reactive metal  salt + H2

d) Acid + carbonate metal  salt + CO2

2. To prepare insoluble salt, precipitation method is used where 2 different aqueous solution
is used to produce one soluble salt and one insoluble salt.
3. This method is also known as double decomposition method.

EXPERIMENTS INVOLVING PREPARATION of SALTS

Preparation of potassium, sodium and ammonium salts
1. Only can be prepared by neutralization reaction .

2. Titration is first carried out to find out the volume of acid needed to neutralise
a certain volume of alkali.
3. A suitable indicator, such as phenolphthalein or methyl orange, is used
to determine the end point the reaction.
4. Using the values obtained, the experiment is repeats but no indicator is
added.
5. The conical flask will then contain the salt without excess acid or alkali.
6. The salt can then be obtained by evaporating the water and crystallising the
salt.
 Buret
Nitric acid

Potassium nitrate

Potassium hydroxide
+ phenolphthalein

Filter paper
Potassium nitrate
crystals

Potassium nitrate Concentrated

potassium nitrate

Dried Potassium
nitrate crystals

Preparing potassium nitrate from reaction between acid and alkali

1 Using a pipette, 25 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution is put into a

conical flask.

2 Two drops of phenolphthalein are added to the conical flask.

3 Dilute nitric acid is placed in the burette.

4 The initial reading on the burette is recorded.

5 While the conical flask is being shaken, the acid is released from the

burette into the conical flask.

 6 The acid is then added drop by drop into the conical flask until the indicator

changes colour from pink to colourless.

7 The final reading on the burette is recorded.

8 The volume of the acid added, Vcm3, is calculated.

9 25 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution is put into a beaker.

10 With no indicator added, Vcm3 of dilute nitric acid is added to the solution in

the beaker.

11 The solution is poured into an evaporating dish and heated until it becomes

saturated. Its volume would be about one-third of its original volume.

12 The saturated solution is allowed to cool at room temperature and

crystallise.

13 The crystals are filtered and then placed between filter papers to dry.

Preparation of salts other than potassium, sodium and ammonium

Solid Salt crystals

Acid
Salt solution

filtrate

1. Metal oxide, carbonate and reactive metals which are in solid form is added
little by little until excess and heated.
2. The resulting mixture is filtered to remove the excess solid.
3. Then the salt solution is heated to 1/3 its quantity.
4. The concentrated solution is then allowed to cool down.
5. Once again the content is filtered to separate the crystals formed and the salt
solution.
6. Experiment is repeated if the amount of crystal formed is insufficient.
7. Crystals collected is then dried by using filter paper.

EXPERIMENT : PREPARATION of INSOLUBLE SALTS

1. This type of salt is prepared through double decomposition by using the precipitation
method.
2. AQUEOUS SOLUTION 1 + AQUEOUS SOLUTION 2  SALT + AQUEOUS SOLUTION

A+B + C+D AD(s) + CB(aq)

 AB
Solution that has
cation needed
Insoluble
salt crystals

CD Solution contain Soluble Salt

anion wanted solution

3. Two different aqueous solution which contain those cation and anion of the wanted salt is
used.
4. The salt precipitated is filtered to separate the soluble salt and insoluble salt.
5. The insoluble salt then washed with distilled water to remove impurities.
6. Example of insoluble salts :
a) Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 KI (aq) 
b) Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 K2CrO4 (aq) 
c) BaCl (aq) + 2 Na2SO4 (aq) 
d) AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) 
7. ** To prepare PbSO4 (s) from Pb CO3
Pb CO3 ( s) + 2 HNO3 (aq) 
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) 
Ion Test
1. Common cation to be test :
Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, Cu2+ and NH4+
2. Common anion to be test :
CO32, SO42, NO3 and Cl

Colour of the salt [ solid ]

White green Brown Blue Yellow Black Orange
K+, Na+, Ca2+,
Mg2+, Al3+,
Zn2+, Pb2+ ,
NH4+

Colour of the solution

Colourless Light green Yellow brownish Green Blue (dilute sol)
(concen. sol )
K+, Na+, Ca2+ ,
Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+,
Pb2+ , NH4+,

Colour when heated

Hot blue/ Yellow Brown Green Brown White
 green /     
Cold black White Yellow Brown Brown White

Black
Ions Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+,

White precipitation Coloured precipitation No precipitation

Insoluble soluble K+ , Na+, NH4+
 Or NH4OH
White precipitation Coloured precipitation No precipitation
Insoluble soluble

Na2CO3
White precipitation Coloured precipitation No changes
K+ , Na+, NH4+

Special Reaction
Ions
NH4 + + Nessler’s reagent  brown precipitate
Fe 2+ + potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) 
+ potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) 
Fe 3+ + potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) 
+ potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) 
+ potassium thiocyanate 

Na2SO4
White precipitation No changes
Immediate Slowly
NH4+ Na+ , Mg2+ ,Al3+ Zn2+ ,Fe2+ , Fe3+ ,Cu 2+
 NaCl
White precipitation No changes
NH4+ Na+ , Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Al 3+ Zn 2+ Fe 2+ Fe 3+ Cu 2+

KI
White Yellow precipitate Red brownish No changes
precipitate
Cu 2+ NH4+ , Na+ , Mg 2+ Al 3+
Zn 2+ Fe 2+

TEST FOR ANIONS

CO3 2 + any dilute acid  CO2 gas will be released

Cl  + HNO3 + AgNO3  white precipitation [ Ag Cl ] & soluble in excess ammonia
+ Pb ( NO3 )2  white precipitation PbCl2
SO4 2 + BaCl2 , HCl  white precipitation BaSO4
+ Ba ( NO3 )2 , HCl  white precipitation BaSO4
+ Pb ( NO3)2  white precipitation PbSO4
NO3 FeSO4 + a few drops of concentrated H2SO4 is added. [ brown ring test ]
The test tube is tilted slightly  Brown ring test
 Effect of Heat
Carbonate
Potassium carbonate Cannot decomposed
Sodium carbonate
Calcium carbonate
Magnesium carbonate
Aluminium carbonate
Zinc carbonate
Iron (II) carbonate
Lead (II) carbonate
Copper (II) carbonate

Nitrate
Potassium Nitrate
Sodium Nitrate
Calcium Nitrate
Magnesium Nitrate
Aluminium Nitrate
Zinc Nitrate
Iron (II) Nitrate
Lead (II) Nitrate
Copper (II) Nitrate
1. Which of the following best defines the term “salt”?
A. Formed when a hydrogen ion in an acid is replaced by a metal ion or ammonium
ion.
B. Formed when a metal ion reacts with a non-metal ion
C. That contains sodium ions and chloride ions
D. It is salty in taste

2. Which of the following salts is water soluble?

A. Calcium sulphate
B. Silver chloride
C. Sodium carbonate
D. Lead (II) sulphate

3. The following salts are soluble except…..

A. Copper (II) carbonate
B. Copper (II) nitrate
C. Copper (II0 chloride
D. Copper (II) sulphate

4. Which of following salts is soluble in water?

A. Iron (II) sulphate
B. Silver chloride
C. Calcium carbonate
D. Lead (II) bromide

5. Nitric acid can be distinguished with sulphuric acid in producing insoluble product
when it react with the following substances respectively.
I. Lead (II) oxide
II. Ammonium aqueous
III. Barium hydroxide
IV. Zinc oxide

A. I and III only

B. I and IV only
C. II and III only
D. II and IV only
6. Complete the table below

Alkaline Acid Salt Chemical equation

Potassium Hydrochloric acid

hydroxide Nitric acid

Sulphuric acid

Sodium Hydrochloric acid

hydroxide Nitric acid

Sulphuric acid

Ammonium Hydrochloric acid

hydroxide Nitric acid

Sulphuric acid

7. Complete the table below

Alkaline Acid Salt Chemical equation

Potassium Hydrochloric acid

Nitric acid
Sulphuric acid
Sodium Hydrochloric acid

Nitric acid
Sulphuric acid
magnesium Hydrochloric acid

Nitric acid
Sulphuric acid
Zinc Hydrochloric acid

Nitric acid
Sulphuric acid
8. Write the chemical equation and ionic equation for
(i) The formation of silver chloride
(ii) The formation of barium sulphate

9. Which of the following equation represents the most suitable reaction to prepare an insoluble salt?
A. Pb(OH)2 + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2H2O
B. Pb + H2SO4 PbSO4 + H2
C. AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
D. CaO + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2O