(Earthing)

: 1-11

(Grid)
.

:Neutral Grounding (Ungrounded System) 2-11

:

(Delta )
. (grounding)
(Transposed line)
( I CR , I CY , I CB )
VPh
: .( )
XC
. ( XC)
. ( V ph )

(F) (Phase B) (fault)

:(11-2)

95
 VBR 3V Ph
I BR .......................................(11 1)
XC XC
VBY 3V Ph
I BY ........................................(11 2)
XC XC

. 90

: (11-3)
IF I BR 30 I BY 30
3 I BR ( I BR I BY ) .............................(11 3)
VPh V Ph
3 3 3 .........................(11 4)
XC XC

-:

( single line to ground fault ) -1

(line voltage)
. (insulator breakdown)
. ( 3 normal value) -2
. ( 3 normal value) -3
4 -4
( arc)

(arcing ground)
(freq. oscillator)

96
Phase ) 6 5
. (voltage
(over head line) -5
.
-6
( 30 ) (arc) .
.

: Ungrounded Neutral
.(E/f protection) -1
. -2
failure -3
. (L-G) (L-L-G fault)

. arcing ground -1
-2
.

: 3-11

. (Neutral)

Solidly grounding -1
Resistance grounding -2
Reactance grounding -3
ARC suppression coil grounding (Resonant grounding) -4
Effectively grounding -5

:Solidly grounding :1-3-11

:

97
 (Neutral) solid
. (metallic)

:
3 VPh
If .................................(11 5)
Z 0 Z1 Z 2

( Z0 Z1 Z2 )
( I NR , I NY ) .( 90)
(90)
. (If )

(fault Phase voltage) -1

. (Phase voltage)
(Phase voltage)
.

(arcing ground) -2
.

. -3

. -4

. (contact) -5

( 5) ( 3) -6
(higher capacity)
.

:Resistance grounding :2-3-11

. (neutral point)

. (liquid resistor) (metallic resistor)

. (66 Kv)
:

98
 . (KVA rating)
:

:
VL
R ................................(11 6)
3 I
Where:
I full load current of largest machine or transformer in Amperes.

: :

1
R (1 to 2.5) . ............................ (11 7)
CR CY CB

. ( CR CY CB )

Westinghouse :
full load ) (1/4)
. (system current

(KVA) (neutral resistance)

:

99
 11-6

(2.2 33 Kv )
. 30 . . 5000 (KVA rating)

. (Protective gear) -1
. arcing ground -2
. -3
-4
. (lighting arrestor)
. (solidly ground) -5

Reactance Grounding :3-3-11

reactance ) (impedance)
X
( 0 >3) (ground
X1
. (Resonant ground)

(surges ) (Switching)
.

100
 (Reactance ground)
.solidly grounding (communications circuits)

. . 33 11
.( ) (Y/Y/ ) . 11/33/132

ARC suppression coil grounding (Resonant grounding) :4-3-11

Ground fault ) (Peterson) (arc suppression)
(tapping) . (neutralizer
( two phase )
:

VPh
I CF 3I BR 3 ..............................................(11 8)
Xc

(fault) (tapping)
. (fault) (arc)
. (fault)

% 20 . (tuning)
% 10 . 66
. (fault) (arc)

( I CF )
: , ( IF )

101
 VPh
I CF 3 .......................................(11 9)
XC
VPh
IF .......................................(11 10)
XL

where:

XL Inductance of the coil .

at Resonance ( I F I CF )
i.e:
VPh VPh
3
XL XC
OR :
XC 1
XL WL
3 3WC
1
then : L .........................................(11 11)
3W 2 C

3VPh
.
XC

:Effectively grounding System 5-3-11

(effectively ground)
.( solidly ) (isolated)
: (effective system)

X0 R0
( <3) ( <1)
X1 X1
(effective )
. (generator capacity)

line ) % 75 - % 80
(effectively ground) . (voltage
. (solidly earth)
(Impedance cct.) (solidly earth)
. (fault)

102
 Voltage Transformer Earthing :4-11
( voltage transformer V.T)
(insulating neu. Sys.)
high ) (Traveling waves)
(surge diverter) (voltage build up
:

. (V.T)

:Earthing or Zig-Zag Transformer 5-11

( Delta )
(Zero Seq. current)

(neutral earthing compensator) (earthing transformer)

(limbed)
:(11-9) .

103
 (Low impedance)
.
:
(5000 KVA) (22 33Kv )
: (11-10)

.
:Harmonic Suppressors 6-11

(third harmonic)
(low impedance)

(zag-zig) (neutral resistors)

Harmonic ) (E/F)
high ) . (Suppressors
Harmonic ) . (low impedance) (impedance
(traveling wave) (Suppressors
(surge diverter)
:(11-11)

104
 :Equipment Grounding For Safety 7-11
non carrying metal part)
(current
.

:
0.165
I for t 3 sec ....................................(11 12)
t
I 9mA for t 3 sec
. :(t)

.
multiple ) (mat) (non current metallic parts)
(pipes or rods) (single electrode) (electrodes
: .(plates)
. :
:
:

105
 :

E step ( Rk 2R f ) I k ......................(11 13)

Rf
E touch ( Rk ) Ik ........................(11 14)
2

( R f ) .(1000 ) ( ) ( Rk )
( Ik ) ( )
(Ps) (3Ps) .
( R f , Rk ) .( .m)
: (11-14) (11-13)
0.165
Estep (1000 6 ps ) for t 3 sec
t
(1000 6 ps ) 0.009 for t 3 sec
similarly :
0.165
Etouch (1000 1.5 ps ) t 3 sec
t
(1000 1.5 ps ) 0.009 t 3 sec

:
( ) (fault)
. ( Rg ground resistor )
( Rg )
.( )
(mat) (Grid)
.
(0.5 1.5 m ) (3x4 m)
(1.9 cm x 3 m)
:

.
( Rg )
60
. 0.5 ( mat)

106
 ( Device)

: ( Rg )

Ps Ps
Rg ....................................(11 16)
4r L

Where:
r= rod
L=

. (Aluminum, copper and steel)

.
:
. (thermal stability) -1
.( ) -2

:
t
Amin . If mm 2 ..........................(11 17)
c
where:
If
t=
C=

107
 : (c)
0
C = 70 for a temp. rise of 400 for steel .
= 165 for a temp. rise of 8000 for copper.

: (thermal stability) (11-17)

A = 61 mm2 for Steel

2
= 107.2 mm for Copper
= 195 mm2 for Aluminum

Inductive Interference with Neighboring Communication Circuits 9-11

:
power ) (telephone line)
(line
. -
(distortion)
.

:Electromagnetic Effect 1-9-11

:

Em 2 f M I volt / km ..........................(11 19)

Where:
I=
M=
Em

:
. -1
(harmonics) -2
. (distortion)

:Electrostatic Effect 2-9-11

108
 h
1 q q q 2h d
V ps ( )dX ln
2 d
X 2h X 2 d
ln (2h d ) / d log (2h d ) / d
Vp Vp .....................(11 21)
ln (2h r ) / r log (2h r ) / r

Vs VSP VSQ VSR ( Phasor addition )

VT VTP VTQ VTR

( ) (Transposition) -:

. (Barrel )

( balancing )
.

109
 -:
(3-fault) (0 3) (ground fault) -1
.
(0.6 2) (healthy phases)
.
X0
. ( ) (Bus-Bar) -2
X1
:
X0 R
1. <3 & 0 <1 effectively
X1 X1
X0
2. >40 Isolated earthed
X1
X
3. 3< 0 <40 Resistance, Reactance or harmonic
X1
suppressor
X0
4. <1 Solidly earthed
X1

X0
: ( =1)
X1
1. 1- fault current = 3- fault current
2. Healthy phases voltage before fault = Voltage after the fault

X0
( >1)
X1
:
fault current < 3- fault current
Healthy phases voltage after fault > Healthy phases voltage before
fault.

110
 X0
: ( <1)
X1
1. 1- fault current > 3- fault current
Healthy phases voltage after fault < Healthy phases voltage before fault

1 3
..............................(11 18)
3 X0
2
X1

. -3

111
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