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circulatory system consists of “plumbing” and lymphatic vessels move lymph in one
“pumps” & circulating fluid direction; lymph does not circulate
fluid = blood
heart<
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Circulatory System, Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.11 1 Human Anatomy & Physiology: Circulatory System, Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.11 2
A. Transport functions:
B. Homeostasis functions:
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Circulatory System, Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.11 3 Human Anatomy & Physiology: Circulatory System, Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.11 4
The Heart – Anatomy
lower border of heart (=apex) lies on diaphragm
we are more aware of our heart than most other
internal organs heart is enclosed in its own sac, = pericardium
(=pericardial sac)(parietal pericardium)
Some ancient Chinese, Egyptian, Greek and Roman scholars correctly composed of tough fibrous outer layer and inner
surmised that the heart is a pump for filling vessels with blood serous membrane
Aristotle however thought the heart was the seat of emotion and a
source of heat to aid digestion: outer surface of heart is also covered with serous
excited ! heart beats faster membrane (= visceral pericardium)
“heartache” of grief (=epicardium) continuous with the pericardium
his thoughts predominated for over 2000 years before its true
nature reemerged between the 2 membranes is pericardial fluid
!lubrication
the heart is one of first organ systems to appear in
developing embryo pericarditis = inflammation of pericardium,
membranes become dry, each heartbeat becomes
painful
! heart is beating by 4th week
wall of heart:
study of heart = cardiology
epicardium = visceral pericardium
no machine works as long or as hard as your heart
thin & transparent serous tissue
beats: >100,000 x’s/day
> 30 Million times each year myocardium = cardiac muscle cell
> 3 Billion times in a lifetime to pump > 1 Million most of heart
barrels of blood
branching, interlacing contractile tissue
heart is about size and shape of closed fist acts as single unit (gap junctions)
interior of heart is subdivided into 4 chambers: There are also 4 one-way valves that direct flow of
blood through the heart in one direction:
atria = two upper chambers
with auricles 2 Atrioventricular (AV) valves
smaller, thinner, weaker
bicuspid (Mitral) valve
ventricles = two lower chambers - separates left atrium and ventricle
- consists of two flaps of tissues
larger, thicker, stronger
left ventricle much larger and thicker than tricuspid valve
right ventricle - separates right atrium and ventricle
- consists of three flaps of tissues
left ventricle is at apex of heart
both held in place by chordae tendinae
Heart Vessels
attached to papillary muscles
There are 4 major vessels attached to heart:
! prevent backflow (eversion)
2 arteries (take blood away from heart): keeps valves pointed in direction of flow
2 Semilunar valves
aorta
- from left ventricle
pulmonary trunk at beginning of arteries leaving the ventricles
- from right ventricle
aortic SL valve
2 veins (bring blood back to heart): at beginning of aorta
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Circulatory System, Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.11 7 Human Anatomy & Physiology: Circulatory System, Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.11 8
Blood Vessels b. Tunica Media
blood flows in closed system of vessels middle, made mainly of smooth muscle with some
over 60,000 miles of vessels (mainly capillaries) elastic tissue and collagen fibers
a. Tunica Externa (= T. adventitia) Is a bulging sac that may rupture or put pressure on nearby
brain tissue, vessels or other passageways.
outer loose connective tissue usually due to degeneration of the tunica media,
atherosclerosis or hypertension
anchors the vessel and provides passage for small
Most common in abdominal aorta, renal arteries and
nerves, lymphatic vessels and smaller blood circle of Willis
vessels
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Circulatory System, Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.11 9 Human Anatomy & Physiology: Circulatory System, Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.11 10
most organs receive blood from >1 arterial branch consist of only a single layer of squamous
provides alternate pathways epithelium= endothelial layer (=tunica intima)
three layer are all thinner than in arteries ! most of the 62,000 miles of blood vessels is
tunica adventitia is thickest of three capillaries
but not as elastic as arteries only 5% of blood at any one time is in capillaries
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Circulatory System, Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.11 11 Human Anatomy & Physiology: Circulatory System, Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.11 12
Circuits of Bloodflow Anatomy of Circulatory System
arteries, capillaries and veins are arranged into two Major Arteries and Veins
circuits:
Pulmonary Circuit:
Arteries pulmonary a.
pulmonary: heart ! lungs ! heart
rt ventricle! pulmonary arteries (trunk)!lungs!pulmonary Veins pulmonary v.
veins!left atrium
Systemic Circuit:
Arteries aorta
systemic: heart ! rest of body ! heart ascending aorta
rt & lft coronary a.
left ventricle!aorta!body!vena cava!rt atrium
aortic arch
brachiocephalic a.
heart is a double pump common carotid a.
internal carotid a.
oxygen deficient blood in pulmonary artery and vena cava external carotid a.
! usually blue on models subclavian a.
axillary a.
brachial a.
lft common carotid a.
lft subclavian a
descending aorta
celiac trunk
superior mesenteric a.
renal a.
gonadal a.
inferior mesenteric a.
common iliac a.
internal iliac a.
external iliac a.
femoral a.
common iliac v.
internal iliac v.
Special Circulation Patterns
external iliac v.
femoral v.
1. Coronary Circulation (or Cardiac Circulation)
2. Circle of Willis
7 separate arteries
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branchig from the internal carotids and Heart Physiology
vertebral arteries
for the heart to work properly contraction and
arterial anastomosis interconnects them to form a relaxation of chambers must be coordinated
circle of connecting arteries at base of brain
Histology of Heart
! more than one route for blood to get to
brain cardiac muscle fibers
veins from spleen, stomach, pancreas, gall striated ! myofibrils are highly ordered
bladder, and intestines
usually 1 nucleus per cell
superior and inferior mesenteric merge to form
hepatic portal vein rather than tapering cells are bluntly attached to
each other by gap junctions = intercalated
do not take blood directly to vena cava discs
SA Node
intrinsic rhythm P wave = passage of current through atria
70-75 beats/min from SA Node
initiates stimulus that causes atria to contract conduction through atria is very rapid
(but not ventricles directly due to separation) atrial depolarization
! defective valves
congenital Chemoreceptors
rheumatic (strep antibodies) monitor carbon dioxide and pH
septal defects more CO2 or lower pH ! faster
CO = Heart Rate X Stroke volume (healthy heart pumps ~60% of blood in it)
= 75b/m X 70ml/b also each side of heart must pump exactly the
= 5250 ml/min (=5.25 l/min = ~1 same amount of blood with each beat
gallon/min)
! otherwise excess blood would
= ~ normal blood volume accumulate in lungs or in systemic
in a lifetime the heart will pump ~53 million gallons (200 Million vessels
L) of blood
eg. if Rt heart pumped 1 ml more per beat
! within 90 minutes the entire blood volume
during strenuous exercise heart may increase would accumulate in the lungs
output 4 or 5 times this amount
most affected by:
A. Heart Rate:
mean arteriole pressure
innervated by autonomic branches to SA and AV systemic blood pressure = back pressure
nodes (antagonistic controls)
condition of heart tissue
cardiac control center in medulla (cardiac center) eg. heart contractility, fibrosis
indicates amt of damage
receives sensory info from:
Baroreceptors (stretch)
in aorta and carotid sinus
increased stretch ! slower
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Physiology of Blood Vessels vasodilation lowers blood pressure
Blood circulates in arteries and capillaries by going eg. obesity leads to many additional vessels that
blood must pass through ! raises blood pressure
down a pressure gradient
[1lb of fat requires ~7 miles of blood vessels]
Blood Pressure
eg. any blockage of the normal diameter of a
=the force of the blood flowing through vessel will increase resistance
blood vessels
eg atherosclerosis inhibits flow ! raises blood
measured as mmHg [ 100 mm Hg = 2 psi, tire ~35psi] pressure
changes in pressure are the driving force that moves Measuring Blood Pressure
blood through the circulatory system
use sphygmomanometer
blood pressure is created by
usually measure pressure in the brachial artery
1. the force of the heart beat
procedure:
a. increase pressure above systolic to
previously discussed completely cut off blood flow in artery
the heart maintains a high pressure on the b. gradually release pressure until 1st spurt
arterial end of the circuit (pulse) passes through cuff
= systolic pressure
2. peripheral resistance
c. continue to release until there is no
obstruction of flow
! back pressure, resistance to flow sounds disappear
bottom number = diastolic pressure; high blood pressure affected by: heredity, gender (men at slightly
higher risk of HBP), age (risk increases after age 35), race
resistance of blood flow (African Americans at higher risk)
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II. Blood Flow & Differential Distribution of
venous pumps Blood
muscular pump (=skeletal muscle pump) the overall flow of blood to and within a particular
organ or tissue is related to blood pressure and
during contraction veins running thru muscle are
compressed and force blood in one direction (toward
peripheral resistance
heart)
circulation also involves the differential distribution
respiratory pump of blood to various body regions according to
individual needs
inspiration: increases pressure in abdominopelvic cavity
to push blood into thoracic cavity !active body parts receive more blood than inactive parts
expiration: increasing pressure in chest cavity forces !blood volume must be shifted to parts as they
thoracic blood toward heart become more active
veins also act as blood reservoirs these shifts are regulated by Vasomotor System
!with large lumens and thin walls they are compliant and can blood circulates because of pressure gradients
accommodate relatively large volumes of blood.
(60-70% of all blood is in veins at any time) individual arterioles can increase or decrease their
resistance to blood flow by constricting or
most organs are drained by >1 vein dilating
! occlusion of veins rarely blocks blood flow as it does in arteries
mediated by autonomic nervous sytem
! removal of veins during bypass surgery usually not traumatic
vasomotor control center in medulla
! the rest is pumps and plumbing arterioles and venules are joined directly by
metarterioles (thoroughfare channels)
each capillary <1mm long
capillaries branch from metarterioles
thin walled - single cell layer thick
cuff of smooth muscle surrounds origin of capillary
extremely abundant in almost every tissue of body branches
!most of 62,000 miles of vessels = precapillary sphincter
usually no cell >0.1 mm away from a capillary amount of blood entering a bed is regulated by:
! vasomotor nerve fibers
but only contains ~5% of blood in body ! local chemical conditions
variable pressure 35 – 15 mm Hg
Capillary Beds
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Effects of Aging on CV System results: quick move from lying to standing, blood
is drawn away from brain, can cause dizziness
most noticeable effect of aging on CV system is or fainting
stiffening of arteries
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begins with the buildup of plaque: if persistent is a cause for concern (silent killer)
30% of those >50 yrs old suffer from hypertension
a. cholesterol in blood infiltrates the arterial wall usually asymptomatic for first 10-20 yrs= silent killer
b. immune system dispatches macrophages to consume the high blood pressure affected by:
cholesterol gender: men slightly higher risk of HBP
age: risk increases after age 35
c. macrophages become foam cells full of cholesterol heredity/race: African Americans at higher risk
diet: any factors leading to obesity
d. foam cells accumulate and become a major component of
plaque prolonged hypertension is a major cause of:
heart failure
e. to keep the arterial wall slick, smooth muscle cells form a vascular disease
cap kidney failure
stroke
f. foam cells in plaque secrete chemicals that weaken the aneuryisms
cap
g. f the cap cracks, plaque seeps into the blood stream and
Stroke
sudden death of brain tissue occurring when
a clot forms that blocks bloodflow
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cerebral atherosclerosis, thrombosis or hemorrhage of a
cerebral aneurysm cuts off blood flow to part of the brain.
Varicose Veins
can occur anywhere on body but most common on legs
veins in legs are largest in body and must counteract
gravity
to get blood back to the heart
veins become enlarged and valves fail to prevent backflow of
blood
often associated with tired, achy, or feeling of heavy limbs
most common in superficial saphenous veins
! they are poorly supported by surrounding tissues
many factors contribute to likelihood of varicose veins:
heredity
age esp occur betw 18 and 35 yrs, peaks betw 50 and 60
yrs
gender women are 4 to 1 times more likely to get them
pregnancy sometimes form during pregnancy (8-20%
chance) then disappear afterwards
lifestyle: prolonged sitting or standing daily
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