As an example, the encoded sequences for three nearly identical messages are illustrated in Figure

2. Lines labeled “packed message” show each source -encoded, 72-bit user message as a sequence
of twelve 6-bit symbols. Reading from left to right, one can see that the fifth numerical symbol
changes from 9 to 5 when the last letter in the first callsign changes from F to E. The final packed
symbol changes from 16 to 17 when the grid locator changes from JO40 to JO41. Otherwise, the
three packed messages are identical. On the other hand, the three fully encoded sequences of
channel symbols appear to be almost entirely different from one another — so different that there
is virtually no chance whatsoever that, if it is decodable at all, a noise-corrupted version of one of
these messages would ever be misconstrued as one of the others. The full and exact user message
has a high probability of being received, even if the key-down SNR is as low as 2 to 6 dB in 2.7
Hz bandwidth (or –28 to –24 dB in 2500 Hz, the conventional reference bandwidth used in WSJT).
This statement can be quantified by explicit measurements of transmission error rates as a function
of SNR, and such measurements are summarized for JT65 in Appendix C.