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ð´A¡øù. ÜõŸP™ ‘î‰Fõ˜ñ¡’ â‹ ªðò˜ A. H. 720Ý‹ ݇
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* “Of the historical characters, the most prominent is Chanakya. He was the
son of Chanakya. One of his ancestors was Kutila, after whom he is named
Kautilya.”13
$ “The drama concludes with his name which is variously written Chandra-
guptah, Avantivarma, Dantivarma, Rantivarma, Rantivarmah and Rantavarma
....This Dantivarman, he [A Rangaswami Saraswati] adds, seems to be identical
with the Pallava sovereign of the name who ruled about 720 A D.”15
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¼ˆFóî£ñQ¡ 虪õ†´ˆî£¡ êñŸA¼î ªñ£NJ™ ºî¡ºî º®ò£¶. ãªùQ™, A. H. ºîL¼ ËŸø£‡´èO™î£¡ «ð„²
L™ ªõ†ìŠð†ì 虪õ†ì£°‹. A. H. Þó‡ì£‹ ËŸø£‡ì÷ õö‚AL™ô£î êñŸA¼î ªñ£N ªêòŸ¬èò£èˆ «î£ŸÁM‚èŠ
* According to the characters in which the inscriptions are written, 45 are in ð†ì¶. Þîù£™, ï‰î˜ ݇ì è£ôˆFŸ° 1,000 ݇´èÀ‚°Š
Nagari, 17 in Mahajani, 11 in Grantha and Tamil, 1 in Vatteluttu and the rest Hø° «î£¡Pò êñŸA¼î Ë™èO™ õ¼Aø õóô£ŸÁ‚ °PŠ¹èœ
in Kannada.30 ï‹ðˆî‚è¬õ Ü™ô.
$ A. H. 650Ý‹ ݇®™ ÞŠ ð°F‚° ªõœ÷‚°÷‹ â‹ ªðò«ó
õöƒAõ‰î¬î Þ‚ 虪õ†®™ õ¼‹ ‘ªõœªè£÷’ (Velgola) â‹
ï‰î˜èœ ݇ì è£ôˆFŸ° ÝJó‹ ݇´èÀ‚°Š Hø°
ªðò˜ ªîO¾ø‚ 裆´Aø¶. â¿îŠð†ì Þ‰ Ë™èO™, ï‰î˜èœ ‘ňFó˜èœ’ â¡Á‹, ‘êˆFK
@ “(L. 6) bhingaras cast away, deprived of their jewels (i.e., ratana, Skt. ratna, ò¬ó åNˆ¶‚膮òõ˜èœ’ â¡Á‹ ÃøŠð†´œ÷¶ æ˜ Þ†´‚
precious objects) all the Rathikas and Bhojakas (he) causes to bow down at his è†ìô£è«õ «î£¡ÁAø¶.
feet. Now in the fifth year he brings into the capital from the road of Tansauliya
the canal excavated in the year one hundred-and-three of King Nanda ...... àˆîó ð£¬î»‹
Having been (re-)anointed (he while) celebrating the Rajasuya, remits all tithes ªî‚èíŠ ð£¬î»‹
and cesses,...
A. º. 6Ý‹ ËŸø£‡´‚°º¡ M‰Fòñ¬ô‚° õì‚«è
“(L.12) ....... And causing panic amongst the people of Magadha (he) drives
(his) elephants into the Sugamgiya (Palace), and (he) makes the King of J¼‰î ïèóƒèÀ‹ ï£èKèƒèÀ‹ õì«ñŸ° Þ‰Fò£M™ ñ†´«ñ
Magadha, Bahasatimita, bow at his feet. And (he) “sets up (the image) 'the Jina Þ¼‰îùªõ¡ð¬î„ C‰¶ªõO ï£èKè‹ ¹öƒAò Þìƒè¬÷„
of Kalinga' which had been taken away by King Nanda ...........and causes to be ²†´‹ õ¬óðì‹ è£†´Aø¶.35
brought home the riches of Amga and Magadha along with the keepers of the
family jewels of ......... * “(L.8)………for the sake of……….....ordered to be made by the Vaishya

“(L. 15) .......bringing about a Council of the wise ascetics and sages, from
hundred (i.e., all) quarters, the monks (samanas) of good deeds and who have
fully followed (the injunctions) .......near the Relic Depository of the Arhat, on
the top of the hill, .......with stones .......brought from many miles (yojanas)
quarried from excellent mines (he builds) shelters for the Sinhapatha Queen
Sindhula.”32
Pushyagupta, the provincial governor of the Maurya king Chandragupta;
adorned with conduits for Ashoka the Maurya by the Yavana king Tushaspha
while governing; and by the conduit ordered to be made by him, constructed
in a manner worthy of a king (and) seen in that breach, the extensive dam…
“.... in spite of having twice in fair fight completely defeated Satakarni, the
lord of Dakshinapatha,....”33
88 °í£ îIöK¡ ªî£¡¬ñ 89
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ó£ù «ìM† LMƒ²†ì‹ (Henry Stanley and David Livingstone)
19Ý‹ ËŸø£‡®™ ÝŠHK‚è£M¡ 輊ð°F¬ò‚ è‡ìP‰î
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캋 æ˜ Þ¼‡ì ¶¬í‚è‡ìñ£J¼‰î¶. Üî£õ¶, Þ‰Fò£
M¡ ï´Šð°F õ£Âò˜‰î ñ¬ôèÀ‹ ªè£´ƒè£´èÀ‹ I°‰î
ñ‚èœ ïìñ£†ì‹ Þ™ô£î æ˜ Þ¼‡ì ð°Fò£J¼‰î¶. Þî
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A. º. 6Ý‹ ËŸø£‡´‚°ŠH¡ àˆFóŠ ¬ðFó‹, ñˆFòŠ
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õ¬óðì‹ 1: C‰¶ªõO ï£èK‚èˆF¡ ðóŠ¹ ‘ªî‚èíŠ ð£¬î’ â‹ Þó‡´ ªð¼‹ð£¬îèœ ÜŠ«ð£¶î£¡
 ð£¬ôõùˆFŸ° õì‚AL¼‚°‹ C‰¶ªõOŠ ðóŠH™ «î£¡Pòªîù ®. ®. «è£ê£‹H ÃÁAø£˜.38
(Þ¡¬øò Þó£êˆî£ùˆF¡ Aö‚A™) «ê£öˆî£ù‹ (Cholistan)
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ð¬î«ò ܶ ²†´Aø¶.
C‰¶ªõO ï£èKè‹ ªî¡õìô£è1,500 膬ì(A. e.)èÀ‹,
Aö‚°«ñŸè£è 1,100 膬ìèÀ‹ ðó‰F¼‰îî£è Þ¶õ¬ó A¬ìˆ
¶œ÷ ÝŒ¾ˆîó¾èœ 裆´A¡øù. Üî£õ¶, «ñŸ«è ð£‚Aˆî£
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â‹ ÞìˆFL¼‰¶ ªîŸ«è °êó£ˆ ñ£GôˆFL¼‚°‹ ð£èð˜
(Bhagabar) ðœ÷ˆî£‚° õ¬óJ½‹ âù ܶ ðó‰¶ MK‰¶œ÷¶.36
A. º. 6Ý‹ ËŸø£‡´‚°º¡, Þ¡¬øò ݉FóŠ ¬ðFó‹,
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ð°Fèœ ªè£´ƒè£´èÀ‹ ªð¼ñ¬ôèÀ‹ °¡ÁèÀ‹ ªè£®ò
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ÞŠ ð°FèO™ Üó²èÀ‹ ïèóƒèÀ‹ «î£¡øM™¬ô. °êó£ˆ,
ñ󣆮ò‹, ñˆFòŠ ¬ðFó‹ ÝAò ð°FèÀ‹ ãøˆî£ö Üšõ£«ø
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* “By him, being such a one, his long arms an ornament to the circle of the õùõ£°‹.
earth, daily adding to the three kinds of power, ruler of a Seven-and-a-half
Lakh country coutaining twelve thousand villages, in the Andhra-mandala, ‘°O˜‰î «ê£¬ôèÀœ÷ «õƒèìñ¬ô‚° ÜŠð£L¼‚°‹
cause of continued segregation of the four castes,—by sri-Vadhuvallabha- «õŸÁªñ£N «ð²‹ õ´è ®ùó£J‹’ â¡Á ªð£¼œð´‹,
Malladeva-Nandivarma, being in the town of Avanya,—in the Saka year two
hundred increased by sixty-one, the twenty-third of his own reign being current, ðQ𴠫꣬ô «õƒèìˆ ¶‹ð˜
the year Vilambi, the thirteenth (day) of the bright fortnight of Karttika, on ªñ£Nªðò˜ «îâˆî ó£J‹ ï™°õ˜66
Monday, the constellation being Asvini,— to sri-Rudrabhatta-sarmma of the õì«õƒèì‹ âùŠð†ì M‰Fòñ¬ô‚° ܊𣽋Ãìˆ îI›
Bharadvaja-gotra and samanya-charana, to Trilochanabhatta-sarmma of the Ü™ô£î «õŸÁªñ£N «ð²«õ£˜ Þ¼‰îù˜ â¡ð¬î‚ 裆´Aø¶.
Kausika-gotra, to Trivikramabhatta-sarmma of the Kaundalya-gotra and
samanya-charana, to Narayanabhatta-sarmma of the Kasyapa-gotra and ‘ió‚èö™ ÜE‰î ¹™LJ¡ °¡¬ø Ü´ˆ¶œ÷ ªè£®ò
samanya-charana, and including them to twenty-five Brahmans of various 裆¬ì‚ è쉶, M™L™ Ü‹¬ðŠ ̆®ò õ´è˜èœ èœÀ‡´
gotras, having washed their feet, the village named Mudiyanur in the Hodali-
vishaya, is, with pouring of water, by me given. The boundaries of that village èOˆ¶ Ýóõ£K‚°‹ «õŸÁªñ£N «ð²‹ õ´èˆ «îòˆFŸ° â‹
are stated, (here follow the boundaries in great detail).”60 î¬ôõ˜ ªê¡Áœ÷£˜’ â¡ø¬ñ»‹,
Þ„ ªêŠ«ð†®¡ HŸð°FJ™ º®òÛ˜ â‹ îI›Šªðò¬ó„ nine thieves when the Bana king Vijayaditya Prabhumeru was ruling over
‘Åì£Aó£ñ’ â¡Á «õ‡´ªñ¡«ø êñŸA¼îˆF™ ñ£ŸP â¿F»œ Vadugavali twelve-thousand province and east of Manne and Kaduvatti-
÷ù˜. Muttarasa had come to raid Koyatur.”61
$ “On a slab set up outside the Somesvara Temple at Punganuru: @ “The analagous expression Amdhapata (Andhrapatha) in the Mayidavolu
“This undated inscription records the gift of a wet land of a Kanduga......... plates, which is synonymous with Andhrarattha, makes it highly probable that
capacity, (to the family of ) Kalianiga Kandanarayana who died after slaying ‘patha’ literally ‘path or road’ is synonymous with ahara (district);...”62
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* “But what was the mysterious magic by which the Germans breathed new GôŠðóŠHŸ°œ M‰Fòñ¬ô‚°ˆ ªîŸ«èJ¼‰î õ´è Üï£èKèŠ
life into a dying Europe? Was it some miraculous power innate in the Germanic
race, such as our chauvinist historians romance about? Not a bit of it. The ðöƒ°®Š ð°FèÀ‹ ÜìƒAù.
Germans, especially at that time, were a highly gifted Aryan tribe, and in the õ´è˜èœ W¬ö‚胬è ï¡ùK¡ î¬ôïè¬ó»‹ Hø ïèóƒ
full vigor of development. It was not, however, their specific national qualities
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tution.”104 à«ó£I™ «ñŸ°‚ «è£ˆ¶èœ à«ó£ñŠ «ðóóCŸ°‚ ÃLŠð¬ì
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four thousand elephants. The king could not believe this to be true, and there- the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas,
fore sent for Porus, and inquired of him whether it was so or not. He told him everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in
all was certainly true; but that the present king of Gandaritae was of but a mean Dhamma. Rock Edict Nb13 (S. Dhammika)”117
$ “For Androcottus, who reigned there not long afterwards, made a present
and obscure extraction accounted to be a barber’s son. For his father being a
very beautiful and handsome man, the queen fell in love with him, and then to Seleucus of five hundred elephants, and with an army of six hundred
murdered her husband; and so the kingdom devolved upon the present king.”115 thousand men overran and subdued all India.”119
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. ܶ«õ «ñ£Kò Üó². to regal power by supernatural encouragement; for, having offended Alexan-
der by his boldness of speech, and orders being given to kill him, he saved
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#
prompted by this prodigy to conceive hopes of royal dignity, he drew together
According to Greek accounts Xandrammes was deposed by Sandrokottos. a band of robbers, and solicited the Indians to support his new sovereignty.
Chandragupta Maurya had opposed Dhanananda of the Nanda dynasty; his Some time after, as he was going to war with the generals of Alexander, a wild
son was Bindusara. These names (Dhanananda and Bindusara) are dissimilar elephant of great bulk presented itself before him of its own accord, and, as if
to the names Xandrammes and Sandrocyptus in the Greek accounts.120 tamed down to gentleness, took him on its back, and became his guide in the
$ “After the division of the Macedonian empire among the followers of Ale- war, and conspicuous in fields of battle. Sandrocottus, having thus acquired a
xander, he [Seleucus]carried on several wars in the east. He first took Babylon, throne, was in possession of India, when Seleucus was laying the foundations
and then, his strength being increased by this success, subdued the Bactrians. of his future greatness; who, after making a league with him, and settling his
He next made an expedition into India, which, after the death of Alexander, had affairs in the east, proceeded to join in the war against Antigonus. As soon as
shaken, as it were, the yoke of servitude from its neck, and put his governors the forces, therefore, of all the confederates were united, a battle was fought,
to death. The author of this liberation was Sandrocottus, who afterwards, in which Antigonus was slain, and his son Demetrius put to flight.”122
116
ªê™Î‚èC¡ âFK»‹ A«ó‚èÂñ£Aò ݇®«è£ù¬ê
âF˜ˆ¶ˆ î£Â‹ «ð£K†ì£¡. ݇´«è£ù² «ð£K™
ªè£™ôŠð†ì£¡. Üõ¬ìò ñèù£ù ªìªñ†Kò²,
îŠH«ò£®M†ì£¡.
‘A«ó‚è-Þ‰FòŠ’ «ðóóêù£J¼‰î ªê™Î‚貂° (A. º.
358-281) õ´è¡ ݉Fó‚«è£†¬ì 500 ò£¬ùè¬÷Š ðKê£è ÜOˆ
î¬îŠðŸPŠ ¹Ù†ì£˜‚ °PŠH†´œ÷¬î º¡ù«ó °PŠH†
«ì£‹.
à‡¬ñ Þšõ£P¼‚¬èJ™, õ´è¡ ݉Fó‚«è£†¬ì¬ò
ñ£ªð¼‹ ióù£è¾‹ A«ó‚è˜è¬÷ Mó†®M†´ õì«ñŸ°
õ¬ó î¡ Ý†C¬òŠ ðóŠHòî£è¾‹ ñ£ªð¼‹ «ðóó¬ê Üõ¡
膮ªò¿ŠHòî£è¾‹ ä«ó£ŠHò ‘Þ‰FòMòô£˜èÀ‹’ Þ‰F(ò)
õóô£Ÿø£CKò˜èÀ‹ ¹¬ù‰¶¬óŠð ªî™ô£‹ è¬ì‰ªî´ˆî
ªð£Œè÷£°‹. âŠð®»‹ èLƒè‹ àœO†ì M‰Fòñ¬ô‚°ˆ
ªîŸ«èJ¼‰î ªî¡¹ô‹ Üõù¶ ݆CJ¡W› Þ™¬ô â¡ð¶
àÁF. Üõ¬ìò ªðòóù£ù Ü«ê£è¡î£¡ èLƒèˆF¡«ñ™
ð¬ìªò´ˆ¶ ªõ¡ø£¡ âù‚ ÃøŠð´Aø¶.
ªð£®òù£J¼‰î«ð£¶ ܉î ݉«ó£«è£†ì² ñ£C«ì£
Qò ñ¡ù¡ ܪô‚꣇ì¬ó «ïK™ ªê¡Á 𣘈îî£è¾‹,
胬èJ¬ì ¬ì ݇´ õ‰î Üóê¡ ÞNHøMù¡ â¡ð
 ñ‚èœ Üõ¬ù ªõÁ‚辋 ðN‚辋 ªêŒî¬î ÜPò£î
ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ ÞŠ ªð¼GôˆF¡ ݇¬ìò£°‹ õ£ŒŠ¬ð‚
ªè£…êˆF™ Þö‰¶M†ìî£è¾‹ HŸè£ôˆF™ Üõ¡ ÃPòî£è‚
«èœMŠð†«ì£‹ âùŠ ¹Ù†ì£˜‚ °PŠH†´œ÷£˜.*
Þç¶ â¬î‚ 裆´Aø¶? õ´è¡ ݉Fó‚«è£†¬ì ܪô‚
꣇ì¬ó âF˜‚è â¡Á«ñ ¶EòM™¬ô â¡ð¬î»‹, 胬è
J¬ì ¬ì‚ ¬èŠðŸÁAø ï™ô õ£ŒŠ¬ð ܪô‚꣇ì˜
¬èï¿õ M†´M†ì£¡ â¡Â‹ ¹ô‹ð¬ô»‹, Üš õ´èQ¡
Ü®¬ñ ñùŠð£¡¬ñ¬ò»‹î£«ù ܶ 裆´Aø¶?
Þ¶«ð£™ ªïPªè†ì îPªè†ì æ˜ Üï£èKè¡ A«ó‚è˜
è¬÷ âF˜ˆ¶ ióºì¡ «ð£ó£® ªõ¡ø£¡ â¡Á¬óˆ¶, Þ‰F(ò)
õóô£Ÿø£÷˜èœ è£F™ Ì ²ŸÁA¡øù˜.
* “Plutarch also directly connects Chandragupta to Alexander himself: ‘And-
rocottus, when he was a stripling, saw Alexander himself, and we are told that
he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself
master of the country, since its king was hated and despised on account of his
baseness and low birth.’”123
°í£ îIöK¡ ªî£¡¬ñ 117
è‹ð÷ˆî£¡ «ñ£Kòù£ù£¡!
‘ºK’ â¡ð¶ ‘è‹ðO’, Woollen Blanket â¡Á ªð£¼œð´‹.
(ºK-ºKòè‹ â¡ø£ù¶.) ªî½ƒ° ªñ£NJ½‹ ‘ºK’ â¡ø£™
‘è‹ðO’ â¡Á ªð£¼œð´‹.124A. H. 13Ý‹ ËŸø£‡®™ «î£¡Pò
è‹ð÷‹ Ü™ô¶ è‹HO â‹ ®L¼‰¶ õ‰«îPò ªî½ƒè˜
è¬÷‚ ‘è‹ð÷ˆî£˜’ â¡Á‹ ‘è‹ð÷ˆ¶ ï£ò‚蘒 â¡Á‹ ܬöŠð˜.
Þ¡Á è¼ï£ìèˆFL¼‚°‹ ð™ô£K¬òˆî£¡ è‹ðO â¡
øù˜.125
胬è‚è¬óJ™ Þ¼‰î ð£…ê£ô ®¡ ªî¡ð°F¬ò‚
¬èŠðŸPò ݉Fó‚«è£†¬ì, Ü‚ è‹HO  â¡Á ªðò
K†ì£¡. ݉Fó‚«è£†¬ì ùˆî£«ù ܉ ®¡ ñ¡ù
ªùù Üñ˜ˆF‚ªè£‡ì£ªùù ñ£˜‚è² ê²†®ù² ªê£™õ¶
Þîù£™î£¡ «ð£½‹. ‘è‹HO’ Ü™ô¶ ‘è‹ðO’ â¡ð¶ ªð£¶
õ£è õ´è¼ì¡ ªî£ì˜¹¬ìò¶.126
è‹ðO , õ´è. è‹ð÷ˆî£˜èœ, õ´è˜èœ. è‹ð÷‹
ªî£¡Áªî£†´ õ´èK¡ ܬìò£÷ñ£J¼‰¶œ÷¶. Ü‚ è‹ð
÷ˆ¬î‚ °P‚Aø ‘ºK’ â‹ ªê£™, «ð„²õö‚A™ ‘ªñ£K-«ñ£K’
(Mori) â¡Á FK‰¶œ÷¶. ‘è‹ð÷‹ «ð£˜ˆFòõ˜èœ’ â‹ ªð£¼
O™ õ´° ªñ£NJ™ ‘ºKò˜’ â¡Á‹ ‘«ñ£Kò˜’ â¡Á‹ ܬö‚èŠ
ð†ìõ˜è¬÷‚ A. H. 2Ý‹ ËŸø£‡ì÷M™ «î£ŸÁM‚èŠð†ì
êñŸA¼î ªñ£NJ™ ‘ªñ÷Kò˜’ â¡Á °PŠHìˆ ªî£ìƒAù˜.
ñJ¬ô‚ °P‚°‹ ‘ñÎó£’ â‹ êñŸA¼î «õKL¼‰«î ÜŠ ªðò˜
õ‰î¶; «ñ£Kò ®™ ñJ™èœ ñL‰¶ Aì‰îù; ‘«ñ£˜’ â¡ø£™
Þ‰F ªñ£NJ™ ‘ñJ™’ â¡Á ªð£¼œ; ñJ¬ô‚ °P‚A¡ø ‘«ñ£˜’
â‹ ªê£™L¼‰«î ‘«ñ£Kò˜’ â‹ ªðò˜ õ‰î¶ â¡ðªî™ô£‹
Üõ˜èO¡ èJÁ FKŠ¹èœ.127
ï‰î˜èO¡ ‘ňFó’݆C¬ò åNˆ¶‚膮M†´„ êˆFK
ò˜èO¡ ݆C¬ò «ñ£¼ (Moru) ´ Üóê¡ e†ìî£è ñˆCò
¹ó£í‹ ÃÁAø¶.* ‘«ñ£¼’ â¡ð¶ «ñ£Kò˜èO¡ ÞòŸªðòó£è
Þ¼‰F¼‚è «õ‡´‹ â¡ð¶ Þîù£™ M÷ƒ°Aø¶.
ňFó ݆C¬ò åNˆ¶M†´„ êˆFKòK¡ ݆C¬ò e†
ªì´ˆîõ¬ù ñ¡ù¡ ‘«ñ£¼’ â¡Á M盵 ¹ó£íº‹ °PŠ
H´Aø¶. ë£JŸÁ‚°ôˆF¡ ݆C¬ò «ñ£Kò˜èœ e†ªì´ˆî
H¡ù˜, ²ƒè˜èO¡ «ðóó² Ü´ˆ¶ õ¼‹ â¡Á õ£» ¹ó£í‹
* Matsya Purana describes a King Moru, who will restore kshatriya rule in
India and found the Morya (or Maurya) dynasty (which would be followed by
the Shunga Empire).128
118 °í£
ÃÁAø¶.129«ñ£¼’ â¡ð«î H¡ù£™ õ‰î êñŸA¼îˆF™ ‘ªñ÷Kò’
â¡ø£ù ªî¡ð¶ Þîù£™ ªîKòõ¼Aø¶.
¹ˆî êñòË™èœ «ñ£Kò˜è¬÷„ ꣂAòŠ ðöƒ°®Jù
¼ì¡ ªî£ì˜¹ð´ˆ¶A¡øù.130
ï‰î Üóê‚°‹ ‘ºó’ â‹ ܉ ï‰îQ¡ ñ¬ùò£†®‚°‹
Hø‰îõ«ù ê‰Fó°Šî «ñ£Kò¡ âù M盵¹ó£íˆF¡ à¬ó
è£ó˜ ÃÁAø£˜.131 Mê£èîˆîK¡ ‘ºˆóó£‚ê꣒¾‹Ãì ï‰î Üóê
‚°Š Hø‰îõ«ù ê‰Fó°Šî «ñ£Kò¡ â¡Á ÃÁAø¶.132 «ê£ñ
«îõ£ ÞòŸPò èî£êKˆ ê£è˜ (A. H. 1070) â‹ ˽‹, «ê«ñ‰Fó£
(Kshemendra) ÞòŸPò H¼èˆèî£ñ…êK â‹ ˽‹ ê‰Fó°Šî
«ñ£Kò¡ ï‰î˜èO™ å¼õ¡ â¡Á ÃÁA¡øù.133 êñŸA¼î Ë™
è¬÷ Ü®ªò£ŸP õóô£Ÿ¬ø â¿î ºò¡ø£™ Þ¶«ð£¡ø º¡
‚°ŠH¡ ºóí£ù °öŠðƒèœ õNñP‚°‹. îI› ï¡ù˜‚°‚
ÃLŠð¬ìëù£è¾‹ â´H®ò£è¾«ñ ݉Fó‚«è£†¬ì ºîL™
Þ¼‰î£¡ â¡ð¬î Þ¬õ °PŠð£™ à혈¶A¡øù.
ï¡ùK¡ 
A. º. 6Ý‹ ËŸø£‡ì÷M™ «ê£¬íò£Á 胬è»ì¡
èô‚°‹ Þ숬îªò£†®ò W›‚胬èò£ŸÁŠð°FJ™ Üó²èœ
Cô «î£¡Pù. 胬èò£ŸÁ‚°‹ «ê£¬íò£ŸÁ‚°‹ Þ¬ìŠ
ð†ì ެ숶¬øGôˆ¬î ܪô‚꣇ìK¡ ð¬ìªò´Š¬ðŠ
ðŸP‚ ÃÁ‹ A«ó‚è õóô£Ÿø£CKòó£ù F«ò£ªî£ó² (Diodorus),
ï¡ù˜èO¡ ¬ì‚ è‰îK†«ì (Gandaritae) â‹ ªðòó£™
°PŠH´Aø£˜.134
A«ó‚è õóô£Ÿø£CKòó£ù F«ò£ªî£ó² (Diodorus), ï‰î˜
èO™ è¬ìC ñ¡ùQ¡ ªðò¬ó‚ ꉈóªñ² (Xandrames) â¡Á
°PŠH´Aø£˜. Üõù¶ ¬ì ‘ñèî‹’ â¡Á Ãø£¶, è‰îK†«ì
(Gandaritae) â¡«ø Üõ˜ °PŠH´Aø£˜.
Þ‰Fò õóô£Ÿø£Œõ£÷˜èœ F«ò£ªî£ó² °PŠH´‹ ‘è‰î
K†«ì’ â¡ð¬î‚ èƒèK¬ì (Gangaridai) â¡Á F¼ˆF‚ ÃÁA¡
øù˜.$ ޶ à‡¬ñ. ãªùQ™, ï¡ù˜èO¡ , 胬è
ò£Á‹ «ê£¬íò£Á‹ ôAø ެ숶¬øGôˆF™ (Doab) Þ¼‰
î¶. ‘Þ¬ì’ â‹ îI›„ªê£™½‚° ‘Þì‹’ â‹ ªð£¼œ à‡´.
“è¼ƒè™ L¬ìªî£Á‹” â‹ ¹øï£ÛŸÁ õK Ü„ ꣡Á
$ “According to Diodorus, ‘Porus informed Alexander that the king of the
Gangaridai (Nanda king) was a man of quite worthless character and held in
no respect as he was thought to be the son of a barber.’”135
îIöK¡ ªî£¡¬ñ 119
ÃÁ‹.136‘Þ¬ì’ â¡ø£™ ‘Þ¬ìªõO’ â¡Á‹ÃìŠ ªð£¼œð´‹.
“Þ¬ìJ™ õ‡¹è›‚ ªè£¬ì¬ñ ò£Â‹” â‹ ªî£™è£ŠHò
õK Ü¬î‚ è£†´‹.137Þîù£™, ‘èƒèK¬ì’ â¡Â‹ ªðò¼‚°‚
胬èò£ŸÁ‚°‹ Üî¡ ¶¬íò£ŸÁ‚°‹ Þ¬ìJô£ù Þ¬ìˆ
¶¬ø Gô‹ â¡«ø ªð£¼œªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. ‘ñèî‹’ â¡Â‹
ªðò˜ «î£¡Áõº¡, ï¡ùK¡  ‘èƒèK¬ì ’ â¡«ø
ܬö‚èŠð†´ õ‰îªî¡ð¬î«ò Þ¶ 裆´‹. ‘èƒ¬è’ â¡ð¶
îI›„ªê£™. ‘胰’ â‹ «õKL¼‰¶ õ‰î Ü„ ªê£™, ÝŸ¬ø‚
°P‚°‹ ªð£¶„ªê£™ô£J¼‰î¶.@ Þîù£™, ‘胬èJ¬ì’ â¡ð
¶‹Ãìˆ Éò îI›Šªðòó£°‹. Ü‰îŠ ð°F¬ò 冮 Þ¼Šð«î
ð†®ù‹ (ð†ù£) â‹ d裘 ñ£GôˆF¡ î¬ôïèóñ£°‹.
A«ó‚è õóô£Ÿø£CKò˜ F«ò£«î£ó² C‚°ô², 胬èJ¬ì
¬ìŠðŸPŠ H¡õ¼ñ£Á «ñ½‹ ÃÁAø£˜:
“ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ î¡ ð¬ìèÀì¡ º¡«ùP õ‰î«ð£¶,
Üõ¡ «î£Ÿè®ˆî «ð£óC¡ ñ¼ñè‹ ‘«ð£ó²’ â‹
Ü«î ªðò¬ó‚ªè£‡ìõ‹ îù¶ ¬ìM†´ ªõO
«òP‚ 胬èJ¬ì ´‚°ˆ îŠH«ò£®M†ìî£è„ Cô˜
ÜõQì‹ õ‰¶ ÃPù˜. C‰¶ªõO‚° ܊𣽜÷ 
è¬÷ŠðŸPŠ ªðCòCìI¼‰¶ ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ «è†ìP‰
. ªðCò² Þšõ£Á M÷‚Aù£¡: ‘ºîL™ å¼ ð£¬ô
õù‹ õ¼‹; Ü¬î‚ èìŠðŠ ð¡Q¼ ï£†èœ H®‚°‹;
Ü ܊𣙠32 «î®ò‹ (Stadia)*Üèôºœ÷¶‹ Þ‰Fò
ÝÁèOªô™ô£‹ eIè Ýöñ£ù¶ñ£ù 胬èò£Á õ¼‹;
Ü‹ ÜŠð£™, HóC«ò£Œ, 胬èJ¬ì ÝAò Þó‡´
ï£´èœ ªî¡ð´‹. 胬èJ¬ì ´ ñ¡ùù£ù ꉫó£
ªñCì‹ 20,000 °F¬óèÀ‹ 200,000 è£ô£†ð¬ì뼋 2,000
«î˜èÀ‹ ðJŸÁMˆî 4,000 ò£¬ùèÀ‹ à‡´; «ð£¼‚°
«õ‡®ò Ü÷¾‚° ܬõ àœ÷ù....... 胬èò£Á ܃°
30 «î®ò‹ Üèôºœ÷¶; ܶ õì‚AL¼‰¶ ªîŸ°«ï£‚A
殂 èìL™ èô‚Aø¶; IèŠ ªðKò ò£¬ùè¬÷Š ªð¼ñ÷
M™ ªè£‡ì ò£¬ùŠð¬ì»¬ìò 胬èJ¬ì ®¡
Aö‚° ♬ôò£è Ü‚ 胬èò£Á àœ÷¶”$
@ “River in general, the proper name of the Ganges becoming a common noun
to denote any river; ïF - “àõKI¬ê‚ 胬èèœ õ‰ªîŒ¶‹’”138
* One Stadium = 600 Greek Feet equivalent to the English Furlong.
$ “When he (Alexander) moved forward with his forces certain men came to
inform him that Porus, the king of the country, who was the nephew of that
Porus whom he had defeated, had left his kingdom and fled to the nation of
120
胬èJ¬ì  â¡ð¶ Þ¡¬øò «ñŸ° õƒèº‹ õƒè
«î꺋 ÜìƒAò ð°F¬ò«ò °P‚°ªñù„ Cô˜ ÃÁA¡øù˜.140
胬èJ¬ì ®™ õì‚AL¼‰¶ ªîŸ°«ï£‚AŠ 𣻋 胬è
ò£Á ܉ ®¡ Aö‚° ♬ôò£è àœ÷ªîùŠ ªðCò² ÃÁ
õ¶, ܶ «ð£¡ø ßÁèœ îõªøù Ièˆ ªîOõ£è‚ 裆´Aø¶.
胬èò£ŸP¡ ¶¬íò£ÁèO™ å¡ø£ù «è£Cò£ŸÁì¡ èƒ¬è
ò£Á ôAø ÞìˆF™ ªî£ìƒA‚ 胬èò£Á õì‚AL¼‰¶ ªîŸ°
«ï£‚Aˆ F¼‹H æ´Aø¶. õì‚«è Þ¼‰¶ ªîŸ°«ï£‚Aˆ F¼‹¹‹
胬èò£Á 胬èJ¬ì ®¡ Aö‚° ♬ôò£J¼‰î¶
â¡ð¬î Þç¶ àÁFªêŒAø¶. Þîù£™, ‘胬èJ¬ì’  â¡
𶠪ð¼õƒèˆ¬îˆî£¡ °P‚°ªñ¡ð¶ ªð£Œò£Aø¶. 胬è
ò£Á‹ è‡ìA ÝÁ‹ ôA¡ø ÞìˆF™î£¡ ð†®ù‹ (ð†ù£)
Þ¼‚Aø¶.
°í£ îIöK¡ ªî£¡¬ñ 121
«ð£„ÌK ªñ£N «ð²«õ£¬ó»‹ ñèF ªñ£N «ð²«õ£¬ó
»‹ ¹MJò™ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ HK‚A¡ø «ê£¬íò£Ÿ¬ø‚ A«ó‚
è˜èœ ‘â˜ó«ù£«ð£ò²’ â¡Á °PŠH†ìù˜. Ü„ «ê£¬íò£Á
胬èò£ŸÁì¡ Ã´Aø ÞìˆF™ -ÜšM¼ ÝÁèÀ‚° Þ¬ì
J™-ï‰î˜èO¡ î¬ôïèó‹ Þ¼‰îî£è‚ ÃÁA¡øù˜. Ýù£™,
«ê£¬íò£Á 胬è»ì¡ «ê¼IìˆF™ ªî£ìƒA, 胬èò£Á
Þó‡ì£èŠ HK‰¶ ñÁð®»‹ ôAø¶. Þˆ bML¼‚Aø ÜA™
¹¼‚°‹ èƒó£¾‚°‹ Þ¬ìJ™ ð†ô£¹˜ (Patlapur) â‹ á˜
àœ÷¶. Þ‰î á«ó ‘ð£ìL¹ó‹’ â‹ ï¡ù˜èO¡ î¬ôïèó£è
Þ¼‰F¼‚èô£è£î£? Þˆ b¬õˆî£¡ ‘胬èJ¬ì’ âù‚ °PŠ
H†ìù˜ «ð£½‹.
ï‰î˜èOì‹ 80,000 °F¬óŠð¬ì뼋 200,000 è£ô£†ð¬ì
뼋 6,000 «ð£˜ ò£¬ùèÀ‹ 8,000 °F¬ó ̆®ò «î˜èÀ‹
Þ¼‰îî£èŠ ¹Ù†ì£˜‚ (Plutarch) ÃÁAø£˜.142
Þšõ÷¾ ªðKò ð¬ìè¬÷ ¬õˆF¼‰î ï¡ù˜èœ å¼
ªð¼‹ «ðóóêù£è Þ¼‰F¼Šð£˜è«÷£? ðŸðô è¬÷ ªõ¡
øì‚A Üõ˜èOìI¼‰¶ F¬ø ªðŸÁõ‰î å¼ ï£´î£¡ «ðóó²
Ü™ô¶ õ™ôó² Ý°ªñ¡ð¶î£«ù ÜóCò™ Þô‚èí‹?
ï‰îK¡ è¬ìC ñ¡ùQ¡ ªðò˜ ‘Ü‚ó‹ªñ²’ (Agrammes)
Ü™ô¶ ‘ê‰ó£ñ²’ (Xandramas) â¡Á A«ó‚è õóô£Ÿø£CKò˜èœ

õ¬óðì‹ 4: 胬èJ¬ì 141

Gandaridai... He had obtained from Phegeus a description of the country
beyond the Indus: First came a desert which it would take twelve days to
traverse; beyond this was the river called the Ganges which had a width of thirty
two stadia, and a greater depth than any other Indian river; beyond this again
were situated the dominions of the nation of the Prasioi and the Gandaridai,
whose king, Xandrammes, had an army of 20,000 horse 200,000 infantry,
2,000 chariots and 4,000 elephants trained and equipped for war....Now this
(Ganges) river, which is 30 stadia broad, flows from north to south, and empties
its water into the ocean forming the eastern boundary of the Gandaridai, a
nation which possesses the greatest number of elephants and the largest in
size.”139 õ¬óðì‹ 4: è¬ìC ï‰îQ¡ è£ôˆ¶ ï‰îŠ «ðóó²143
122 °í£
ÃÁA¡øù˜. ÜŠ ªðò˜è¬÷ Þ‰F(ò) õóô£Ÿø£CKò˜èœ õL‰¶
êñŸA¼îñ£‚A‚ ÃÁõ¶ ï¬èŠHŸ°Kò¶. ó£î£°ºˆ º‚è˜C
ÃÁõ¶ Ü裼 ꣡ø£°‹:
“Ü‚ó‹ªñ² â¡ð¬îˆ F«ó£«î£ó² ‘ê‰óñ²’ â¡Á FKˆ¶‚
ÃÁAø£˜. ܶ ‘ê‰Fóñ²’ â¡ð ßì£ù¶ â¡Á âçŠ.
ìHœÎ. î£ñ² 輶Aø£˜. ‘Ü‚ó‹ªñ²’ â¡ð¶ ‘îùï‰î’
¬ù«ò °P‚°‹ â¡ð¶‹, ‘îùï‰î¡’ â¡ð¶ ¹¬ùŠªðò
ó£è¾‹ ‘ê‰Fóñ²’ â¡ð¶ Üõù¶ ÞòŸªðòó£è¾‹ Þ¼‚è
ô£‹ â¡ð¶‹ Üõ¼¬ìò ßÁ”*
Þ¶ «ð£¡ø ßÁèª÷™ô£‹ ‘Þ‰F’ò˜èœ ªð£Œ‚° «ñ¬ì
膮 ÝìM†®¼‚°‹ «ð£L‚ßÁèœ; Üîù£™, ¹ø‰îœ÷Šðì
Ǜਘ›.
â¡«ù ¹ó†´!
ï‰î˜èœ A. º. 343 ºî™ A. º. 321 õ¬ó ñèî¬ì ݇´
õ‰îî£è„ Cô˜ ªê£™A¡øù˜.145 å˜ Üó², «ðóóê£õ‚ °¬ø‰
î¶ å¼ ËŸø£‡ì£õ¶ H®‚°‹. «ñ½‹, ñèî¬ì å¡ð¶
ï¡ù˜èœ ݇ìùªóù‚ A. H. 980Ý‹ ݇®™ â¿îŠð†ì
‘ñ裫ð£F õ‹ê£’ â‹ ¹ˆî„ êñòË™ ªê£™Aø¶.$ ÜF™ õ¼‹
â™ô£Š ªðò˜èÀ‹ êñŸA¼îŠ ªðò˜èœ! å¡ð¶ ï¡ù˜èœ
ªõÁ‹ 22 ݇´èÀ‚° ñ†´«ñ ݇ìù˜ â¡ð¶ ï‹ð‚ îò
î£J™¬ô. Þç¶ å¼ õóô£ŸÁŠ ¹ó†´ â¡ð¶ è‡Ãì£èˆ
ªîKAø¶.
Ýù£™, ï‰î˜èO¡ è£ôˆFŸ°º¡-Üî£õ¶, A. º. 500‚
°‹ A. º. 300‚°‹ Þ¬ìJô£ù Þó‡´ ËŸø£‡´èO™-ñè£
êùðîƒèœ (Mahajanapadas) â¡ðù ñ†´«ñ Þ¼‰îùõ£‹.
õì‚ A™ Þ¼‰î ðFù£Á Üó²è¬÷ ÜŠ ªðò˜ °P‚°ñ£‹.
ÜõŸP™, ñèÃì Ü샰‹.
«è£îñ ¹ˆî˜ Þø‰¶ 454 ݇´èÀ‚ °Š Hø° A. º. 29Ý‹
݇®™ Þôƒ¬èJ™ è£õ¶ ¹ˆî„ êñòñ¡ø‹ ÆìŠð†ì
õ¬óJ™ õìÞ‰Fò£M™ ð£N ªñ£NJ™ ܬñ‰î â¿î£‚A÷M
* “The form Agrammes is modified into Xandramas by Diodorus, and F. W.
Thomas takes it to be equivalent of Chandramas. He takes Agrammes to be
Dhana-Nanda [Cambridge History of India, I, p 469.], taking Dhana-Nanda
to be his nickname, and Chandramas as his personal name.”144
$ “The Mahabodhivamsa lists the following as the nine Nanda kings: Maha-
padma Nanda (Ugrasena), Panduka, Pandugati, Bhutapala, Rashtrapala, Govi-
shanaka, Dashasiddhaka, Kaivarta, Dhana Nanda (Agrammes/Xandrames).”146
îIöK¡ ªî£¡¬ñ 123
õ¬óðì‹ 5: õìÞ‰Fò Üó²èœ149
ò£è«õ FŠHìè‹ (FKHìè‹) Þ¼‰î¶. Ü‰îˆ FŠHìèˆF™
ÜìƒAò ܃°îó Gè£ò‹ â‹ «îóõ£î ¹ˆîË™, õì«ñŸA™
C‰¶ªõOJL¼‰î è‰î£ó ®Ÿ°‹, Aö‚«è ñèî ®Ÿ°‚
Aö‚«èJ¼‰î Üƒè‹ â‹ ®Ÿ°‹ Þ¬ìJ™ ðFù£Á ªðKò
Üó²èœ Þ¼‰îî£è¾‹, ܬõ ‘ñè£êùðî‹’ âùŠð†ìù
ªõ¡Á‹ ÃÁAø¶.* Þ‰îŠ ðFù£Á è¬÷Š ðöƒ°®èO¡
°®òó²èœ â¡ð˜. ‘’ â¡ð¬î‚ °PŠðŠ ð£EQ, ‘êù
ðî‹’ â¡Â‹ ªê£™¬ô ÝœAø£˜.148 ܃è‹, Üê‚è£ (ܲñ‚è£),
Üõ‰F, «êF, è‰î£ó‹, è£C, è‹«ð£ê‹, «è£êô‹, °¼, ñèî‹, ñœ÷‹,
ñ„ê‹, ð£…ê£ô‹, Åó«êù‹, M„C (MK„²), õˆê‹ (õ‹ê‹) ÝAò
ðFù£Á èœî£¡ ‘ñè£êùðî‹’ â¡Á °PŠHìŠð´A¡øù.
ÞõŸP™ îI›Š ªðò˜èœ ñ¬ø‚èŠð†´œ÷ù; ‘ñœ÷‹’ â‹
ñœ÷˜ï£†®¡ ªðò˜ ñ†´‹ îIN™ àœ÷¶. êñŸA¼î‹ â‹
ªñ£N«ò «î£¡PJó£î è£ôˆF™ õì‚«èJ¼‰î ðF¬ù‰¶ Üó²
è¬÷„ êñŸA¼îŠ ªðòó£™ °PŠH´õ«î¡? è£ôñò‚舶ì¡
ªð£Œ‹¬ñ «ð£´‹ «è£ô‹ Þ¶!
àœ÷ð®«ò, Þ‰îŠ ðFù£Á Üó²èÀ‹Ãì ܂裙 îIö˜
«î£ŸÁMˆî îIöó²è÷£è«õ Þ¼‰F¼‚è «õ‡´‹. îI› õóô£Ÿ
* “It was composed in North India, and preserved orally until it was committ-
ed to writing during the Fourth Buddhist Council in Sri Lanka in 29 BCE,
approximately four hundred and fifty four years after the death of Gautama
Buddha.”147
124 °í£
ø£Œõ£÷˜èœ àKò ï£†ì‹ è£†® Þ¶«õ à‡¬ñªòù ªñŒŠ
Hˆ¶‚ è£†ì «õ‡´‹.
Ü«î è£ôˆF½‹ Ü eIè º¡¹‹ ªð¼‹ «ðóó²è÷£
J¼‰î «êó, «ê£ö, 𣇮ò ï£´èœ ñ†´‹ õìõK¡ 臵‚°ˆ
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ð†®¼‚è «õ‡´‹. «è£êô´‚°‚ Aö‚A™ Þ¼‰îî£è‚
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Þ¼‚è õ£ŒŠ¹ à‡´.
M‰Fòñ¬ô‚° õì‚«è õì«ñŸA™ «î£¡Pò Üó²èœ,
W¬ö‚胬è‚è¬óJ™ «î£¡Pò Üó²è¬÷Mì eIèˆ ªî£¡¬ñ
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C‰¶ªõO ï£èKè‹ W¬ö‚胬èè¬óJ™ «î£¡Pò ºî™ «ðóó
ê£ù ï¡ù˜(ï‰î˜)èO¡ «ðóó¬êMìŠ ð™ô£Jó‹ ݇´èÀ‚°
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܊𣽋 - ðó‰F¼‰îù ªõ¡ð¶ äòˆFŸ° ÞìI™ô£î¶.
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°PŠð£™ à혈¶A¡øù. ñèîˆF™ «ñ£KòŠ «ðóó² «î£¡Pò
õ¬óJ™ Þ¶«õ ï승 à‡¬ñ.
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êˆb²è˜, ꣘‚致, d裘 ÝAò ñ£Gôƒè÷ìƒAò ªðKò GôŠ
ðóŠ¹, èìˆîŸèKò ªðKò ñ¬ôèÀ‹ °¡ÁèÀ‹ Ü옉î 裴
èÀ‹ ªè£®ò Môƒ°èÀ‹ Ýø¬ôˆ¶ õ£›‰î õ´è Üï£èKè˜
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table, noble” ⡪ø™ô£‹ ªð£¼œð´ñ£‹.150
‘ܬóò˜’ â‹ îI›Š ªðò˜„ªê£™«ô õ´èó£™ ‘ÜKò’
âùŠ ð£èîñ£Œˆ FK‚èŠð†ì¶. ð£N ªñ£N Þô‚AòƒèO™
‘ÜKò’ â‹ ªðò˜ ñ†´«ñ õ¼Aø«î ò¡P ‘ÝKò’ â‹ ªê£™
⃰«ñ õóM™¬ô ªòù ÜŠ ð£N ªñ£NJ™ ï™ô ¹ô¬ñªðŸø
Ü«ò£ˆFî£ê˜ °PŠH´Aø£˜.
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ð‡¬ìò à«ó£¬ñ i›ˆFò ªê¼ñ£Qò Üï£èKè˜èœ
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膴ñ£ùƒè¬÷ ÜŠð®«ò îñA‚ ªè£‡ìù˜. Üóê‚°®
Jù¬ó»‹ «ñ†´‚°®Jù¬ó»‹ °PŠðˆ îIN™ õöƒA
õ‰î ܬóò˜ â‹ ð†ìˆ¬î»‹ Hø ÜFè£ó‚ è†ì¬ñŠ¹è¬÷
»‹ Þóõô£èŠ ªðŸÁ‚ªè£‡ìù˜.
A. H. 2Ý‹ ËŸø£‡ì÷M™ «î£¡Pò êñŸA¼î‹ â‹
ªêòŸ¬è ªñ£NJ¡ Þô‚èí ñóH™ ‘Ü’ â‹ ºî™ ⿈F¡
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L¡ FK«ð êñŸA¼îˆF™ ‘ÝKò˜’ â¡ø£AŠ H¡ù˜ ‘ó£ò˜, ó£Œ,
󣚒 ⡪ø™ô£‹ FK‰¶œ÷¶. Þ¬îòPò£î ä«ó£ŠHò ÜP
¾ôè‹ Ü‰îŠ ªðò˜ êñŸA¼îˆFL¼‰¶ õ‰îªîù‚ è¼F ‘ÝKò‹’
â¡ø GøªõP‚ 輈Fò¬ô‚ èŸHˆ¶‚ªè£‡ì¶.
îIö˜èOìI¼‰î è¬÷‚ ¬èŠðŸPò õ´è Üï£èK
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H¡ îƒè¬÷ ‘ÝKò˜’ âù„ ªê£™L‚ªè£‡ì õ´è¬óˆ îM˜ˆ¶,
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îIöKì‹ ºî¡ºîL™ «î£¡Pò 輊¹X ªõÀŠ¹ â‹
GøŠð£°ð£´, Ü®¬ñ¬ò»‹ °®¬ñ¬ò»‹ °PŠðî£J¼‰î¶.
H¡ù£O™ ܶ ªõœ÷£÷˜Xè£ó£÷˜ â‹ Gø«õŸÁ¬ñò£ù¶.
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Aò¶.
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ÃPù˜.
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ÜóC÷ƒ°ñó˜èœ ܬî ÜóêQ¡º¡ ªêŒ¶è£†´A¡øù˜.
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ñùˆFŸ°œ â‡E‚ªè£‡ì£ªùù„ YõèC‰î£ñE ªê£™
Aø¶.* ܼè˜èOì‹ õ‡í‚ «è£†ð£´ â‰î Ü÷¾‚°Š ¹¬ó
«ò£®‚ Aì‰î¶ â¡ð¬î«ò Þ¶ 裆´Aø¶.
ð£N ªñ£NJL¼‰î ðô Ë™è¬÷ ªñ£Nªðò˜ˆ¶ˆ î‰î
d†ì˜ «ñ²çd™† (Peter Masefield) â‹ ÝŒõ£÷˜, ð£N ªñ£N
J½œ÷ Ë™èO™ ‘èˆFò˜, Hó£ñí˜, «õê˜, ň â‹ ªðò˜
èO™ ° õ‡íƒè¬÷Š ðŸPò °PŠ¹èœ àœ÷ù ªõ¡Á‹,
¹ˆî„ êñò Ë™è÷£Aò Gè£òƒèœ «î£¡Pò è£ôˆF™ ¹ˆî‹
õ‡í‚ «è£†ð£†¬ì ãŸÁ‚ªè£‡ì ªî¡Á‹ ÃÁAø£˜.$
Þù‚èôŠ¹
ܪô‚꣇ìK¡ ð¬ìªò´Š¹‚°ŠH¡ C‰¶ªõO»‹
Üî¡ «ñŸA½‹ Aö‚A½ºœ÷ GôŠð󊹋 A«ó‚è˜èO¡ «ïó®
݆CJ¡W› õ‰î¶. Ü¬î‚ A«ó‚è-Þ‰FòŠ «ðóó² (Graeco-
Indian Empire) â¡A¡øù˜.155
APˆ¶ áN º®õ Þó‡´ ËŸø£‡´èÀ‚° º¡
ù£™ Ü‚ A«ó‚è-Þ‰FòŠ «ðóó¬ê ºŠð¶‚°‹ «ñŸð†ì A«ó‚è
õN Üóê˜èœ ݇ìù˜. A«ó‚è 𣂯Kò£M¡ Üóêù£J¼‰î
ªìªñ†Kò² (Demetrius) A. º. ºî™ ËŸø£‡®¡ ªî£ì‚èˆF™
õì«ñŸ° Þ‰Fò£M¡e¶ ð¬ìªò´ˆîH¡ «î£¡Pò¶î£¡
Ü‰î‚ A«ó‚è-Þ‰FòŠ «ðóó². A«ó‚è-Þ‰FòŠ «ðóóê˜èO™
eù£‡ì˜ (Menander/IL‰î¡) â¡ðõ¡ °PŠHìˆî‚èõ¡.
Þ¡Á ð£‚Aˆî£QL¼‚°‹ C«ò£™«è£† â‹ ð…ê£Hò ïè
ó«ñ Üõ¬ìò î¬ôïèóñ£J¼‰î¶. 胬è-òº¬ù Þ¬ìˆ
¶¬øGô‹ õ¬óJ™ Üõ¡ ð¬ìªê½ˆFù£¡.157
* è£õô¡ ñ‚è ÷£‚èƒ è‡´è‡ °O˜‰¶ «ï£‚A
ãõô£ ùóê ªù£¡«ø£ M¼HøŠ ð£÷ ù™ô£˜‚
è£îõ¡ P¡ù ñ£†C òõ¬ùò£ Qè÷‹ ªðŒ¶
è£õ™ªêŒ F´M™ õ™«ô 裬÷¬ò‚ ªè£í˜I ªù¡ø£¡153
$ “Peter Masefield, a Buddhism scholar and ancient Pali texts translator,
states that during the Nikaya texts period of Buddhism (3rd century BC to 5th
century AD), Varna as a class system is attested, but the described Varna was
not a caste system. The Pali texts enumerate the four Varnas, writes Masefield,
always in the following order: Khattiya (Kshatriya), Brahmin, Vessa (Vaishya)
and Sudda (Shudra).”154
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øù£˜ ÝAò êƒèè£ôŠ ¹ôõ˜èœ ñ†´‹ ªîOõ£è‚ °PŠ
H†´œ÷ù˜.
5. 1837݋݇®Ÿ°ŠH¡ «ê‹² HK¡ªêŠ â¡ðõ˜î£‹
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ðE¹K‰¶õ‰î «ê‹² HK¡ªêŠ, ‘Ü«ê£è¡ HóI’ âùŠ
ð´‹ õKõ®õˆF™ â¿îŠð†ì Ü«ê£èQ¡ è†ì¬÷‚
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Þ¼‚A¡øù«õò¡P ‘Ü«ê£è¡’ â¡Â‹ ªðò˜ ÜõŸP™
$ The Greek accounts contain statements from Greek and Roman writers
from the fourth century BC to the second century CE. None mention Kautilya
or Ashoka.172
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ǘªù˜ (Tourner) â¡ðõ˜î£¡ Þôƒ¬èJ¡ ¹ˆî„ êñò
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6. M™Lò‹ «ò£¡² ¹¬ù‰î è¬îèœ ðô ªñ貪îQ²
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A¡ø ªðò˜èOL¼‰¶ ºŸP½‹ ñ£Áð†ì¬õ.
‘݉ó«è£†ì²/ê‰ó«è£†«ì£²’ (Andracottus/Sandracottos),
‘ê‰óªñ²’ (Xandrames), ‘ê‰ó¬èŠì²’ (Sandrocyptus) ºîô£ù
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‘îùï‰î¡’, ê‰Fó°ŠîQ¡ ñèù£ù ‘H‰¶ê£ó¡’ ⡪ø™
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ÜõŸPô£ù ªî£¡ñ‚ è¬îèœ ¹¬ù‰¶ â¿îŠð†ìù.
îIö˜èOì‹ ãŸªèù«õ õöƒAõ‰î ªî£¡ñ‚ è¬îèœ
ðô¾‹-ÜõŸPL¼‰î îI›Šªðò˜èÀ‹- êñŸA¼îñ£‚
èŠð†´ˆ FKˆ¶‹ ¹ó†®»‹ â¿îŠð†ìù.
C‰¶ ÝŸøƒè¬ó èO¡«ñ™ A. º. 327Ý‹ ݇®™
ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ ïìˆFò ð¬ìªò´Š¬ðŠðŸP M™Lò‹ «ò£¡²
膮M†ì è¬î, Üõ˜ ªêŒî ¹ó†´èOªô™ô£‹ ªðKò ¹ó†´
Ý°‹. Ü‰î‚ è¬î¬ò Ü®J™ 裇è:
“A. º. 326Ý‹ ݇®™ ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ ð…꣊«ñ™ ð¬ì
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ÝJ‹, ܈î¬èò ð¬ìªò´Š¹ G蛉î¬îŠðŸP„ êñŸ
A¼î Ë™èO™ â‰î‚ °PŠ¹«ñ Þ™¬ô. ܪô‚꣇ì
¼‚°ŠH¡ Üõ¡ ªõ¡ø ‘ÝCòŠ’ ð°F¬ò Ý‡ì ªêL‚
è² G‚«è†ì˜ â¡ð£¡ ªñ貈ªîQ¬ê Þ‰Fò£M¡ ɶ
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L¼‰î ð£Lªð£ˆó£ â¡ø ïèóˆF™ ê‰ó«è£†ì² â‹
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Þó‡´ ÝÁèœ Ã´IìˆF™ ÜŠ ð†ù£ Þ™ô£î¶ ñ†
´«ñ å¼ C‚èô£J¼‰î¶.
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â‹ ªðò¼‚°‹ ‘â˜óù«ð£²’ â‹ ªðò¼‚°‹ Þ¬ì
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Á‚° Þó‡òð° â‹ ªðò˜ Þ¼‰îªî¡ð¶ êñŸA¼î
Ë™è¬÷Š ¹ó†´‹«ð£¶ «ò£¡C¡ 臵‚°Š ð†ì¶;
‘Þó‡òð°’ â¡ð«î ªñ貈ªîQC¡ è£F™ ‘â˜óù«ð£²’
â¡Á M¿‰F¼‚èô£‹ â¡Á Üõ¼‚°ˆ «î£¡Pò¶.
îIöK¡ ªî£¡¬ñ 137
“Üò™ï£†´ˆ ɶõ˜è¬÷ õó«õŸðîŸè£èŠ ð£ìL¹ˆ
Fó‹ â‹ ïè¬ó„ ê‰Fó°Šî¡ â‹ Üóê¡ GÁMù£¡
âùŠ ¹¬ùòŠð†ì è¬î, «ò£¡²‚° ÜÁFJ™ êñŸA¼
îˆF™ ªî¡ð†ì Þ¼œ ñ‡®ò ¶¡Hò™ ßø£Œ õ‰î
¬ñ‰î¶.”*
â‹ à‡¬ñ, ªõœ¬÷ ‘Þ‰FòMòô£˜’ õóô£Á â‹ ªðòK™
Þˆ ¶¬í‚è‡ìˆFL¼‚°‹ ð™«õÁ «îCò ÞùƒèO¡ º¡
ù£™ ïìˆFò è‡è†´ Mˆ¬î¬ò Ü‹ðôŠð´ˆ¶‹.
A«ó‚è˜ ÃÁ‹ õóô£Á
C‰¶ªõOJL¼‰î Üó²èO¡«ñ™ ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ ð¬ì
ªò´ˆî«ð£¶ ñ£C«ì£QòŠ ð¬ìJ™ 40,000 è£ô£†ð¬ìë˜
èÀ‹ 5,000 °F¬óŠð¬ìë˜èÀ‹ Þ¼‰îù˜. ܪô‚꣇ìK¡
åŸø˜èO¡ õNò£è„ C‰¶Š ð°FJ™ ݇´õ‰î Üó²èœ I辋
õL¬ñò£ù¬õ â¡ð¬î ÜP‰î ܪô‚꣇ì˜, º¡ù£™
ªõ¡ø ð£óYè ®L¼‰¶ ܬöˆ¶õ‰î 30,000 Þ¬÷ë˜è¬÷ˆ
î¡ ñ£C«ì£QòŠ ð¬ìJ™ «ê˜ˆ¶‚ªè£‡ì£¡.177
ÝŠè£Qˆî£Q¡ è£ÌL™ G¬ôªè£‡®¼‰î ñ£C«ì£
QòŠ ð¬ìèœ Þ‰¶°² ñ¬ôˆªî£ì¬ó‚ è쉶 õ‰îH¡, î¡
ð¬ìè¬÷ Þó‡ì£èŠ HKˆî ܪô‚꣇ì˜, â𣲆®òQ¡
î¬ô¬ñJ¡ WN¼‰î å¼ HK¬õ‚ ¬èð˜ èíõ£J¡ õNò£è„
* “The only event in the Indian history that Jones knew for surewas326B.C.,
the year Alexander invaded Punjab. However, there was no mention of such
invasion in the Sanskrit literature. A secondary clue was Alexander’s Asian
successor, Selecus Nicator, who had sent his ambassador Megasthenes to India.
Megathenes had written about meeting a king named Sandracottus, who ruled
over Palibothra, a city on the junction of Ganga and a river named Erranaboas.
“But in Sanskrit literature, there were no mentions of Palibothra, Sandra-
cottus or Erranaboas. There were many candidates for Palibothra – Allahbad,
Kannauj and Rajmahal. But the most likely suspect was Patna, which was once
known as Pataliputra. Only problem was, Patna isn’t on a junction of two rivers.
It is on the banks of Ganga.
“Here a possible solution was presented by a geographer who suggested
that Son river, which now flowed north of Patna, could have met Ganga at Patna
in ancient time before shifting its course over time. But it was still a big leap
from Son to Erranaboas. Then Jones stumbled upon a Sanskrit text that men-
tioned Son river’s another name – Hiranyabahu – which could have sounded
like Erranaboas to Megasthenes’ Greek ears.
“Final clue was an obscure Sanskrit tragedy that Jones encountered, which
told the story of Chandragupta, the king who had established Pataliputra as his
capital and used it to receive foreign ambassadors.”176
138 °í£ îIöK¡ ªî£¡¬ñ 139
C‰¶ ÝŸP¡ ªî¡¹øˆFŸ° ï蘈Fù£¡. Þ¡ªù£¼ HK¾‚°ˆ
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F™ ¸¬ö‰¶ ܃A¼‰î ñ¬ôõ£› ñ‚è¬÷ˆ Aù£¡. Ü‹
ñ¬ôõ£› ñ‚èÀ‚°ˆ ¶¬íò£èŠ «ð£óC¡ ñ¼ñèù£ù °÷‚
«è£†¬ìJ¡ °F¬óŠð¬ìèœ è÷ˆF™ G¡øù. °÷‚«è£†
¬ìJ¡ ð¬ìˆî¬ôõù£J¼‰î ñ£èî¡, ñ£C«ì£QòŠ ð¬ì
è¬÷ àœ«÷ ¸¬öòM†´ ÜõŸ¬ø‚ °Á‚èÁˆ¶ˆ Aù£¡.
ÜŠ «ð£K™ ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ ºî¡º¬øò£èˆ «î£™M»Ÿø£¡.178
°ù£˜ ðœ÷ˆî£‚AL¼‰î ܲŠðC«ò£Œ (Aspasioi), °«ó
JòŠ ðœ÷ˆî£‚AL¼‰î °«óJò˜ (Guraeans), ²õ£ˆ ðœ÷ˆî£‚
AL¼‰î Üêªè«ù£Œ (Assakenoi) ÝAò ñ¬ôõ£› ñ‚èO¡ 
è¬÷ ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ î£‚Aù£¡.
ÝŠè£Qˆî£Q¡ î¬ôïèó£Aò è£ÌL½‹ ð£‚Aˆî£Q™
Þ¼‚°‹ ²õ£ˆ (Swat) ÝŸP¡ ðœ÷ˆî£‚A½‹ ñ£C«ì£QòŠ
ð¬ìèœ ¸¬ö‰î«ð£¶ ܃° Üêªè«ù£Œ (Assakenoi) â‹
ðöƒ°®Jù˜ õ£›‰¶õ‰îî£è‚ A«ó‚è˜èœ ÃÁA¡øù˜.
ܲŠðC«ò£Œ ðöƒ°®»ì¡ è´¬ñò£èŠ «ð£Kì «ï˜‰î
«ð£¶ ߆® 𣌉î, ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ ¹‡ð†ì£¡. Þîù£™,
ªõPH®ˆ¶Š ðô¬ó‚ ªè£¡Á ªõPò£®ò¶ì¡ ܉î ñ¬ô
õ£› ñ‚èœ 40,000 «ð¬ó Üõ¡ Ü®¬ñè÷£èŠ H®ˆ¶„ ªê¡
ø£¡.
30,000 «ð˜ªè£‡ì °F¬óŠð¬ì»ì‹ 38,000 è£ô£†
ð¬ìë¼ì‹ 30 ò£¬ùèÀì‹ Üêªè«ù£Œ ðöƒ°®Jù˜
ܪô‚꣇ì¬ó âF˜ˆ¶ ióºì¡ «ð£K†ìù˜. Üõ˜èO¡
î¬ôïèó£ù ñ£êè‚ (Massaga) «è£†¬ì¬ò‚ ¬èŠðŸø ܪô‚
õ¬óðì‹ 6: ܪô‚꣇ìK¡ ð¬ìªò´ŠH¡«ð£¶ C‰¶ªõO
ê£‡ì˜ ðô  «ð£Kì «õ‡®J¼‰î¶. Ü‚ «è£†¬ìJ¡
ð¬ìˆî¬ôõ¡ «ð£K™ ñ®‰î, Üè¬õ ºF˜‰î AO«ò£ð² ²õ£ˆ ïèóñ£ù) Üóí‹ (Aornos) â‹ îƒèO¡ «è£†¬ì¬ò
(Cleophis) â¡Â‹ Üõ¬ìò , «ð£¼‚°ˆ î¬ô¬ñ A «ï£‚A æ®ù˜. Üõ˜è¬÷Š H¡ªî£ì˜‰¶ ªê¡ø ܪô‚꣇
ióºì¡ è÷ñ£®ù£œ. Ýù£™, àœO¼‰«î 裆®‚ªè£´ˆî ì˜, Ü‚ «è£†¬ì¬ò ºŸÁ¬èJ†ì£¡. «è£†¬ì¬ò âOF™
èòõ˜è÷£™ Üõœ «î£Ÿè®‚èŠð†ì£œ. 赂è£L™ ªðKò H®‚è º®ò£¶ FíPò «ð£¶, CC«è£†«ì£² (Sisikottos) â‹
è£òºŸø ܪô‚꣇ì˜, Ü‚ «è£†¬ì‚°œ Þ¼‰î ܈î¬ù Þó‡ìè¡ Üªô‚꣇켂°ˆ ¶Š¹‚ªè£´ˆî£¡. Üó투î
«ð¬ó»‹ ªè£¡Á ªõPò£®ù£¡. «è£†¬ì¬òˆ î¬óñ†ì ªõ¡Á î¬óñ†ìñ£‚Aò ܪô‚꣇ì˜, CC‚«è£†«ì£¬ê
ñ£‚Aù£¡. Üêªè«ù£Œ ñ‚èœ è†®ªò¿ŠHJ¼‰î æó£ (Ora) ܉î ÜóíˆFŸ«è ÝÀïù£‚Aù£¡.@
@ During Alexander's campaigns in Kabul and the Swat River valley, Prince
â‹ Þ¡ªù£¼ «è£†¬ìJL¼‰î â™ô£¬ó»‹ Ü«î«ð£™
ªè£¡Á °Mˆ¶M†´, Ü‰î‚ «è£†¬ì¬ò»‹ î¬óñ†ìñ£‚A Sisicottos helped him defeat several principalities of the Ashvakas. During a
battle at the fortress of Aornos in which Alexander faced stiff resistance from
ù£¡. ܪô‚꣇ìK¡ Þ‚ ªè£¬ôªõPò£†®L¼‰¶ îŠHò the local population, Sisicottos was put in command of the strategically impor-
Üêªè«ù£Œ ðöƒ°®Jù˜ àò«ó Þ¼‰î (ð£‚Aˆî£QL¼‚°‹ tant fort and Arrian refers to Sisicottos as the governor of Assakenoi.179
140 °í£
H¡ù˜, ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ ªîŸ°«ï£‚AŠ ªðò˜‰¶ î‚Cô‹
(Taxila) â¡Â‹ ´‚°œ ¸¬ö‰î£¡. ‘î‚Cô‹’ â¡ð¬îˆî£¡
‘î‚êYô‹’ â¡ÁêñŸA¼îˆF™ õL‰¶ °PŠH´A¡øù˜. Þ¶
C‰¶ ÝŸÁ‚°‹ Yô‹ ÝŸÁ‚°‹ Þ¬ìŠð†ì ެ숶¬øGô
ñ£°‹. ÞŠ ð°F¬ò å‹H² (Omphis) â‹ ªðò¼¬ìò îI›
ñ¡ù¡ ݇´õ‰î£¡. ‘æ‹H²’¬õ Þ‰F(ò) õóô£Ÿø£CKò˜èœ
‘Ü‹H’ âù‚ °PŠH´A¡øù˜.
Yô‹ ÝŸÁ‚°‹ Yù£Š ÝŸÁ‚°‹ Þ¬ìŠð†ì ð°F¬ò
݇´õ‰î «ð£óC¡e¶ Üõ‚°Š ð¬è Þ¼‰î¶. ܪô‚꣇
ìK¡ àîM»ì¡ ÜŠ «ð£ó¬ê i›ˆFM†´ˆ ù «ðóóêù£è
«õ‡´‹ â¡ð¶ Üõ‚°Š ªð¼ƒèùõ£J¼‰î¶. Þîù£™,
Ü‹H ܪô‚꣇ì¬ó‚ ¬èÊH õó«õŸø£¡.180
ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ ð¬ìªò´ˆî«ð£¶ C‰¶ªõOJ™ ݇´
õ‰î «ð£ó² â‹ ñ¡ùQì‹ 50,000 è£ô£†ð¬ì뼋, 3-4,000
°F¬óŠð¬ì뼋, ° °F¬óè¬÷Š ̆®ò 300«î˜è¬÷
»¬ìò «î˜Šð¬ì»‹, 200 ò£¬ùèO¼‰î ò£¬ùŠð¬ì»‹
Þ¼‰îùªõù‚ ÃÁA¡øù˜.181
ܪô‚꣇ìKì‹ ò£¬ùŠ ð¬ì Þ™¬ô. î¡Â¬ìò
ò£¬ùŠ ð¬ì¬ò ܪô‚꣇켂°ˆ  àîMù£¡ Ü‹H.
«ñ½‹, «ð£óC¡ ð¬ìõL¬ñ¬òŠðŸPˆ îù‚°ˆ ªîK‰F¼‰î
܈î¬ù¬ò»‹ ܪô‚꣇ìKì‹ Üõ¡ ªîKMˆî£¡.182
ܪô‚꣇ìK¡ àˆFè¬÷ ÜP‰F¼‰î «ð£ó², Ü‹H
J¡ ´‚°œ î‹ ð¬ìë¬ó á´¼õ„ ªêŒF¼‰î£¡. «ïó‹
𣘈¶ Ü‹HJ¡ Üó‡ñ¬ù¬òˆ A Üõ¬ù„ C¬øH®‚è
Üõ¡ F†ìI†®¼‰î£¡.183
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Mò ñ£C«ì£QòŠ ð¬ìèœ îI› åŸø˜èO¡ è‡èOL¼‰¶
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â‡Eù£¡. ܪô‚꣇ìK¡ ð¬ì¬ò âF˜ð£˜ˆ¶Š «ð£ó²
܃°‚ 裈F¼‰î£¡. ÝŸ¬ø‚ èìŠð àKò Þìˆ¬îˆ «î®Š
H®ˆ¶ ‘诒 â¡Â‹ ÞìˆF™ ñ£C«ì£QòŠ ð¬ìèœ Yô‹
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»‹ î¡ ñè¡ ñ¬ôòñ£Q¡ î¬ô¬ñJ™ ñ£C«ì£QòŠ ð¬ì
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A™ ñ¬ôõ£› ñ‚èÀì¡ G¡Á î¡ ñ£ñ¡ °÷‚«è£†¬ì»ì¡
ܪô‚꣇ì¬ó âF˜ˆ¶ 㟪èù«õ «ð£K†ìõ¡î£¡ Þ‰î
ñ¬ôòñ£¡. ܪô‚꣇ì¼ì¡ «ï¼‚°«ïó£è e‡´‹ è÷ñ£
®ò ñ¬ôòñ£¡, ܪô‚꣇ì¬óˆ A‚ è£òŠð´ˆFù£¡.
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ñ¬ôòñ£¡ å«ó ªõ†®™ ªè£¡Á i›ˆî«õ, ܪô‚꣇ì˜
î¬óJ™ °Š¹ø M¿‰î£¡. Ýù£™, ñ¬ôòñ£Q¡ ð¬ìè¬÷
ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ ºPò®ˆî£¡. ñ¬ôòñ£¡ «ð£K™ ióñóí
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î¡ ñè¡ ñ¬ôòñ£¡ «ð£K™ ióñóíñ¬ì‰î£ªùùŠ
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èÀì‹ 300 «î˜èÀì‹ 30,000 è£ô£†ð¬ìë˜èÀì‹
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Þ¼ñ¼ƒ°‹ °F¬óŠð¬ìèœ GŸè, Þ¬ìJ™ «ð£óC¡
ò£¬ùŠð¬ì»‹ ÜŠ H¡ù£™ è£ô£†ð¬ìòEèÀ‹
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°F¬óèœ Ió‡ìù. Ü‚ 裆C¬òŠðŸPˆ F«ó£«î£ó² ÞŠð®‚
ÃÁAø£˜:
“ñ¬ô‚èˆî‚è Ü÷¾‚°Š ªðKòùõ£è¾‹ õLòùõ£è¾‹
Þ¼‚°‹ ò£¬ùè¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆFŠ ð¬èõ˜èœ Cô¬ó‚
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ªï£Á‚Aªò´ˆ¶‹ ªè£®ò ꣬õ M¬÷Mˆîù˜. ºîL™
ܬõ Üõ˜è¬÷ˆ ¶‹H‚¬èè÷£™ É‚A õ†ìI†´
݆® ï¡ø£è æƒAˆ î¬óJ™ Ü®ˆ¶‚ ªè£¡øù. «õÁ
ðô«ó£, ÜõŸP¡ ªè£‹¹è÷£™ ªï£®Šªð£¿F™ °ˆF‚
AN‚èŠð†ìù˜.”187
ñ£C«ì£Qò‚ °F¬ó M™ôõ˜èœ Þ춹ø‹ ÜEõ°ˆ¶
G¡ø «ð£óC¡ °F¬óŠð¬ìè¬÷ˆ Aù. ñ£C«ì£QòK¡
è£ô£†ð¬ìèœ «ð£óC¡ ò£¬ùŠð¬ìèÀì¡ ªð£¼îù.
«ð£óC¡ M™«ô‰Fò è£ô£†ð¬ìJù˜ °P îŠð£ñ™ ãMò
Ü‹¹èœ Üõ˜èO¡ èõêƒè¬÷»‹ «èìòƒè¬÷»‹ ¶¬÷ˆ¶„
ªê¡Á ð¬èõ˜è¬÷‚ ªè£¡øùªõù ÜPò¡ â¡Â‹ A«ó‚è
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142 °í£
ÞÁFJ™, ñ£C«ì£QòŠ ð¬ìèœ «ð£óC¡ ð¬ìè¬÷„
²ŸP õ¬÷ˆîù. «ð£óC¡ ð¬ìèœ ºŸP½‹ ÜN¾ŸÁ, Üõ¡
ñ†´‹ îQ«ò G¡ø£¡. «ð£óC¡ ï‡ðù£J¼‰î ªñ«ó£ªò²
(Meroes) â¡ð£¬ùŠ «ð£ó²ì¡ «ð²ñ£Á ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ M´ˆ
. ÜŠ«ð£¶ î¡Âì¡ å¼õ¼‚ªè£¼õªóù„ ꇬ산
õ¼ñ£Á ܪô‚꣇ì¬óŠ «ð£ó² ܬöˆîî£è¾‹, ܉î ܬø
Ãõ¬ô ãŸÁ‚ªè£‡ì ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ «ð£ó²ì¡ ꇬì
J´‹«ð£¶ °F¬ó eF¼‰¶ M¿‰¶M†ìî£è¾‹, M¿‰îõ¬ù‚
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Justinus) â‹ õóô£Ÿø£CKò˜ ªê£™Aø£˜.189 «ð£˜ ò£¼‚°‹
ªõŸP«ò£ «î£™M«ò£ Þ¡P º®‰îªîù Þîù£™ è¼îô£‹.
Ýù£™, A«ó‚è õóô£Ÿø£CKò˜èœ «õÁ õ¬èJ™ è¬î
ªê£™A¡øù˜. «ð£óC¡ ióˆ¬î‚ 致 Mò‰î ܪô‚꣇ì˜,
“࡬ù  â¡ù ªêŒò «õ‡´ªñù c G¬ù‚Aø£Œ?” â¡Á
«è†ìî£è¾‹, ÜŠ «ð£ó², “ܪô‚꣇ì˜, ⡬ù c å¼
º®ñ¡ù¬ùŠ«ð£™ ï숶!” â¡Á «ð£ó² M¬ì ð蘉îî£è¾‹,
ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ «ð£ó²‚° Üõù¶ ¬ìˆ F¼ŠHˆ M†ì
î£è¾‹ Üõ˜èœ ÃÁA¡øù˜.190Ýù£™, Þ‚ è¬îJ™ õ¼õ¬îŠ
«ð£™ «ð£ó² «è†®¼‚è ñ£†ì£ªùù èŒ ªñ‚h¡ «ó£ê˜²
(Guy Maclean Rogers) â‹ õóô£Ÿø£÷˜ ÃÁAø£˜.191
A. º. 326 «ñ ñ£î‹ Yô‹ ÝŸøƒè¬óJ™ ïì‰î «ð£¼‚°Š
H¡, ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ ÜŠ ð°FJ™ ºŠð¶ ï£†èœ îƒAJ¼‰î£¡.
î‚Cô Üóê‚°‹ ñ¡ù¡ «ð£ó²‚°‹ Þ¬ìJ™ ñíM¬ù
àø¬õ ãŸð´ˆF Üõ˜èÀ‚A¬ìJ™ GôMò ð¬è¬ò Üõ¡
îEˆî£¡. H¡ù˜ õìAö‚°«ï£‚A„ ªê¡Á 37 ïèóƒè¬÷‚
¬èŠðŸPù£¡. 裲eóº‹ Üõ‚° Ü®ðE‰î¶. Þ‰ G¬ô
J™, ܪô‚꣇ ì˜ ï¡ù˜è÷£‡ì ‘胬èJ¬ì’ ®¡«ñ™
ð¬ìªò´‚è â‡Eù£¡. Ýù£™, ܪô‚꣇ìK¡ ð¬ì„
ªêô¾ cœõ¬î âF˜ˆ¶Š Hò£² (Beas) ÝŸøƒè¬óJ™ Üõù¶
ð¬ìJù˜ èôè‹ ªêŒîù˜. «õÁ õNJ¡P Üõ¡ î¡ ï£†´‚«è
F¼‹¹õªîù ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ º®ªõ´ˆî£¡.192
ð£‚Aˆî£Q™ Yù£Š ÝŸøƒè¬óJL¼‚A¡ø º™î£¬ù
ñœ÷˜èœ ݇´õ‰îù˜. ñ£C«ì£QòŠ ð¬ìªò´Šð£÷˜èœ
Üõ˜è¬÷ ñ™«ô£Œ (Malloi) â¡ø¬öˆîù˜.193 ‘ñœ÷˜î£ù‹’
â¡ð¶ ‘º™î£¡’ âùˆ FK‰¶œ÷¶.
îIöK¡ ªî£¡¬ñ 143
Ü‹ ñœ÷˜èÀ‹ Ý‚C®«óCò˜èÀ‹ (Mallois and Oxydra-
cians) ñ£C«ì£QòŠ ð¬ìè¬÷ˆ îˆî‹ èO¡ á«ì ªê™ô
Mì ñ£†«ì£ªñù„ ÅÀ¬óˆîù˜. ÜšM¼ ðöƒ°®JùKì
º‹ 90,000 è£ô£†ð¬ì뼋 10,000 °F¬óŠð¬ì뼋 900 «î˜
è¬÷‚ªè£‡ì «î˜Šð¬ì뼋 Þ¼‰îù˜. îƒèÀ‚A¬ìJ™
GôMò ð¬è¬ò ñø‰¶ ñ£C«ì£QòŠ ð¬ìè¬÷ âF˜Šðªîù
Üõ˜èœ º®ªõ´ˆîù˜. èìŠð‚ è®ùñ£ù Yô‹, Yù£Š
ÝÁèO¡ á«ì ªê™ô ºò¡ø ñ£C«ì£Qò «ð£˜‚èŠð™èœ
ðô º†®«ñ£F ÜN‰îù. å¼õ£Á êñ£Oˆ¶ º¡«ùPò ñ£C
«ì£QòŠ ð¬ìèœ, C«ð (Sibae) â‹ ðöƒ°®Jù¬ó ºîL™
Aù. Üõ˜èO¡ î¬ôïèK™ ¹°‰î ñ£C«ì£QòŠ ð¬ìèœ,
܃A¼‰î ݇è¬÷ â™ô£‹ ªè£¡ÁM†´Š ªð‡´ Hœ¬÷
è¬÷ ñ†´‹ Ü®¬ñè÷£èŠ H®ˆ¶„ªê¡øù.194
Þ‰ «ïó‹ 𣘈¶, ñœ÷˜èÀ‚°‹ Ý‚C®«óCò˜èÀ‚°‹
Þ¬ìJ™ Hí‚°ˆ «î£¡Pò¶. Ü¬îŠ ðò¡ð´ˆF‚ªè£‡ì
ܪô‚꣇ì˜, º™î£QL¼‰î ñœ÷˜e¶ F¯˜ˆ °î¬ôˆ
ªî£´ˆî£¡. ñœ÷˜èœ ðô˜ ªè£™ôŠð†ìù˜. è£ô£†ð¬ì
èÀ‹ °F¬óŠð¬ìèÀ‹ õ‰¶ «ê˜‰î¾ì¡, ñ£C«ì£Qò˜èœ
ñœ÷˜èO¡ ïè¬ó ºŸÁ¬èJ†ìù˜. H¡ù˜‚ «è£†¬ì‚°œ
O¼‰î è£õŸð¬ìJù¬ó Üõ˜èœ ªõ†® ªõ†®„ ꣌ˆîù˜.
ïèK¡ ï´õ󵂰œ æ®òõ˜è¬÷Š H¡ªî£ì˜‰î ܪô‚꣇
ì˜, ܉ ï´õó¬í ºŸÁ¬èJ†ì£¡.195
‘ñ™«ô£Œ’ âùŠð´‹ îI› ñœ÷˜è÷£™ ܪô‚꣇ì˜
¹‡ð†ì G蛬õŠ ¹Ù†ì£˜‚ H¡õ¼ñ£Á M÷‚°Aø£˜:
“ï™ô «ð£˜‚°í‹ I‚è ‘ñ™L蜒 âùŠð´‹ ñ‚è¬÷ˆ
°‹«ð£¶  ªõ†®ªòPòŠð´Aø G¬ôJL¼‰¶
ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ îŠHù£¡. ã¾è¬íè¬÷ Üó‡²õ˜
èO¡e¶ ãM, ܃A¼‰î °®Jù¬ó‚ è¬ô‰«î£ì„ ªêŒî
H¡ ãE õNò£è‚ «è£†¬ì ÜóE¡«ñ™ ºîL™ ãPò
õ¡ Üõ«ùò£õ£¡. Ýù£™, Üõ¡ ãPò ãE«ò£ ¶‡´
¶‡ì£è ºP‰¶ M¿‰î¶. «è£†¬ì„ ²õ¬ó ªò£†®‚
W«öJ¼‰î Üï£èKè˜èœ ãMò è¬íèÀ‚° Þ¬ìJ™
î¡ù‰îQò£è G¡ø Üõ¡, °Q‰ªî¿‰¶ âFKèÀ‚°
ï´M«ô«ò °Fˆ¶M†ì£¡. Üõ¬ìò õ£œi„ê‚°
Ü…C ºîL™ CîP«ò£ìˆ ªî£ìƒAò Üï£èKè˜èœ, Üõ
ªù£´ Þó‡«ì Þó‡´ ªñŒ‚è£õô˜èœ ñ†´«ñ Þ¼Š
ð¬î‚ è‡ìù˜. ܪô‚꣇ì¬ó Üõ˜èœ õ£÷£½‹
144 °í£ îIöK¡ ªî£¡¬ñ 145
«õô£½‹ î£‚èˆ ªî£ìƒAò«ð£¶, Üõ¬ìò «ð£˜‚
èõê‹ Üõ¬ù‚ 裊ð£ŸPò¶. Þ‰ G¬ôJ™, êŸÁ â†ì
G¡P¼‰î å¼õ¡ °P𣘈¶ Üõ¡«ñ™ æ˜ Ü‹¬ð âŒ
. ܉î Ü‹¹ Üõ¬ìò ªï…²‚èõêˆF™ á´¼M
Mô£¾‚°œ ¹¬î‰î¶. ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ ²¼‡´ M¿‰î£¡.
Ü‹¬ð âŒîõ¡ ªè£´õ£Àì¡ Üõ¬ùˆ è æ®õ‰
. HΪ겆죲‹ L‹«ñò²‹ ܪô‚꣇ì¬óŠ
ð£¶è£‚è ºŸð†ìù˜. Ýù£™, Þ¼õ¼«ñ è£òºŸøù˜.
L‹«ùò² àJ˜¶ø‰î£¡. êñ£Oˆ¶ ⿉î ܪô‚꣇
ì˜ î¡¬ù‚ ªè£™ô õ‰î Üï£èKè¬ù‚ ªè£¡ÁM†
죡. ÝJ‹, Üõ‚°Š ðô è£òƒèœ ãŸð†ìù. ¹‡
ð†ì ܪô‚꣇ìK¡ 迈F¡«ñ™ °‡ì£‰î® Ü®
M¿‰ î¶. Üîù£™, Üõ¡ «è£†¬ì„²õ˜e¶ ꣌‰î£¡.
ñò‚è ºŸø ܪô‚꣇ì¬ó ñ£C«ì£Qò˜èœ Üõù¶
Ãì£óˆFŸ°‚ ªè£‡´ªê¡øù˜.”*
ܪô‚꣇ìK¡ ÜÁ¬õ ñ¼ˆ¶õ¡ AK†«ì£ªì«ñ£²
(Kritodemos) Üõù¶ ªï…C™ ¹¬î‰î Ü‹¬ð ÜÁ¬õªêŒ¶
ªõO«ò ⴈ. å¼ Aö¬ñ èNˆ¶, ܪô‚꣇ì¬ó‚ èŠð
L™ ãŸP äó£õF (ÞóM/Hydrates) ÝŸP¡ õNò£è Üõ˜èO¡
î¬ô¬ñ ºè£º‚°‚ ªè£‡´ªê¡øù˜.197
* “However, in attacking the people called Malli, who are said to have been
the most warlike of the Indians, he came within a little of being cut down. For
after dispersing the inhabitants from the walls with missiles, he was the first to
mount upon the wall by a scaling ladder, and since the ladder was broken to
pieces and he was exposed to the missiles of the Barbarians who stood along
the wall below, almost alone as he was, he crouched and threw himself into the
midst of the enemy, and by good fortune alighted on his feet. Then, as he
brandished his arms, the Barbarians thought that a shape of gleaming fire
played in front of his person. Therefore at first they scattered and fled; but when
they saw that he was accompanied by only two of his guards, they ran upon him,
and some tried to wound him by thrusting their swords and spears through his
armour as he defended himself, while one, standing a little further off, shot an õ¬óðì‹ 7: C‰¶ªõOJ™ îI› ᘊªðò˜èœ198
arrow at him with such accuracy and force that it cut its way through his
breastplate and fastened itself in his ribs at the breast. Such was the force of the «ð£K†ìõ¡ îIö¡!
blow that Alexander recoiled and sank to his knees, whereupon his assailant ÝŠè£Qˆî£Q½‹ ð£‚Aˆî£Q½‹ Þ¼‚Aø á˜èO¡
ran at him with drawn scimitar, while Peucestas and Limnaeus defended him.
Both of them were wounded, and Limnaeus was killed; but Peucestas held out, ªðò˜èœ îI›Šªðò˜è÷£èŠ ðóM MóM‚ AìŠð¬î å®ê£M™
and at last Alexander killed the Barbarian. But he himself received many Þ‰Fò ݆CŠðE ÜFè£Kò£èŠ ðE¹K‰¶õ¼‹ ݘ. ð£ôA¼†
wounds, and at last was smitten on the neck with a cudgel, and leaned against ®ù¡ ªð¼‹ð£´ð†´ õ¬ó‰î õ¬óðì‹ ªîœ÷ˆªîOõ£è‚
the wall, his eyes still fixed upon his foes. At this instant the Macedonians
flocked about him, caught him up, already unconscious of what was going on 裆´‹. C‰¶ªõO ï£èKè‹, îIö˜ ï£èKè«ñ â¡ð¬î ªñŒŠ
about him, and carried him to his tent.”196 HŠð Þ‰î å¼ õ¬óðì‹ «ð£î£î£?
146 °í£
܂裙 C‰¶ ÝŸÁŠð°FJ™ «ê£ö˜èœ ݇´õ‰îî£è„
Cô˜ ªê£™A¡øù˜. Ýù£™, ÜîŸè£ù ꣡Áè¬÷ Üõ˜èœ
裆ìM™¬ô. ÝJ‹, ÜŠ ð°FJ™ îIö˜èœ ݇´õ‰îù˜
â¡ð¶ ñ†´‹ ï¡ø£èˆ ªîKAø¶.
ܪô‚꣇ì¼ì¡ «ð£K†ì ‘ñ™«ô£Œ’ ⡫𣘠îI›
ñœ÷˜è÷£è«õ Þ¼‰F¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Ü‹ ñœ÷˜è¬÷ ‘ñôõ˜’
(Malava) â¡Á‹ °PŠH´õ˜. ð£‚Aˆî£Q½œ÷ º™î£¡ â‹
ð°F¬òˆî£¡ ܂裙 ‘ñ™L’ Ü™ô¶ ‘ñôõ˜ï£´’ â¡øù˜.$
Fùñô˜ ÷†®¡ ÝCKòó£Aò ݘ. A¼†®ù͘ˆF
îèǬó ݇ì ÜFòñ£¡ ªõOJ†ì 裲 塬ø ܇¬ñJ™
自초. «õO˜èO™ å¼õù£ù ÜFòñ£¡ ñöõ˜èO¡
î¬ôõªùùˆ îINô‚Aòƒèœ ÃÁA¡øù. Þ‰î‚ è£C¡ å¼
ð‚èˆF™ å¼ ªè£®‚è‹ðˆFŸ° ܼA™ ò£¬ù å¡Á àœ÷¶.
Ü«ñ™ ‘ÜFòñ£¡’ â¡ø ªðò˜ ªð£P‚èŠð†´œ÷¶. ÜîŸ
°‹«ñ«ô ²öŸPò(²õˆFè/Swastika) °Pf´ àœ÷¶. ²öŸPò‚
°Pf´ ð‡¬ìò C‰¶ªõO ⿈¶èO™ å¡ø£°‹. Ü‚ è£C¡
ñÁð‚èˆF™ æ˜ ÝÁ‹ Þó‡´ e¡èÀ‹ Þ¼‚A¡øù. °F¬ó‚°
º¡ù£™ «ð£˜ió¡ å¼õ¡ õ£Àì‹ «èìòˆ¶ì‹ GŸA
ø£¡. Þõ¡ A«ó‚èŠ ð¬ìió˜èœ ÜE‰î¬îŠ «ð£¡ø î¬ô
òE¬ò ÜE‰¶œ÷£¡.
Þ‰î ÜFò¡ 裲, êƒèè£ôˆ îIöèˆFŸ°‹ C‰¶ªõO‚°‹
Þ¬ìJô£ù ªî£ì˜¬ð‚ 裆´Aø¶. C‰¶ ÝŸP¡ ¶¬íò£Á
è÷£ù Yô‹, Yù£Š, ÞóM ÝAò ÝÁèO¡ ެ숶¬ø Gôƒ
è¬÷ ÜFòñ£Q¡ ñöõ˜°® ݇´õ‰îªîù ÝŒõ£÷˜èœ
ÃÁA¡øù˜. Üî¬ù Þ‚ 裲 ªñŒŠH‚Aø¶.*
$
This part of the Punjab belonged to the Mallians (Malava), a warlike tribe
that Alexander the Great had to defeat if he wanted his Indian possessions to
be uncontested.199
* “The coin, which was found by R . Krishnamurthy, a well known numisma-
tist and Dinamalar Editor, also shows warriors with Greek style of headgear
and writings in Brahmi and Tamil-Brahmi. The coin could show the Tamils’
link with the early Indus Valley and later Greek civilizations.
“According to some historians, Adhiyaman is said to be from the Mazhava
tribe, which ruled a territory in the Indus Valley between Jhelum, Chenab and
Ravi rivers. The finding could show a link between the Indus Valley civiliza-
tion and Tamils of Sangam age. Besides, the Swastika symbol, otherwise called
gammadion cross, which was also used by the Nazis, could have originated in
the Indus Valley, which is one of the ancient civilizations along with the
Egyptian and Sumerian civilizations.
îIöK¡ ªî£¡¬ñ 147
ðì‹ 1: ÜFòñ£¡ 裲
ÜFòñ£Q¡ Þ‚ è£¬ê ¬õˆ¶Š 𣘂¬èJ™, C‰¶ªõO
J™ ܪô‚꣇ì¬ó âF˜ˆ¶ G¡ø ‘ñôõ˜èœ’, îI› ñöõ˜è«÷
â¡ð¶ àÁFò£Aø¶. ñöõ˜è¬÷ˆ îM˜ˆ¶, îI› ñœ÷˜èÀ‹
Ãì ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ ð¬ìªò´Š¹‚° º¡«ð ÜŠ ð°F¬ò ݇
´œ÷ù˜. «êó˜, «ê£ö˜, 𣇮ò˜, ÜFò˜ (êˆFò¹ˆ«î£) Þôƒ
¬èò˜ ÝA«ò£K¡ ï£´èœ Ü«ê£èQ¡ ݆C‚° ÜŠð£L¼‰î
¬õªòù Ü«ê£èQ¡ ð£¬ø‚è†ì¬÷‚ 虪õ†´‚ ÃÁAø¶.$
ÞŠ«ð£¶ A¬ìˆ¶œ÷ ÜFòñ£¡ è£¬ê ¬õˆ¶Š 𣘈
, ÜŠ ð£¬ø‚è†ì¬÷‚ 虪õ†´ °PŠH´‹ ‘êˆFò¹ˆ«î£’
â¡ð¶ Yô‹, Yù£Š, ÞóM ÝAò ÝÁèÀ‚A¬ì«ò Þ¼‰î 
è¬÷ ݇ì ÜFòQ¡ ñöõ˜ ¬ìˆî£¡ °P‚Aø¶ «ð£½‹.
îIöèˆF¡ à†ð°FJ½œ÷ îèǬó ݇ì ÜFò‹
Üõù¶ ñöõ˜°®»‹ C‰¶ªõOJ™ è£íŠð´õ¶ ã¡ â‹
Mù£ Þƒ° â¿Aø¶.
‘“Explaining the coin, Krishnamurthy said: “The front side shows an ele-
phant near a flag mast, while Swastika symbol is found on the top left. The name
Adhiyaman is seen on the top of the elephant. On the back side, a river and two
fishes are found. A horse and a soldier wielding a shield and sword-like weapon
are seen. The soldier is wearing a headgear with Greek style hair decorations.’
King Adhiyaman, referred in several poems of classical Tamil poetry of the
Sangam age was the ruler of Thagadur, now known as Dharmapuri. His name
is found in ancient Tamil poem collections of Purananooru, Agananooru,
Kurunthogai and Natrinai.”200
$ “Everywhere in the empire of the Beloved of the Gods, the king Piyadassi,
and even in the lands on its frontiers, those of the Colas, Pandyas, Satiyaputo,
Keralaputras, and as far as Ceylon, and of the Greek king named Antiochus and
of those kings who are neighbours of that Antiochus, everywhere the two
medical services of the Beloved ofthe Gods, the king Piyadassi, have been
provided.”201
148 °í£
ÜFò˜èœ ñöõ˜°®Jù˜; «êó˜èÀ‚°Š ð¬ìˆî¬ôõ˜
è÷£J¼‰î «õO˜. «êóñ£Q¡ àøMù¡. Þîù£™î£¡, «êó˜
èÀ‚°Kò ‘è‡E»‹ ‹’ ÝAò ðù‹Ìñ£¬ô ÜFò˜‚°‹Ãì
àKòî£J¼‰î¶.202Üî£õ¶, ð¬ùñ£¬ô¬ò à¬ìòõ¡; ªõ†CŠ
̬õ »‹ «õƒ¬èŠ ̬õ»‹ ÜE‰îõ¡. ÜFòñ£¡ ªï´ñ£¡
Ü…C¬òŠðŸP ñ£Íôù£¼‹ °PŠH´Aø£˜. Þîù£™, Üõ¡
胬è‚è¬óJ™ ݇ì ï¡ù˜èO¡ è£ôˆîõ¡. ªî¡ªð‡
¬íò£ŸP¡ ªî¡è¬óJL¼‰î ñô£´ ¬ì ݇ì ñ¬ôò
ñ£¡ F¼º®‚è£KJ¡ î¬ôïèóñ£ù F¼‚«è£õÖ¬ó ÜFò
ñ£¡ ªï´ñ£¡ Ü…C H®ˆ¶‚ªè£‡ì£¡. Þîù£™, è£K‚°‹
Ü…C‚°‹ Þ¬ìJ™ ªð¼‹«ð£˜ ͇ì¶. â¡Á«ñ «êó˜èO¡
ð‚è‹ G¡ø ÜFò¬ù âF˜ˆ¶„ «êó¡ ªð¼…«êó™ Þ¼‹ªð£¬ø
«ð£K†ì£¡. «ê£ö¼‹ 𣇮ò¼‹ Ü…CJ¡ ð‚è‹ G¡øù˜.
«ð£K™ Ü…C Þø‰î£¡. ÞŠ «ð£¬óŠ ðŸPŠ ð£®ò Ë«ô îèǘ
ò£ˆF¬ó.203
«ñ«ô àœ÷õŸ¬ø Ý󣌉¶ 𣘈, ÜFòK¡ ñöõ˜
ð¬ìèœ «êó˜ ð¬ì»ì¡ õì‚«è ªê¡Á C‰¶ ÝŸP¡ ¶¬í
ò£Áè÷£ù Yô‹, Yù£Š, ÞóM ÝAò ÝÁèÀ‚° Þ¬ìJL¼‰î
ެ숶¬ø GôƒèO™ °®«òP‚ «è£†¬ì 膮‚ªè£‡´
܃°‹ «êó˜èÀ‚°‚ WöìƒAò «õO˜è÷£è ݇´õ‰F¼‚è
«õ‡´‹. ‘ñôõ˜’ (Malavar) â‹ ðöƒ°®¬òŠðŸP»‹ ܪô‚
꣇ìK¡ C‰¶ªõOŠ ð¬ìªò´Š¬ðŠðŸP»‹ MKˆ¶¬ó‚°‹
A«ó‚è õóô£Ÿø£CKò˜èœ î¼A¡ø °PŠ¹èœ ܬî àÁFªêŒ
A¡øù.
°ù£˜ ðœ÷ˆî£‚AL¼‰î ‘ܲŠðC«ò£Œ’ (Aspasioi), ²õ£ˆ
ðœ÷ˆî£‚AL¼‰î ‘Üêªè«ù£Œ’ (Assakenoi) â‹ ðöƒ°®Jù
K¡ è¬÷ ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ î£‚Aù£¡. Ü‰îŠ ªðò˜èÀ‚°
º¡ù£™ õ¼‹ ‘ܲŠð£’ â¡ð¬î»‹ ‘Ü꣒ â¡ð¬î»‹ ä«ó£Š
Hò ‘Þ‰FòMòô£¼‹’ Þ‰F(ò) õóô£Ÿø£÷˜èÀ‹ õL‰¶ êñŸ
A¼îñ£‚Aù˜. ‘Ü꣒ (Assa) â¡ð¶ °F¬ó¬ò‚ °P‚°‹ ð£èî
ªñ£N„ ªê£™. êñŸA¼îˆF™ ܶ«õ ܲõ£ (Asva) â¡ø£ù¶.
Assa â¡Â‹ ð£èî„ ªê£™LL¼‰«î °F¬ó«ò£´ ªî£ì˜¹œ÷
Assaka â‹ ªê£™ õ‰î¶. ܶ«õ êñŸA¼îˆF™ Asvaka Ü™ô¶
Asvakan â¡ø£ù¶.204
°F¬óè¬÷Š ªð¼‚AŠ «ðE õ÷˜ˆ¶ ÜõŸ¬øŠ «ð£˜‚
°F¬óè÷£èŠ ðJŸÁMŠð¶‹, °F¬óŠð¬ìè¬÷Š Hø˜‚°‚
ªè£´ˆ¶ àî¾õ¶‹ Üõ˜èO¡ ªî£Nô£J¼‰î.205 °F¬ó
îIöK¡ ªî£¡¬ñ 149
ñ¬ô â‹ îI›Šªðò«ó ÜŠ ðöƒ°®Jù˜ õ£›‰î ñ¬ôJ¡
ªðòó£J¼‰F¼‚°‹.
«ñ½‹, îèǘ ÜFòñ£Q¡ ñöõ˜ï£†®™ °F¬óñ¬ô
⡪ø£¼ ñ¬ô Þ¼‰î¶. C‰¶ªõOJ½‹ Ý÷ˆªî£ìƒAò
ñöõ˜èœ, ܃A¼‰î ñ¬ô å¡Á‚°‹ ‘°F¬óñ¬ô’ â¡Á ªðò
K†ìù˜. Ü‚ °F¬óñ¬ôJ™ õ£›‰î ñöõ˜è¬÷‚ A«ó‚è˜èœ
‘ܲŠðC«ò£Œ’ (Aspasioi) â¡ø¬öˆîù˜.
Üêªè«ù£Œ ðöƒ°®èœ è¬ìCò£ŒŠ «ð£K†ì Üóí‹
(Aornos) â‹ «è£†¬ìJ¡ ªðò˜, îI›Šªðò«óò£°‹. A«ó‚è
õóô£Ÿø£CKò˜ ÜPò¡ â¿Fò ËL¡ ݃Aô ªñ£Nò£‚èˆF™
Aoronus â‹ A«ó‚èŠ ªðò¼‚°Š H¡õ¼ñ£Á æ˜ Ü®‚°PŠ¹
îóŠð†´œ÷¶:
“«è£†¬ìòóE¡ àòóˆ¬î‚ °P‚°‹õ‡í‹ ‘ðø¬õ
Ãì Þ‰î àòóˆF™ ðø‚è º®ò£¶’ â‹ ªð£¼O™ àœ
ìõ˜ Þ†ì ªðòK¡ A«ó‚è ªñ£Nò£‚èñ£è Þç¶
Þ¼‚°‹ «ð£½‹”*
Aoronus â¡ð¶ ‘Üóí‹’ â‹ îI›ŠªðòK¡ A«ó‚è ªñ£Nò£‚
è«ñ Þ‰î M÷‚è‹ â¡ð¶ àÁFŠð´Aø¶.
“ñ™¬ô-ñöõ˜èœ A. º. 326Ý‹ ݇®™ ܪô‚꣇ì
¼ì¡ ªð£¼¶ «î£Ÿøù˜. A. º. Þó‡ì£‹ ËŸø£‡®Ÿ
°Kò è£²èœ è‡´H®‚èŠð†ì H¡ù˜, Þ¡¬øò Aö‚°
Þó£êˆî£QL¼‚°‹ 蟫裆¬ì ïèK™ ñöõ˜èO¡ °®
J¼Š¹ å¡Á ܂裙 㟪èù«õ Þ¼‰îªî‹ º®¾‚°
Þ†´„ªê™Aø¶”$
â¡Á ð‡¬ìò 裲è¬÷»‹ ºˆF¬óè¬÷»‹ Ü®ªò£ŸPò
¹MJò¬ôŠðŸP â¿Fò ð˜ñ£ù‰¶ °Šî£ ÃÁõF™ æK¼ ÜKò
ªêŒFèœ àœ÷ù. ºîô£õ¶-Üõ˜ °PŠH´‹ Karkota â¡Â‹
ªðò˜, ñöõ˜èœ ‘è™ô£™ 膮ò «è£†¬ì’ â¡Á ªð£¼œð´‹
îI›„ªê£™ô£°‹. A. º. Þó‡ì£‹ ËŸø£‡®™ C‰¶ªõOŠ
ð°FJ™ ݇ì ñöõ˜èœ îƒèÀ‚ªèù‚ 裲è¬÷ Ü„C†´
õöƒAù˜ â‹ ªêŒF Þó‡ì£õ‹.
* “This seems to be the Greek translation of the native name, meaning the
place to which no bird can rise on account of its height.” Footnote on Aoronus.”206
$ “The Mallai-Malavas met Alexander in Punjab in 326 B.C. and were defeat-
ed by him. From the discovery if the coins, assignable to the second century
B. C., it is concluded that a Malava settlement had already been formed at
Karkota Nagar in Eastern Rajasthan by that time.”207
150 °í£
‘ñöõ˜’ â¡Â‹ ªðò¬ó„ êñŸA¼î Þô‚èí ñ󹂫èŸð
‘ñ£÷õ˜’ â¡Á FKˆ¶ åL‚èô£Jù˜. C‰¶ªõO ñöõ˜èœî£‹
H¡ù£O™ ñˆFòŠ Hó«îêˆF™ °®«òP Þ¡ªù£¼ ñöõ˜
(êñŸA¼îˆF™ ñ£÷õ/Malwa) ¬ìˆ «î£ŸÁMˆîù˜. Þ¬îˆ
 HŸè£ôˆF™ Üõ‰F â¡øù˜. ñ£ð£óîˆF¡ àˆF«ò£èŠ
ð¼õˆF™ (19.24) Üõ‰F¬ò ‘ñè£õ÷’ â¡«ø °PŠH†´œ
÷ù˜. M盵¹ó£íˆF½‹ (II.3) ð£èõî ¹ó£íˆF½‹ (XII.I.36.)
Ãì Üõ‰F¬ò ‘ñ£÷õ‹’ â¡«ø °PŠH†´œ÷ù˜.208
ñ£C«ì£Qò A«ó‚è¡ Üªô‚ê£‡ì˜ C‰¶ ÝŸøƒè¬óŠ
ð°FJ¡«ñ™ A. º. 326Ý‹ ݇®™ ð¬ìªò´ˆ¶„ Yô‹ ÝŸøƒ
è¬óJ™ «ð£ó² (Porus) â‹ ñ¡ùÂì¡ Üõ¡ «ð£K†´ˆ
F¼‹HòH¡ A. º. 323 Ρ 10/11 Ü¡Á ð£H«ô£Q™ Þø‰î£¡.
ܲŠðC«ò£Œ ðöƒ°®èœ ߆®¬òŠ 𣌄Cò‹, C‰¶ªõO
ñöõ˜èœ Ü‹¬ð ãMò‹ ¹‡ð†ì¶î£¡ ܪô‚꣇ì
K¡ ꣾ‚°‚ è£óí‹. Üõ¡ Þø‰¶ Þó‡´ Ý‡´èœ èNˆ¶‚
A. º. 321Ý‹ ݇®™ 胬èJ¬ì ®™ «ñ£Kò Üó² «î£¡
Pò¶.
ܪô‚꣇ì¬ó âF˜ˆ¶Š «ð£K†ì C‰¶ªõO Üóê
Q¡ ªðò¬óŠ «ð£ó² (Porus) â¡Á A«ó‚è õóô£Ÿø£CKò˜èœ
ÃÁ‹«ð£¶, êñŸA¼î ñò‚èˆF™ I Aì‰î M™Lò‹ «ò£¡²
«ð£¡ø ‘Þ‰FòMòô£˜èœ’ Üõ¬ìò ªðò¬óŠ ‘¹¼«ê£ˆîñ¡’
â¡Á êñŸA¼îñ£‚Aˆ FKˆ¶‚ ÃPù˜. A. H. 2Ý‹ ËŸø£‡®™
«î£¡Pò êñŸA¼î‹ â‹ ªêˆ¶ŠHø‰î ªñ£N ܪô‚꣇
ìK¡ è£ôˆF™ Þ™ô£î«ð£¶, Ü¬îŠ ð£èî ªñ£NJ™ FKˆ¶„
ªê£™LJ¼‰î£ô£õ¶ å¼ õ¬èJ™ ï‹ðˆî‚èî£J¼‰F¼‚°‹.
ªð£Œ ªê£¡ù£½‹ Ü¬îŠ ªð£¼‰î„ ªê£™ôˆ ªîKòM™¬ô
«ð£½‹.
«êó«ù£,
«êó¡ õNJù«ù£?
«ñ½‹, ܪô‚꣇ì¬ó âF˜ˆ¶Š «ð£K†ì «ð£óC¡
ñ¼ñèQ¡ ªðò¼‹ÃìŠ ‘«ð£ó²’ âùˆ F«ò£«î£ó² ÃÁ
Aø£˜.209 «ð£óC¡ ñ¼èQ¡ ªðò˜ ‘°÷‚«è£†¬ì’ â¡Á‹, ²õ£ˆ
ðœ÷ˆî£‚A™ ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ ¸¬ö‰î «ð£¶ Üõ¬ù âF˜ˆ¶Š
«ð£K†ìõ¡ Þõ«ù â¡Á‹ ªê£™ôŠð´Aø¶.
‘°÷‚«è£†¬ì’ â¡ð¶ «ð£óC¡ ñ¼èQ¡ ªðòó£è Þ¼‰
F¼‚°ñ£J¡, «ð£óC¡ ªðò¼‹Ãì‚ ‘°÷‚«è£†¬ì’ â¡Á
ù Þ¼‰F¼‚è «õ‡´‹?
îIöK¡ ªî£¡¬ñ 151
A. H. 8Ý‹ ËŸø£‡®™ â¿îŠð†ì ‘ºˆóó£‚ê꣒ â‹
êñŸA¼î Ë™, «ð£óC¡ ªðò¬óŠ ‘ð¼b²õó¡’ â¡Á êñŸA¼
îˆF™ °PŠH´Aø¶.
“õì«ñŸA™ «ð£ó² â¡Á ñ‚è÷£™ ÜPòŠð†ì ð¼õˆ
b²õ˜ âùŠð´‹ Þñòñ¬ôˆ î¬ôõÂì¡ ê£í‚Aò¡
ªêŒ¶ªè£‡ì åŠð‰î‹, ï‰î˜èœ eî£ù ªõŸP¬ò àÁF
ªêŒî¶. ð¼õˆb²õ¼‹ ê‰Fó°Šî‹ ï‰îŠ «ðóóêQ¡
ðö‹ à¬ì¬ñè¬÷Š ðƒ° «ð£†´‚ ªè£œ÷ˆ F†ìI†
ìù˜. Ü´ˆ¶, ‚è¡Qò£™ ï…ņìŠð†ì ð¼õˆ
b²õ˜ ªêˆ¶ ñ®ò«õ, Üõ¬ìò ñèù£Aò ñ¬ôò«è¶
Üõ‚°ŠH¡ ݆C‚° õ‰î£¡”@
âù Mê£èîˆîK¡ ‘ºˆóó£‚ê꣒ â‹ Ë™ ÃÁAø¶.
õì«ñŸ° Þ‰Fò£M™ Þñòñ¬ôŠ ð°F¬ò ݇´õ‰
îõ¡î£¡ ð¼õˆb²õ˜; Üõù¶ ñóíˆFŸ°ŠH¡ Üõ¬ìò
ñèù£ù ‘ñ¬ôò«è¶’ ݆C‚° õ‰î£¡ â¡ð«î ‘ºˆóó£‚ê꣒
ªê£™Aø ªêŒF.
«ð£óC¡ ñè¡ ñ¬ôò«è¶M¡ ªðòKL¼‚°‹ ‘ñ¬ôò’
â¡ð¶ Éò îI›„ªê£™. ‘ñ¬ôò¡’ â¡ð«î ܶõ£°‹. õ£ñ¡
ÝŠ«îM¡ êñŸA¼î-݃Aô ÜèóºîLJ™ ‘«è¶’ â‹ ªê£™
½‚° “Descending Node, Åø£õO, b, °ö‰¬î, å¼ ñóˆF¡ ªðò˜,
å¼õ¬è‚ °F¬ó” ⡪ø™ô£‹ ªð£¼œ ÃøŠð†´œ÷¶.211
Þîù£™, ñ¬ôòñ£¡ â‹ îI›Šªðò«ó HŸè£ôˆF™
«î£¡Pò êñŸA¼îˆF™ ‘ñ¬ôò«è¶’ â¡Á FK‰¶œ÷¶. Üšõ£
ø£J¡, «ð£óC¡ ñè¡ ‘ñ¬ôòñ£¡’ îIöù£õ£¡. Üõ¬ìò
ÜŠð‹ îIöù£èˆî£«ù Þ¼‰F¼‚è «õ‡´‹? «ð£óC¡
ªðò˜ êñŸA¼îˆF™ ‘ð¼õˆb²õ˜’ â¡Áœ÷¶. ܶ ‘ñ¬ôï£ì¡’
â‹ îI›Šªðòó£è Þ¼‰F¼‚èô£‹.
ÞŠ ªðò˜ ñ¬ô´ˆ îI›Š «ðóóêù£J¼‰î «êó¬ù‚
°P‚èô£ñ¡«ø£? ðFŸÁŠðˆF¡ Þó‡ì£‹ ðˆ¶‚°Kò Þñò
õó‹ð¡ ªï´…«êóô£î‹ 胬èJ¬ì ï¡ù˜èO¡ è£ôˆF™
õ£›‰îõ¡î£¡. Þñòˆ¬î«ò õìªõ™¬ôò£è‚ ªè£‡®¼‰î
 ‘Þñòõó‹ð¡’ â‹ ܬìªñ£N Üõ‚° Þ¼‰î¶.
@ “Chanakya’s pact with lord of the Himalayas, Parvateshwar, popularly
known as Porus, from the Northwest ensures his victory over Nanda. Parva-
teshwar and Chandragupta plan to divide up the old possessions of Nanda
Empire. Next, Parvateshwara dies poisoned by a vishakanya and his son
Malayaketu succeeds him.”210
152 °í£
Þ‰î Þñòõó‹ð«ù£ Üõ¡ õNõ‰îõ«ù£î£¡ ܪô‚꣇
ì¬ó âF˜ˆ¶Š «ð£K†ì «ð£ó² âù‚ 輶õF™ ë£òº‡´.
C‰¶ªõOŠ ð°FèO™  èõó õ‰î ܪô‚꣇ì¬ó
âF˜ˆ¶ ióºì¡ «ð£K†´ ñ®‰îõ˜èœ îIö˜è«÷ â‹ ÜKò
à‡¬ñ¬ò ªõœ¬÷ ‘Þ‰FòMò’ô£¼‹ ‘Þ‰Fò’ ÞùªõPò˜
èÀ‹ êñŸA¼î Ë™è¬÷ ¬õˆ¶ ⡪ù¡ù«õ£ Þ†´‚膮ˆ
Fø‹ðì ñ¬øˆ¶M†ìù˜.
ܪô‚꣇ì¼ì¡ iÁªè£‡´ «ð£K†ì ðö‰îI›‚
°®Jù¬óŠðŸP‚ °PŠH´‹ «ð£ªî™ô£‹ A«ó‚è õóô£Ÿø£CK
Cò˜èœ ‘Üï£èKè˜èœ’ Ü™ô¶ ‘裆´Môƒè£‡®èœ’ (Barba-
rians) â¡Á Üõ˜è¬÷ ÞNˆ¶‹ ðNˆ¶‹ ÃÁA¡øù˜. àô°‚«è
ï£èKèˆ¬î‚ èŸÁ‚ªè£´ˆî îIö˜èO¡ ió‹ Üõ˜è¬÷ A™
ïó‹H¡PŠ «ðê ¬õˆ¶œ÷¶.
A«ó‚è, Þôˆb¡ õóô£Ÿø£CKò˜èÀ‹ Üõ˜èO¡ õN
õ‰«î£¼‹ ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ C‰¶ªõOJ¡«ñ™ ªî£´ˆî ð¬ì
ªò´Š¹è¬÷ I¬èŠð´ˆF»‹ Þ†´‚膮»‹ FKˆ¶‹ ¹ó†®
»‹ â¿F»œ÷ù˜. ÜõŸP™ Cô à‡¬ñèÀ‹ Þ¬ö«ò£®»œ
÷ù ªõ¡ð¶‹ à‡¬ñ.
ܪô‚ê£‡ì˜ Þƒ°  H®‚è õ‰îõ¡; è¬÷»‹
ñ‚è¬÷»‹ ªè£œ¬÷ò®‚è õ‰îõ¡. C‰¶ªõO¬ò ݇ì
îIö˜èœ îƒèO¡ ñ‡µK¬ñ¬ò‚ 裂è àJ¬ó ߉¶ «ð£K†
ìõ˜èœ. ñ‡µK¬ñ‚è£èŠ «ð£K†ì îIöŠ ðöƒ°®èœ Cô
õŸ¬ø «õ«ó£´ ªõ†®ªòP‰¶ ªè£¡Á ªè£¬ôªõPò£®ò
õ˜èœ ñ£C«ì£Qò A«ó‚è˜èœ. Þõ˜èœî£‹ 裆´Môƒè£‡
®èœ; Üï£èKè˜èœ. Þõ˜èœ«ð£Œˆ îƒèœ ñ‡¬í‚ 裂èŠ
«ð£K†ì îIö˜è¬÷ ‘Üï£èKè˜èœ’ â¡Á‹ ‘裆´Môƒè£‡
®èœ’ â¡Á‹ ܬö‚è‚ è£óí‹, îIöK¡ ióˆ¬î‚ 致 °¬ô
ï´ƒA Üó‡ì«îò£°‹. ñ£C«ì£Qò A«ó‚èKì‹ îIöóê¡
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ËŸ°PŠ¹èœ
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