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Cost of ttonme skel is ks Bo,000 - &hmaxe
cost. ab plate
Volume > t&@ O-O1lx 1x &
: o-orwe
———oo
° Re Seeaate
Pe A
vw
4850 @,) om oS)
m3)
9 0-02D
w= 4850 x 2HO-02
° 'stkg
t ton = tooo kg
Vege
1000 Kg = 30,000
lkg = 308s
Cost = © 1S4*30
* AOR
—
8) A tooles east Sump Ff Inner dimesion?
Ke SCE, tore, STE, estimate hed many Lit aly
re
COLO EPI TT EEE E.
yee
ak
=
keLLL TEL TE TT DT TTA
Volomar- Jer Camily consists 4 people avcl
Consurnption per Read iso ut} doy - Hos mony aay
the sump com serve %
Volume
Po = Mo
Vetume
Volume =
tooo = YW
A = t2Iw
BSex EGt x oft i
Inch: 25-4 mM
1000 x CSxbx10) FEF 2 12% 25-4 mM
Ms o :
= 1000 x Z00e@*) > 12x O64
2 = 100o
a
See. - 0.2048
9540 | » 8950 96
M0. days Tey wy
SO, See :
600
Weight hous by ge weight -
Ab is The welght ob the matter occupied per
unit yolume-
wwoeiquh oN
Vol u we. Vv msjo Pe vg core) |
¥,
water = Poater x 9
2 000% 9-94
4ei0 N
“w3
+ Ce O8reN
m3
Relolive daisity or Sp qroviby Es]
kis the Rotio of macs donsity ofany matte
SC a
Vy
waky
See Poteet. #880
Paate x 1000,
> 78S
or! Seaaveurys Pimevary - 13600
Puroer ood
13-6
SOaix- Saip » t2 . 6.001 _Specific Volume Volume vs]
Volum of motley for unit mass «
%
; vey useful Ry gases
i Vs = Volume m3
i Mass” eg
i es
i vs
S woter — 9-001 m3
tooo Kg:
cir ! = 06-8433 m3
bo kg
) ' Qik of an oil wei ghing tn pet
te wass of oil in kg
2. vol of oil oil in ow
B- Mose density sk oi | iw kg lu /3|ec Sh
A. ap sp ucight of ail im A
5 Sp growity of ei ny
, 3 Bik mw
6. 8p vol of oil - wh,
ws HN
te Mw G2] |
OFI3 keg~
Volume,
vol {
Yoke 0 ol in m3
3. mp
tat re tw3= (000 Ot
9 Evy? PHYS REPRESENTATION
acca
Mass densi ly
fs mM
Ww
O13
10-3
* OZ % 163 Kg
m3 WIN
i o-413 x 1089
Mm 8fee. ae
m3
s O-43~ lob
104
eet se
mang = BAIS x 102% 103
Broh w@
SS
—4) weight density, @) ‘ -
eg: ws. Pg
Volume.
Wax dsl
tooon| m3
Se Specific Gvovity Cs)
a: Pil = 4 Glwd)
ON Paar 1000 (ka }wi3)
2 OFFl4
8) SP volume. Cvs’)
Ve = Veil ae 1
wei | Loi)
= 1 = b400x0 8m 3
any eZ.
a
14 9b
«gy
——s
Niseosity
AL 1S a property of Cluids | Liquids and gases ovly ]
which offers yesistance to the Flo of Fluids.forces and © adhesive forces |
Cohesive — attracben bleo same molecules
adhesive ~ attracting with other molecules
@ ie waler with al ete
wavcuny — cohesive Fovee §
Done
Th hevey wets Substance.
— Calibevahoun Lluid -
ve
m
a
«
Pe
a]
»
6
mh
r
too Tr ntn
100@ pt
saA,Oom X
[enesy Ay
unit weight ™
eS
~ fine br romp eg [1
grow ty
Nevortorls Lave of viscosity
ROTI Lye OF VISCOSITY |
>
LK (au
Ga) S vel grascinb’
i T= SL AM
he iL dayMs dynanaic viscosity ie
es vel Gyadient ox
Rate of sheay stain
d sugars °
SHeaR FORCE 1S \
i Measured BY
t Feustum TUBE
‘ -
7
° a
—> Shearshess on Clui
d faye & vel gradient [rate af
AsPormation ox Rote of shear sain |
_ Mit nt
mr Ns
ne m2
oe uc) aia
l Area
Oyrrawie viseasi ty "Shady undey Pres .
kinematic Viscosity é
We OM Ratio of dynamic viscosity fo
© Kone, =a .
\nvalved & ckn sityfe
0+
AE
Hn =
WP an = HM:
P
tooo .M?2}Sec
1000
3 x tod N see
w2
1S x fob _N set
mz
18x10"
QO
> 15x 1975 ME
sec
eee
(Sx 107 6
see
a
l
ray
omens |
a et *QO SHeoter > Ame
Ver << Vag
Nevotots Lavo of Viscosity
a Madt. into § models
T=n du
4
Fe wy du. A— suface Area
34
Model. i
; , (s)
Aw "eowpvessible Aud of SP gravity 0-8 ond
kinematic viscosity FAx oF? 46 subyected to
3
tensional. Fovee Boon unit Area. Ae Plaid ip
Moving blia a Fued plates Ah gap tm eitle
Weleiby om ° Eslimate the 7 coused ov the
win
Plate S
: a
Ty 4K du pao
a
wy. ~O8= Port
Me 44x 10°F xb00 a le
d Ae tw - We xP P= oSxtaod
. = \63 ~ R00e kg
BY Lams 10°3 W ws
Ve 80 os mfg
6dZe setae 0-296N | me
A Newtmien Biled bla a shag and.
“Sleeve Beaving +A Foree Goon is applied -
on shaft: “the shaft gains 1-Stm]s velocity .
Tf force iS Meveased to Q4 kn ten vw)
Spad will be
>) rs cms
b) 13-s cms
©) 0-5 cm/s
Ay4-sem] S
Cosel
F= soonl
Ve sem + ee Vs CM
Ss Ss
2c du
og
S Ee we
A oy
few
Fo v2
Foo, NS
aS St 2400 41S
s 2 S004 NS
uO
c antl aEON i .
ae
Aoclined plone Model
wsind = AA
d
e) A cubic Block of each side “Land mass m!
As puted vey an oil Alm across a table
grow in Bg > Asmat) mass YW’ is connected to
a stving which passes over a smooth pulley «
Ghat is the steady Velocity of tne Block CM)
against He Nestonian Fluid resisting force
i
z eee ma
w = nox C
as
ay v- mahFMA wv.
3
T= xL?xv
h
tensicr
we
> clembests:_prbnci pl&
2F- Ma
mg-t= oO
Mede| - iT
Power Resk in viscosiby
vweercee tN
we eee?
Subjected Yo lp
“aque ea
Ny TART
Te torque
60 Ne Speed 4 7pm
hl sal Sa al sl lal a lt lt i at a a aa ot te a
>PSubyected to 1200 ¥P
Pf viscosity 0-08 Pa sec: what
Btost due to viscosity in watts %
Rediol gap is
idaded Beaving has Shaft dia Somme ot wreak
ush fength 2omm & Bush Bore 50-0Smm
im with a Nevtoria? fuid
js the power
a) 34 wate
b
Sy Ve D233
P= QANT
60
b Ax Ax 200°
H= 0-03 N Sec-
wt
ian Saar Ve nan
60
Tt Ea w@vsd > _BxSax 129cacti
Tek - rad
wars. cad = Watts
Fouts :— —=
Fluids of Rest: Fluid statics
Fluids in motion: Fluid kinematics
Heve pressure foyes nat
Considered
Fluid dynamics *
study ah raids: in motion whew pressure
foes ave also cansideved -
Detisity : -
For Liquids ps om Ponrer = I000k9fom3
Ssanst v * Sarofem3
to3 xe?
Specific weight or weight density oe
Us. Weight ab Fluid
Volume ab Fluid,
= Mass abehidx 9 + 09
Yot ab Fluid
Specific_volume : ~ Cve)
Vsz Vel + _t
Mass OP
nie 08 ApplicaHle to Gases |
9
Specific: Grovity
8: Pig
Feed Liquid > ge’
(8 Saye
1000
: . - . waar 2
a Thea Se NaS Nl Sl lll al lal all ln al all at a Sl a tats
Nes .S= weight density of Liqid, °
weigh density of wakY °
Sor many cunt $= 13-6
Viscosity
dy + dist bla [ayes
Te du
ag
= ‘®)
. Rote of sheay
Strain ov vel Gradienk
uoik
— Me he N/m NS 2 sz unit
ou Pax me
ay Spare ——
MkS_ unit
Mg GE: see
ae
Cas unit H- dune. sec = Poise
om?
| Poise =
% ~ ICP: _L pase
100
KINEMATIC Viscosity
B= viscosity + KH. NS «m3
v uv m2 = ko
A a xh wi
oe $2 1G
° ae
s“Cas ubit- .stoKe “~ cw7}g
tstoke = 107%?
s
Ves 1 stake
100
; Fluips
NEWLONIAY, Now NEWTON ANY
OBEY Newtons LAL
DOESM'T OBEY NEWTONS
of
Viscos (ty Eau OF ViScostTy
VARIA ‘ON OF Viscosity yom. TCMPERATURE
Viscosity L wrt Min temp
He. Mo (and
Beak Bt?
Ao= viscosity of Mqvat O'c in prise
Me ou yn ok EC In psise
%, B= Constants
Hair 'ex1o-O N gee
me
Nuaev= Ns
000 M2 . tf
Eluid types, : :
eal Cui = » tuompressible ito viseasity aly fuagravy
Real 5 « Pasess viSeosi by p AU Plaids in Practice.
are veal
3. Newhanian v — obeys newton Law of veesity
4. Non Neatonian ~ doesnt doey Weukals Low of visastby
tc fn HS” Sk kk ii sli _ t t aet SHEAR
STRESS
© velgvadien t is)
dy
PROBLEMS,
uz 2Zy-yg?
say
3
AL Y= 0 +) yo orsm-
Hz B63 Poise = Bes Ns ~ O963NS
due 2 2
ay 37 t
MYO gee
ay 3
“Le 063% 2 = 0 5456N[m2
3
AL Yy=05
gus 2- 2voOt5
dy 3
O-36E
T= O863xO364- O-3164N| me
———
Ze. an
oie Wz4 Vz bocme> o-om[s
de nee eae ats " a)
ACY
£2 nae), on a
* (35 y (oe Sse
~ its 833x105 NS
He S280
(3) Ae psx poSmm 2 + 5x em?
dus oA mis
ays owsmm= pisxig Ss mw
a- Enev oY
BR Bae ee he el dd! a a at th ah a ah aercninn an 2 =
<< oweFluids made al,
Sphere - molecule
Conbve chresuit chomy
the velocity clistribution in a Laminaw flow at giver
Section is given by Using ssin(6y) where
wis in mls and y isin m
the fluid is 0-5 Pas
“the viscosity of
‘lun thy Shear stress at
Y= Sem win nf is
' x
@® Aa arslm> G) aa-aswlo® ©) ac-anln@) nour
Tt . aera
* | MH. OSNS
uss din (Say )
Ou ~sx tos C5RY) x SA
ge -oxus (OW)
5 cos (Say) KH
ey ee
ae pos? OS* wx C08 (52m 0:08) ©
= 0-0:
QE LEN [m2
——mA
ne veloaby profile for neotonian Plaid je
lominas Pod bla “a: el plates chown m
fig is given by WU ool [r 1000 y? |
whire uis in mls ond y isivm.
sheay shrecs.
‘distri bubion
fe NN
clas cot (e
ay cal 20,0004
the vistoci ty of Piuid 1s argumed bv
be wakey Whane Volue is iro? Rus
Thon Shear stress on the plates wit be -
to * Bal es)
ARx10°2
(© 13 x 0-01 [2eeee “|
Jel
0 0@N|m>
Noted
IM Lowiusy flow velocity istribubouw t's
parabolic.
Shay chess dishibullon ts Linear >| 2 |
ap.
Cay a >
8) A Prvid a demi P -ayranric viscasily A maeves
Steaaiity down the inclmed plone im a thin shel
OL congt thickness “Eo nlaylect er a
Sharrsters at We bothm of Liquid cutface due
tw How pavalel ty Ue Aneltued plaxe Sit be
pk LON
aay
Diz Potsing byt Vgtewo 9 T+ Paton
dt “la
Tx 3 Jesprepted
dy
to
Aveq — Surfate avea
tu Wsin8 s Mg sing
Br or Pom
om
CAKE SULT
A
« Ext) gino
fe fbet) gene ce rt) <9 sino
A
PE gsiNO, a io)= P3tsing-
SSS
@
Murti @luid Flow
SS
A “thio. plate is placed blo 2 Flat surfaces
which ave. “H’ metres apart such that
the viscosity of Liquids on te tep and
Botham of plates ave My and Ho ‘vespectively.
vohok Is He position of the tin Plate
Gah Mak We viscas vesistnce to have Me
Uniform mation Nelocity Vot the_ plate is
minim) -
De > fm. we [se
ay Sa ¢ Nc
dy- Ta 4) 4° i=
a Ae 4 Ay
Fe Fa Fe
~ MALY + Aofe
3 wy)
to minimise €
fm, de =0
ey
Hae F3,] + nana
ge ey)
dca at st! tl a ct a all ae! a! aol ae on
mt Som Mca Mina Bit St Bin Bat at Aa dd dnAk 20°C BO: uw: b6x 105
&
AiR — GAS
At 0" > HP = aoe
veco sity A
$0 D> héxioS 4
=e
«= @
— > Com mm pre ssibili and Bulk Nedulus ah
_ Slasticity
Jn Case of Hydraulic: systems tae
working Fluid is incompressible (Sent)
fluid [ water oils Meveury ete] subgecter| to
the external pressures. causing the change ing
Volumetric strain [decreased ‘or increased
donsity stain, due to the fluid behaviour”
Compyessibility as. chown in fig
vl
“ke Bulk Nodulas of elasticity of fiquidh
= APma
te
Av hevx ch + HebevVx_1_ = 0
ye (Hy)?
VARIATION OF ViscosiTy WITH RESPECT to tEMP ERATURE
2
t+ |
EISAED ie meeterray
PE GOS vistosily decveases with the increase
a Aero p : wee
for goses viscosity increases ity the crease?
of temp
. - OM aR to be 49 OME ¥ >
the wscocity of aX ot 20° Is given —_
x10 |g - Tks 9 at 40” Lill vary Approcivnately,
9) 2ax 16'S m2] sec
by) Pe « tos m2] sec
¢) hex Pr 1097S m2] see
dy oan a alAk 29°C.
Lab bx 10>
AIR — @AS*
AL F0'C = at a ‘amp
vecosity 4
S80 D> béxi0S: 4
————
* @
Compressibi lity and Bulk Modulus af
elastici ty e
tn Case of Hydvauli c systems 4ne
working Fluid is incompressible. (Furt)
Cluid [ water oils ,Neveury ete] subgected to
the extemal pressures causing the change iy
volumetric strain [ decreased or Enceased
dansity strain due to the fluid behaviour”
Compre ssibitity ag thows in Aig
t
Os dv= Vj-V2. ”.
ea »~ [vom] “
ke Gulie Nodulus of elasticity of diguid.
2 APweere Uv Et Vg-V)
AP: Po. Py
unit = N
me
————, ee
[bene |
“the increase im pressure ware to decrease unit
ay
Volume ab mavoury hid, bY O-1*l
@ 2e5ara (© res uPA © 22s ura Gs ”
_ Bulk modulus of wmereuny Ys 28S MPA
k = 2as_N
mm
: we
Ks AP. Vie
= eee A
vu Fina Bichorna.
Woes
{do
Ape SA -
238°S
0% a5: AP
C &&
Ap = aasx \orx ot
100
= 2G-Sx 108% wh
= 285x103 N/m>canen tne prwsuse’ Ge on a given mass ab
Liquid is ineveased from 30 bax to 35 box,
the density of the Liquid’ increases Frome
500 kglm3 EO 60] kg]m3 - shat is the
Volue of Bulle wadulus of tre giver. tated
Dequid “Fev the given range of prescure &
@® tos Mpa © 600 NPA © soo Mpa
®© asonpa-
P& 2 —> 35 Baw AP: Stay
Me Conse A= Lkg(m3
Ph = 500-> 50,
Ks (pei eg 5 bay
P21 50] -$ 00
e ‘sop
* Q50MPa
=—
Which one of the Fotlowing 13 Yeprerenled 23- Ps_
by Bulk Modulus ab a Piuid (symbels have Yoo.
Gsua| wasaning )
a) Ww Ray
Pde dp « Gnd
Dae dar
Ode dex to Haak of Mercury,
7 J
BOMPA
\c Madulus of Meveury
peulle Peeler are own Ix mcecony= BOMPA
cana
Qara . xxtotpa ~ 200
go NPA oxyo® Pa
66: ot
ku = Go-40.) km
Soerace ENERGY OF FLUIDS OR Soeence ae
Exeray oF Eee
AY the. Fluids In Notuve made Bom biny
nadecules dnd the Surface of the Fluids exibiks
a tensile Fevce ans in energy: form. baw
Liuid to hold okhey matter tasily, AWis is due to
yr Portes ah wwlecules Yeoherive fovces and adhesin
Rute S {
Cohesive Fivces ave Hose Povees caused bly GoW
ich Makes We
tnolecules attraction »
Ox" rere Liquid
Adhesive forces ave thece feces tessa ahich ave
atkvackion bla adit matter molecules
{, watey and athe simi lav Liquids]Surfoce Tensiod of ‘Liquids > that oF nages i i
\
‘dt is vepresented at o- : |
L. _
oe Force Cr)
dik Length surface ab Liqui
unit aes
NU Hygromete~
™ is the device
Used fo measure
r= Energy posses -Toules
Surface tension
vi surface Area OME) gy cig Criawity
Nv sph ON
we ™
—==
Units of surfate Tension
ska kg
sx mM sec?
a
™
mye p72
——-
—
Wapy me: 0°643_.N_
mM
Tuer oun 2
44 [ © Himes Higher]
Tenor > Sater 4: bed
i
|
!Dvoplet fermation
2. Bubble fermotion,
3 aet ‘travelling
4. Capitlavity phenomena
Sol 1- D> dia ah Laqwid daoplet Cubes)
Tz Surface tension ob haquid (alw)
P= DIFF in pressure ab Liquid ercated Cult,
; = 1
ss
< D
—>
Droplet =e
Biquid * ~~
a
Pressure erested by = Fluid dua to surface Tension
@_ovplet ab Mauvid
ae: ae (vimoe suvface tensor ab iquid formed. inn doa,
ce omaer . P
unit Leng ha xD
2 sunfaces
CS) :
ape béx<0>
ee bem
ose
Bubble
7
ok p= avxzfeok
|
|
(vwiae w orsiaa } ®=-@® .
* , £180ID BUBELE
isu punere
Fe / NAD?
AR Rak
~BUBELE
xo
te a Afeusie = 2x AP
eet = en
Ruble
= {lav
ages L>7D
D
Prescure difference CAP) = _F_
Surfae tension = oe
anit ieng
Fe AP.Ag = o- UNITLENATH
APx [pee J eae [prsoe]
APx Corl) = © Canta)
MES le)
(eee)
4P Coal) = 7G)8) Ae surface tension af water with aly inteface
YS oaZnjm- the Gouge’ prevsine indide a
Tain deoplet of diameter Imm uill be
@ viacvim? O wslm* GO usalnr
@ 292 vjme
7: 0073
O=.tmm
“Ps 46
D
~ 4x 0-043
to-3
z92NJmz
=e
®) af Ps the Gouge pressure within a
Sp hevica| Aroplet theo the Gouge pressure
within a Bubble of same Fluid ancl of
Soma size Vill
®
®
©
®
be
%
%
e
2pwhok is the St of Ssop kilm b
De So mm = Soxto > Me
Pe a@sn|ro>
7 2 :
asn|m = 2
Bubble
Pe 2x 4¢
oO
a: PxD + 25% Goxio?
c a
= 0-156N/m>
——
A water get tssued from a nozzle of diamele™
mm and Length asmm “the surface tension ab
water with airy interfares O-OFSNL - chet is the
™
Pressure inside the get abave Me omaspveve nw
Nima?
vrs 0-045 Nw . oe
De agmms 26xlo> Me - by’
‘
De Quws axtod Mm
oe
APs Ze - 2x 0-095
DBubble Break of F aay
2 Large size’ Bubble. cenveok inte no of
Bubbles
RING
—~ Bole Break off y
Sees wy - eS
an
hevip
gvBeLe
Do-O(:P
86 thin film
WoVk Reqd to Break o Liquid Bubble
, ov: > Chevy Possesed
. unit length anit Meo.
“oe _Enovay
BYRD
oe > x Avea
: Tymh es oT
7 ~—S. =—
\ me
Be ang? ARRA
Ee o [p+ =|
A eet | Toy les
[= = bre]
a> leo Lear]> ARR ery : >
Law of cenSeevatran OF Nass
mass adore collapse = Mase Rfley vollepse
P92 PY,
’
ewe
ve nv swat! bu *
Anes: n Laat
3 3
wak yeqd to Break “t Bubbles
= Ayea ah smal\
Bubbles
oe _Seegy ah = an A )
DS Big Bubb
@® chang ino byte. ¥
. no: dh Bubbles = Ae© whats tno enovg y Reid tO Break te
Seap Yiquid Bubble of dia, toomm -
SA of feap solo Ls ooh 's
» © d0154 oule Caw)
® 6-00314 aoule = We
™:
D 0 -oogze sule
3) Nene
os _Brereg .
Aveo
Enevgy © x [anes ane? |.
> BARK oT
2
ors flooe] DOS
2
3.14 x 1073 Joules
——
whak.is the force necessary ta fk Ow
Plabnum wire frown wakr cufae .
Show in fig - Neglect Seif wieigak ob
Ring and Bowyony Rrce
Ts 0-043 A
) 0-006esN
5) O-0137N
) 0-0274 1
) o-otrselunit beng th
0-0%3 = ( ec
eieccie a er
i}
oota = £ =
ot 2 Kx O04 Q- inside and
outside safc .
F
QR O04 x 0043
0: 0145 CN )
® Plane sneet (ure NETAL basuer |
-aD
Unik Loghhye 2 AP
a Surfoe Qa
a
Pp
A sphereal Laquid Bubble of Radius “P iS BLOOM
cnt 64 email bubbles of agual size and volume ~
whot ls the work veqd t convert large 62 mito
Qaalt abs iM Hermes of 9-1. 2
A) 12-4R7 o-
5 Kee
Weil = o [nae | b) GAR -
©) 40e2o-
o Vn ant? - ARR dy None. -
a @
de Rk on| can ane? anc gt
: 8 te &
(2 PRR
—
peas reeeth
CAPILARI TY” PHENONENA Sh welt frre
re aaa eee Bereoth
CAPILARIY is tie Phenomena of drauid,
due to which te Uquid arises shor
“tel in small naxroo conduit [wbe, chancel)
S&peck ecu ohere the Capitlority
effet is the depression or Bit ak meru
celourn . “this Phenoment is absewed
ely
in Monvovo tubes
Expreesion fev Gopitlary Rise of Liquid othe”
—_..
thaw Woven
eh r
ore fore +
ont erat = VDFcogo = mg : NE
rxardcso= & veg
= eeagh
Ox T8719
4
ox Kuso: &xKdbg
q
hz 405 cos@ - arose
weed |
\
it wigh dia tube cused
If High dia anit a ws
Rise will be vey swat] —
fps oe teens eee neers
ig AP te WL
Cop inlay, Fal.
agian action of Merourd > angle of contact?
ae
2 fo 790
cop er [D A copitiani ty Rise in 3en ny dia of The imvered *
(Na kquid is 1sem IE another tube of-
Ua ame is immersed on Same Requil than
Capi\la Y Rise weatd be
in mm
dh= 3mm
he tS xta.mm
h- 4ecos@ c how
vgd a
hy ay = Mode
® det : Ws de
w2 ol}
uD ee -
ha, a
\ -
2 AL e
hr 3 4
Mo 6x3 2 48. \hagmm > /
oki oe
4 4
>
VaPouR PRESSURE
3k is a Pr oposty of Fluid due te which
tha fluicl surface ererts additional
Pressure imknshes ( Partial Pressures) dut
to abich bubbles in Lquid ave Brmed -
the Bubbles rises fron the Dquid and .
cattlapse on the metal susfaces due to
nivel the motal Sueface. eradod-. thicshozp Beds of the Pipes
Every Biquid and gas has its ow Vopcus +
e&: Wate = askpa \asm of pater totam |
oe oecsocd
to en fu? = C
— (wo
owe of wey {=F Sal ae
* +6) of kh
a F $ Heat eneqy
gy: $3"
aK PH
ys temp vemons coustanl:
cv
ad omelet
Ar lus pressure, Hau
cent owist 80 thay Jury TO
higvey stele ,i@ vepery”
Petay
og &
xs
SS ty Huid mechanics Hee Vepray pressure is emceme a
& s
PS
We Wik Wa Mauid ;
os bat Ana quids where the Yeq (ow pve Sure 1S
Below akwar pressure a7 veaches tne fluid sel
pre
Lrenriol preseure ahrch Loads to Bubble format one
thermodynamic, properties
Gasea— Compressile Fluids
Py: met
Pap. eq —>V¥s = specific volume
(ete a hve
m
T- absolure temp in OR
RK: Gas canst .
PP: densi A “ony and
Po. RT. Pressure chang 2S
7 0" varies
80 ®
,
Se 2 RT
eae
nN St Re aarslege | .
oe
v1 m2* kg xK
ne
Processes 5
— > sgother me) | : oat re
P= const mts cmfegte
? shes,
k
a _Aoliobotic a
= folobatic
P_- consk
ee
Ke cp 14 For aie
cvpen y
4 = mel M: Moleculax Mags 7 -
> 8314 aT eq -mole in stunt
N= mass of Gas molecules
Mass of 9 Hydrogen etam
Compress} bility
Be — a <|
eS tncrvease in Presuve ~ _dP |
. Volumeluic Strain “ae oy AP
——_ L
Relationship bl kK and Pressure a 6a8
pe ene ee ere
PB _Asatermal: proces S_
Po const
P
PUs = Const:
DIFF Pdvs + vsdP = 0
Pdis: -vs dp
Pe -vsdP 2 dp
Vs = dus
Gat vs
AdiaBati ¢
_P_ censt PAP TdP > 0
al
* ovede
Jor
P,€ = const:‘S
dP
Bsk
Feontems_
(TEXTS. As 15108 rom Fs AM
————. Sx1O° rom x ¥
Vz o-4nls
J? o1smm _ FE Le tg 4 |
Fe 2 re Sx?
Power P= 2 SHEA.
= 4oon| *
He pose = NS \FoRce $ sod
1 me
Qi) Power required to maintain tis speed
> Pevelocily = 160
1 Aod~ O4
es
s s 7
i
oo Ae tPowes INS
10 Me
dz toom= oxo -
7 Oym
day = PS ram = HSxton3m +
N= [s0¢pro
Ve KOM = Ax Oixisd > OFS MSga
bitxmm Ns
wr
BR ge basxie Pr
aL x 0-186
0-125
ol Y= 1apose > 1A is
owe
t:3
V> asmls
Zz Koda = 280 4/m™
See
12 hyens boxto* Sbooem™
ail +
ys & wsmm
dus aswis- Med
Fe WIN.
Ax daa.
“y ‘0 5 <103
Sa3sniroe
He
Az 08x08
@: 30°"
lo = 300N
ve 0-3™[S
Gt bsxtod me
Te Hx du
: tu _mqsind
O-b4
Ma ix _dy
ou = 200SinZO + 150
———_—-
0-64 0-64
a
He —
+ Eemse 1-4 Poise
I Poise~ dds
(a
4 as + LON s[as
2 We dw
ay.
He Exdy
WA dw
AE AI x 125%2
g500xiod = 2S
meat BIN See!‘S10 fig > 2S
Pus \o00
oil = $000% 045
> 950 kyle
os
Cid) 981 ko fm
Ws B
Ts 0.2482
Bu. 02
dy ~
we NM.
oy m9 2 12.sstole
12: SC
"
1: Gu
oy
i, $2 % Ae
A> 0-08 Poise
2 0-008 AA Ns
ma
WW. O-03sstoke
+0034 % LO MI
s
——————
Sruid 3 4
teh oh,
S= Pewi
Pusaey
eee
2 49 = 6 stokes: © 6 vio te
‘s SG
A / vy10
gin ™~
Te 2. s
1 bie pits BRS
N
Tx dy = 1
au 3- 2y ww x xs
oy 4 2.
ans)
tT: Hx du m2.
og .
TL: 86x 3- 2Y
Lo 4
Ts 086% 3 ~Qx ONS
. 4
0-3895_N
ro
——
ue wpsise
epoeas
10 m2
d= oam
Ne orp my
Px >
Be domes ade 10M
He
a
a
FE
2
°
x
z
ZANT
60
Te FRM
7 ex dt
2
Nz apn
6O
"RX O4%1490
6d
3-18 m5> Kou
8 om
- As al
Ps 2xm™ NX Mx xd lx RON xd
“66 eo fa
ee
faa] 4: oons >
mt
As oan Pe DANI
Ne 120 7M) 60 3
Ps Te Feo
Le qo <103m 2
E= DSxe3 Wm We RON *
F. He ax aaa
Bea
2
FE
eS
v
¢ 3-99 eat tari:
3-96 mys
* OoK EX Gay est x wait
Pen?
Aveas ARAL
IS, = Vetaoem ~ 10x10 $
a sec
5 NOTE .
——=
EBUTIN OF VELOCITY PROFILE
CPaeaBoure) is Given) By ~~
ayes by +c
a,b,c ave constants 20
; “thas values olelermined
Bouncay canditi éns
te atsy=oy us 0
4 EL es|Af ploteisvey 8 |
thin top thictaess | OD
con be neglected - aes
= 7
@reniet pletes
linea ~
ovceS
x b.
wovdthvast |< |<—> Force vequired ts pull the
eight ack, a ve + plate. upword 5
onwards
Here the upthaust is alsdo & be considered Since
weight of plate is acting in opposite direc tion
upasard Ahrust= weight of Fluid displaced —_
+ weight density of fluid « velume of :
Plate. :
" : aed eat
ee
this upaard thousk iS cue the’ weight
athe net forte aching in dounserd direction cee Fo
weighe and upward Anrasl
= weight— upesard thrust *
_ oe eee
“lolal Fever Read to Wik plate shear Farce Net fivce
' Getafe) + wd apr tors
dus bo vis cos
4
Toot eice > Firm) + [reg uproond thrust |yy AAT
we be
a :
. classification of Fluid Based on - Fluid Power Lac
o Rheological EV oF Fluid
Tora “FLID
Velocity gradient ev
Rate ah dipormation
du “1
cy Se
FT Typs (s yA
°
CT
Bt “ey
dy
Trane |
Classifica tion! ~ Binghorhs Fluids
whar n= flow behav tout underc
“bi grobpic Plaids
deal Piuid deal solid Real Fluids Cscant, ostic)
Adeal plo sic plerth
Newkani or) Alon Newtonian
fluids Plaids
sow pe] Ga pettheovitical fluid: Never evists in Nature
T Bt a(geyl
‘y
B20
Az =O
3 to0
2) Adeal_solid' «
ta & [by]
vey Lage
woe Pokies needs «ol
be applied Br |
deforming is
D Newkrion tluids T ) sent solid
> Fluids which Falows us
Wewtons lau of viscosily ay
Ts erarey ie te ow
a4
B= By +0 oA
ob A= M
MM: | ?
SL
YL
ZY
stepe~ 2 da = canst
‘Air :shar Neestonien Fluids - . eel
Fluids cubich does wot dbeys Newtes Louw
_DILATENT FLUID ,
“>I
Bz Typ 70
Az Me Az 4
nl
Ge" sugar water soln
Sait watery soln . .
Polymer solution [Rubber shit S|
@Beutrer: .
Rice starch: Two “diff Fluids mired to
Forma mee fuid
_Kecvoo feos:
B20
an As
ex Blood
Mile
Suspension FluidsTara a)
[&
B= Typ = yeild shear Stress.
AzAL A
net
Mz 1
Bing-Wom Fluid,
—> Toot pasle.
Gacases
Gams in whe
Sewage sludge.
Dritiog mud
JTbizio tropic Fuids?—
Ts Baa/day™
dy
B: Typ
As M
NaI Bs Thirco Topic
Plaids
—|[Fluids whichare in “Lyp
evepevative Natuye.
Lipstics solution $
WE
Prin. Scenk
Cry te mebown akethe Rheclogical Hagzam , the Relation blo Shar
swess and shear strain Rote. for diff Types of
Fluids shoven » beloed
t
C ne)
Necotonion FUid
Bzo .
Aa
ne | a
Te maal ~“rseudd pase pare @
8-0
ALM
Met Cx: Blood milk, Gok,
For P ;
a [3 Fud S|
8 Loy Bing ham Fluids Frc oy
Tooth pas te - be cpptied
Boe Sewage stud ge
nN Dritling mud
; T: Be AQKy™
. ; dy
the Hast suitsble Relation {ey the flow of tooth paste
being Aqueezed out of the Tube is given by he curve
Aus
je“ Bing Hom Fluids
ee cawe Py
8) Mateh List 1 colt LishT anal select Covvect tude giver
Below -
List 1 Chuid Prseregn)
Lick B Cétad
a 4 Hat ( )
ears +) wel
“4
© Birghare Fluds
/*
@
Dilekeot Fluids
texte, MAN
oy
Necotonian Fluids
Preudo -FluidsList T Fa j
—tish DS .
7 a . “s\ ‘
oe : Ve = hess
) aie (ariahion of shear shes
©) shear sress varies
$) Newtonion Fluid, Lineaty colt “vate ob
E Stain
©) Now- wentontau 2) Shear shess doesst
“ Vory Linear wi
») Bing Ham Fluid mais i estaeas
3) Fuid behaves tive
Said until a rein yeitd
Shreas beyond thie ik
Ans Cribits Aner reahonshp
Bey bus onsovstreae and
e vale af sbain
c-2
0-3
®) sheav ewess is zero
x
“te
«2 8) Tn on expk conducted to deforming Ha Rhelogi
behaviowr of a walevial, itis obsewed tak Ho
Relation blw “Shear stress T and vate ah
Shea strain dus given as
Ts To4 C a] 0S
day
The materiel is -
) Newtonian. Flui dL
b) Biaghow plastic Fluid
5) hn ideal plese Fluid
») thine tropic Plaid
Aw op Omer a nea Cseet)
i
meee ed
tist t
ListD
a) & &p Grovity ‘) meuta4
8 welt of viscosity
CC einemaic viscosity. » ies
2 Ses
* 4) met tr
= Nw
ne eam ReSRPULARRITY_ EFFECT
hawel = Ain +h cap inavily
uy meveuony is manometry fluid
Recah
hack = hn + heapinority
If other than moe is manomeler fluid
Nack= hm- & copia
ON drop fering on solid Suface ard Aqui surfaceLiquid bos
coer
DIVWTITT
SoLiD.
Pair BuBee, = kos
D
Pdvopte = AT
ples AT
Pre guaee Jeeps aE |
Pauppie = $c
.
e
118. BUaLE
Psok= Qe
D
nly one
sep face
Be Tay
Ssom 9
4 \
‘\ giowas cUni IL
ass,
ELVID SIATIOS
»5 Bouyoury force
2) Hydrostatic fewe-
2 Prossure meascvement
Fluid statics deals with fluid Behaviour and
its effects hen: it is at Rest -
A fluid 12 Said bo be Rest if 0
shear shesses acting on fluid particle.
Je no viscosk
coed 2 forces eet
i
» Wav hoce Force, Las wot of Clutd matter |
8 Normal Force On the Surface due bo
Pressure “intensity: of the Fluid
Pe Lh)
Pressure > scalar vty
Cammossive StressBouyoney principle
Bouy ancy Is a phenomena tohich 15 observed when a
Slt body interact With any Liquid + “theve ave 3
Possibilities
) the bedy can float C partially submerged )
a) the Bedy can sink ov (Submerged fatty )
3) Bedy “op surface coincide vith Liquid surface
¢
6
ae ee Gia eantre of Grovily
e
Cx Centre of Benyaury,
loom
B
“4
1
not
gC
— + | Beers
— Fran,
at
“~o
Woe Meadys 3
Prody V9 = Peay: BH 9 ( mesaten )
fer Maga 9 = Poraid vy 4
displaced displaed
Suid Ah g (newton )Linded> Equ nibrian as
Te = W
CHA = Pray HHH
Fluid
Vewid =A = Prods Ox
Puater Puaky
SewidsH © Stony’ H
Si-hi + S2hy= Ssouo- 4
Smattear = Punarer
PaterH 4
Tensioo
exe wrth
' = \
Shing - i:
TFPI FP PF —
Bee pedy aiegrens
w
Fe
Fe)
Leb T= “tension tn
Zfy:0
Tamg= fart faa
TES
=—
a. . a
T+ Soa = Souiaa Y at Pouide 3 VoModel 4°=
pala es
Spring Balance
Loo eg.
= \ooon,
we ted velume of
Fluid |
wetted vetume ob.
Fluid 2Nee:
SPring Balance reading CS)
F Tension in Shing connected ta Balance C1)
Model ~4
posse Free Bod dia grand
\
vw
SO Fey 41) =O
Fey
Seuid Vg 4 5\= bady 9
30= Mbady x 10]
8o0ex V x10 + ady a.
: Spe 08> Fem
loo
Ot =o —@
30+ FR] Prtucd + 900.ksFind @) © Vdumme of Body tn mo in 2h
@ weight of Body.
@). feo sp fanhy of Body.
@® Beuyanty frees offered by Puids
Case 2
15+ foo =o — @
: ‘
Bot fap> WwW
154 Faas W
'5 + fa;-fe2- 0
5
Fe\- feo 215
Fruides Ae Vowideg~ Vrudrre Vewid * 9°
BOO X Ve wid X 1O.— 1200 Vpyidan ior tS
Vowwid [ 3000 — raneo'| £15 :
Vaud? nig = BS OFM
= aaCee ra (_t7 |
Far: vey ¥, x3
= Goo x ASKIN 1O
Bon
—s
ne Jar= Veg ( V2~9
+ 1200. 8-45% 10% x10
©. 45N
ee
[Lew density Fuid - bee rs |
Fea. 45 * 3.
Fay 2 =
20+ fair W
Bo +302 W
woz 6ON
&® Spot . Vv: 7
Volume
ae ie
7
3.450 3
oe ce .
@® Specific gravitj s Wbsdy ts 1000 * FSF
ay = 1000 x 10Pe eo Sc ed eld
®
' i" 5
Bodies ‘
sun spheres one’ is Solid sphere an auether
Bodg Is hattows cube eich ave in eauall
Surface fren; tahat 1s the Ratio of the-
Bouyaney fice by he fli don. tke Sphere ray
that on Fhe cube 2
fe sphere > ‘e
be
Fe cube
Solid_sphere
—= fe: Prud 4 x x4
fa “< 8n
. FO Spree, = AES > Wephure
Fe tube W cub] *
Given
N surface. = Bee C
frea,
Ane? = 60m
Re Goh a
An
a: Vea
asfe sphere =. Whuid sphey = Weppeve” 4
Fe cube. Wewwid ube ME ube &
= Gpeax Wepre
Ppak~ Yeas
= Anges
3
Gra
Ake}
ae
AK RY, Jae
6 6
Fo sphev
—— a \bs
: Foube , a
——
4) unknown Sp gravity of Body“of uniform cls is attowed
to Submeyge im two fluid system shown in fig -
Ao]. of Body volume “Submerged in mercury Plakd and
vemaining bof. volume of Body im water Ther)
Specific grovity of Body is 3
s fae
Sw: FO bo /oH20
oo
Stuy? ee ' / WA Ao/-v jHg
Sto-Wy + Sug-ho> Ssond x H >“Su Ye Sug Wa > Sogia ¥
FE
\ x O8V
xXo-by + \3-68f = Ssoido™
Ssoud = 6-04
a
>) _ A log Body 5 1000 cre” +
Le
t—? fp: Ar
fert Feo = W4+T
Bigk Axhig Oy Poiyx AX hag= WATE. HaSET LOTT
FREE surface of Liquids
L
No SHEAR STRESS
Gayx looox 1000 x ton74 X O1VSAR 6 OSX 1000 * tooo ton
goox- qe AS
X OF100x98)
205 =. pee tox 4a + T
t= 103.0 N
———
® Ee waey = Pax hex ho 9
rep —psestre Fe ol] Poi hort x hei 3
Yous « 0 x DNAS VL
_ toxeeee
anid? x OV x 0100% 45]
+ tS 156
=
@ Gouge pressure
Pe Porta PesanEt 40
1000 x 9S] .x0-1a5 + 800x 9-8) x 0-F :
20} Nim? *
> QO KPA
——
(> A cubical steel Body [s=485] of each side
toc I$ inomersed in Liquid mercury «
waley is added to op of Solid Body aly
Submerged: Delevmine the follawing
® repth of mevaioy, cohen water is
hot included -
® Depth of way
Ans:
7 Caset
fet Ssieat? 985_,
as
Bamkks + Psteeie “79504913
31g x ne Scaid x H
\B-bx he $8Sx RIOAfter adding water
{rg — 5.448 cw
Sux bo + Sug x Hag > Ssaiax H
Go-hw)
VX ho + (96x Bepee eee
He hg bo
hwo eee .
hg- H-hu
hws 13b- 136hwo - 385 ae
IBGE —labhw ~ F8-S
| hu = 6 4-56 Cm
. e °° —
ea, o
er Ne,
oS.
ae?
2m! S
Madel No: 5 >
Fin ding Specific gravity of ‘solids and Aiquids
eee eee
Sme= toon
etl|
Sgoup = \-2OmR .f* Soi
aoe
100 x 08
(oo- 80
eee LO O-x10.8,
20
* S08
84
me
fet 9
So [Se his tess] [Se his tess] less.
iecube heving “same” Surfonce Aver
+ STABILITY “OF FLOATING Boores
tohen @ Bady is aliewed t0 Float fn Liquid Freely,
then two farces ave invelved
—> seif at of Body
> Baoyongy Ponce Ffeved by te Plaid
cohen Small disturbance 1S applied to the bed
Cousing angular displacerren E about a particular
pink “1S called “as ee nowne) > =
oni (&
wo
~ Cs
he dapth of imme rsi o4 8
Action Bt
ob EUS
B= centre of Buoy ores oY Force.
cenhe of qvovily oh velume of tui
dieplaced )
—F Metacentre point M is Clbeined by cea!
the slevvel axis of the Body Shy the action
Line of Bu ogancy LoveeCondi tiaos, of Eq bro
) stable Eqbrn
Q Unstable eqwilibiuwe
3 Neebel uilintun
Stable Equiltbriunt
Aer the Floating Body dishnbed ancl gaining
tks initial position aitheut overtaning is
Bid to be in stable aquillbuitem: hss hoppens
due to the Restorting Guple of the Boupong
force against the disturbed ‘casple,, fred.
© by soft “We i
= located |,
a tis possible If Myis above Gite
, GY = metocentsic. Height ; 7
GN 7O - 4
i ex the Metacenbie Height , Move tne
: Stability of Footing Body
unstoble Equilibrium
when a Floating Body is ‘dishnbed amd the
dy Ct vehwwn its avtgina| position How,
Bedy is. gd te be - th, Unstable Fabra the
Resuite iS Qvertumniag: “this Happens if
M is located Below &’If m ant & Goincides then Netacenhic heigh &
@M =O. | then” Body is Said to be in Nuebol egbm
I means thon Body coil nok turn , instead it
moves fo translational motion Ce= 0°)
Methods to find metacenbrie Height cam)
@ — Analytical Method
@® __— Experimental method
Analytical Method
BM: 2 —& Mot of sesect plone Area ak
wW «Top view Cran) of Fle ating
/ Body at Biquid Level
—S=
‘
rootled vnleme. = Acta v hCeleutation of F
OA winder Floating vertically.
reo
— ie
h J
1
4
x q>-
- , .
yy ot = mdt
Aquid 64
level
Qoob alinder fleotinig Honzontotly -rel |
y
Frequencies Of ' Freating Bodies in Relling
do + we = O
aN
cig
Hevtz
Rev] sec
Crp sywKe a
A
Ke Radius ab Gyration, |
sa oY finder mode: of upknaan material ob
diame? Am and height alsa 40M. allowed
te Moat in o fluid of wlatve donsity
h4* tk is abservecl that the dept ab
immersion 1S @4-> Delerming Hur ‘
&
&
ee ee een ee
Following. - ;
b gpecify e gravity of qindey maiersal
J Volume of Fuld ehicp lace d (v)
3 ekocene Beigh b »
4: checle fav stability: Tstate ov unstable | 1ah wen cyfindey in kyu ak dia to acheive. stability in
Ssaiiel
Spwid > 14
Pruids Vx 000
ms
~ 1400 tea Jon3
—
© Spwid: hs Said x H-
hax @4> Seaidx 4
Now weko
Scoiqs, axed - oa
@® WV = Adsxh :
Wo xx hx a4
a
mx(a) x94
%
30:16 m3
—==Bouyonty force Of fered by Pluie Ce va)
7 '
fe = wm Ox ¥
(ace x 9 ef) ¥ 30-16
@ Netocontic Height Can.)
Gu: BM- Bq
ied
AUT [FS]
GH =O - 334m
—___—_—__
Below
@M <0 [ meons M is below a |
Body: is undey unstable 2 uilibtiu we
x
asReplece H + — Ssarid * Hos
pene)
Saiquid@ An ice Block is floating fre. Seausa ley Shor
Ih figure.
Specific Gronjly of jee = 0-925
SP gnovity of sea wokey = 035. the exposed
haght is lo cm - oes ie, Ms
ice block &
bt ab
a aed He Sgeauaka% KR
O9aSX Hs | 025% ww (H- i)
He 1025cm
———
A Rectangular Block S\ lag and. dm
width is fleating mm watey - the wore
Line iS OAM above he Botton and
Cente al, Grovi ly is OSM From Roth, ther
me body cas metarcenriic Helght will we
2) 983m by o&m J o4em &) 0-33GM= 0-aSmM e
wae ae
») A Rectangular Black 5m long am
Width and Lary depth. [s=a/5] rep
baxizontal in a Liguick i: (0.95. Sioke-
whe, Condition of egbrn -
Sato Seetid x He Spud x bo
. Con aE Oa
We 06x ha
boas
hy = 3x33 4 oe
{a yGN = 0-#SM 79
Stable equilibyium
————
Experimental method tr find metacenhic tig libs
Te .
ay prackice dite stabiiy of tavge sized ships
and vessels it iS easy to check the seo bi lity,
aleng with the eccicltcend analysis for
which the given obgect 1S sealed dowtt
and applied in ideal