Damage of Reinforced Concrete Walls

from Shock and Impact

Coupled Multi-Solver Approach

X. Quan
Development Engineer
Century Dynamics, ANSYS, Inc.

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 Overview

• Introduction
• Methods of Space Discretization (MSD)
• Coupled Multi-Solver Approach
– Interaction/coupling among MSD
• Numerical Simulations
– Truck bomb explodes near a physical barrier
– Boeing 747 jet impacts physical barriers
• Conclusions

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 Physical Barriers

• Built around nuclear power plants

• May consist of multiple barriers
• Usually made of steel-reinforced concretes
• Must provide adequate structural strength
to prevent failure under terrorist attacks
– complete demolition
– projectile/fragment penetration
– spalling of barrier materials

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 Numerical Simulations

• Can supply detailed and accurate

stress/strain fields than simplified
analytical approaches
• Use nonlinear dynamic analysis computer
program ANSYS AUTODYN
• Investigate damage initiation and
development in a steel reinforced concrete
wall under shock and impact loadings

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 Space Discretization

• Lagrange
– numerical grid moves with material
• Euler
– material moves through fixed numerical grids
• ALE (Arbitrary Lagrange Euler)
– rezoning the interior continuously
• Meshfree: Smooth Particles Hydrodynamics
– each particle is an interacting mass and
interpolation point
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 Space Discretization

• Use Single Space Discretization Method

– Advantage
• easy setup of computational models
– Disadvantages
• not appropriate to all the regimes of the problem
• response of structures to an explosion: detonation
and blast are best modeled by Euler while structural
response is best modeled by Lagrange
• Need Coupled Space Discretization
Methods-Coupled Multi-Solver Approach
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 Coupled Multi-Solver

• Lagrange/Lagrange
– interactions between Lagrangian grids
– contact/slide surfaces
– best to simulate impact problems
• Euler/Lagrange
– coupling between Eulerian/Lagrangian grids
– best to simulate structural response to
explosive loadings

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 Concrete Wall

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 Concrete Wall

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 Material Modeling

• Concrete: RHT Strength and Failure

– pressure hardening
– strain hardening
– strain rate hardening
– damage (strain softening)
• Reinforced Steel Bars
– von Mises strength
– ultimate strain failure
– reinforced ratio: 0.8%
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 Numerical Modeling

• Concrete is represented by
– 36,000 Lagrange solid elements
• Steel rebars are represented by
– 6,000 beam elements
• Explosive detonation and expansion of
gas products are modeled by Euler solvers
– from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 Euler-Ideal gas
elements in 3D simulations
• Euler/Lagrange coupling is applied
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 Location of Bomb

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 1D to 3D Remap

• 1D Euler simulation on explosive

detonation and its spherical expansion
• Before it reaches the wall, 1D blast field is
remapped onto a 3D Euler-Ideal gas grid
• Advantages of remapping
– unique feature of ANSYS AUTODYN
– save a lot of computing time in 3D calculation
– accurate modeling early stages of the blast

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 1D to 3D Remap

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 Damage: Contact

Front View

Back View

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 Damage: Contact

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 Damage: 5m

Front View

Back View

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 Damage: 10m/20m

10m, front 20m, front

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 Total Energy

5 m Detonation
Total Energy (µJ)

10 m Detonation

20 m Detonation

Time (ms)

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 Summary

• 60m wide, 30m high, and 1m thick steel-

reinforced concrete wall is considered
• Truck bomb contains 5000Kg TNT
• The wall stands when the bomb explodes at
– 10m
– 20m
• The wall fails when the bomb explodes at
– 0m, contact detonation
– 5m
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 Jet Impact

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 Material Modeling

• Airplane is made of aluminum with

– linear equation of state
– piecewise linear strain hardening strength
– ultimate strain failure
– erosion
• Thickness is adjusted so the overall
weight of the entire airplane and weight
distribution among fuselage, engines,
and fuel are correctly represented.
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 Numerical Modeling

• Concrete is represented by
– 56,000 solid elements for 1m thick wall
– 186,000 solid elements for 3m thick wall
• Steel rebars are represented by
– 16,000 beam elements
• Airplane is represented by
– 15,000 shell elements
• Lagrange/Lagrange interaction is applied

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 1m Thick Wall

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 3m Thick Wall

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 Damage: 1m Thick

Front View

Back View
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 Damage: 3m Thick

Front View

Back View
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 Summary

• 1m & 3m thick, 150m wide, 60m high steel-

reinforced concrete walls are considered
• Walls are impacted by a Boeing 747
passenger jet
• Impact velocity: 83.3m/s (300km/s)
• 1m thick wall fails under the impact
• 3m thick wall withstands the impact

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 Conclusions

• The shock and impact simulations

demonstrate the successful use of the
coupled multi-solver approach.
• ANSYS AUTODYN has the capability to
simulate various terrorist threats against
physical barriers of nuclear power plants.
• ANSYS AUTODYN can be the most cost
effective numerical tool for physical barrier
designers
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 References

• X. Quan, et al, Applications of a coupled multi-

solver approach in evaluating damage of
reinforced concrete walls from shock and
impact, 18th international conference on
structural mechanics in reactor technology ,
Beijing, China, August 7-12, 2005
• M. Katayama et al, Numerical simulation of
jumbo jet impacting on thick - concrete wall—
effects of reinforcement and wall thickness, 2nd
Asian conference on high pressure research,
Nara, Japan, November 1-5, 2004

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