Second Green Revolution in India

Yogesh Bandhu
 The Seeds of First Green Revolution
1943:
• The Bengal Famine in British ruled India /US based Rockefeller
foundation, a joint effort by the US agricultural ministry and
the USDA established the wheat and corn research center
CMMYIT
• The IR-8 variety was created by hybridising PETA of Indonesia
with Dee-gee Woo Gen of China

1960s:
• A joint venture of the Ford Foundation of Henry Ford, and the
Rockefeller Foundation of Standard Oil
• Corn Development project (CDP)
Punjab was chosen as the incubation center for the green revolution
and The US undertook the responsibility of establishing an agricultural
university in Punjab. Correspondingly, US universities were deputed to
prepare the curriculum. It was decided that the agricultural universities
in this country would be modeled after the Land Grant based
university model of US. In this period, around 33 institutes came to be,
including 25 state farming universities, 1 central agricultural university,
1 horticultural and forestry related university, 2 veterinary universities,
to list a few. 4 national research centers were also created
By directly becoming involved in the establishment of 5 universities of
the first phase, US established roots in the Indian agricultural
education and training arena. National universities had very close
associations with US based universities, which often influenced their
policy decisions. Examples of such collaborations were the
involvements of the Ohio University in Punjab, Michigan University in
Tamil Nadu, Purdue, Iowa university in Bangalore.
 The Punjab Experience
 The average level of indebtedness per agriculturist is about
Rs 42,000.
 The volume of total indebtedness is Rs 25000 crores.
 From 1998 to 2009, 2116 farmers have committed suicide in
this state and
 Ultimate is Cancer Express (Train # 399 Bhatinda to Bikaner)
The finance minister has chosen the eastern states
such as West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa and
Eastern Part of Uttar Pradesh for unveiling
……………..the Second Green Revolution
Agro Climatic Zones in Uttar Pradesh
Tarai

Western Plain

Central Western Plain

Semi Arid South

Western Plain

Central Plain

Bundelkhand

North Eastern Plain

Eastern Plain

District of Eastern Region Vindhyan Area 5

District under different Agro-Climatic Zones
Central plain
• Allahabad, Kaushambi, Pratapgarh

Eastern plain
• Varanasi, Chandauli, Ghazipur, Jaunpur, Faizabad,
Ambedkar Nagar, Sultanpur, Azamgarh, Mau, Ballia,
S. Ravi Das Ngr
North Eastern plain
• Gorakhpur, Maharajganj, Deoria, Kushi Nagar, Basti,
Siddharth Nagar, Sant Kabir Nagar, Gonda,
Balrampur, Bahraich, Shravasti
Vindhyan
• Mirzapur, Sonbhadra,
 Characteristic & Constraints
North Eastern Plain Zone
Abundant surface and ground water.
Soils are alluvial and calcareous.
Constraints
Flood and Poor Drainage
Late sowing of Wheat in Paddy-Wheat sequence.
Lack of adoption of hybrids Rice & Maize.

Vindhyan Zone
Most of the lands are undulating and rocky besides
alluvial in plain area.
Constraints
Low fertility and Irrigation problem.
Low Seed Replacement Rate (SRR).
Central Plain Zone
Soils are highly productive vary from sandy loam to
clay loam.
Constraints
Sodicity, Poor water management and deficiency of Micro
Nutrients.
Low organic carbon.

Eastern Plain Zone

Sodic Land.
Plenty of ground water but surface water is scanty.
Constraints
Poor Water Management in Canal Command Area.
Low seed replacement Rate (SRR).
Late sowing of Wheat in Paddy-Wheat crop sequence.
Salient Features of Eastern Uttar Pradesh
Average Percentage of small & marginal
farmer in eastern UP: 94.6

Average Percentage of small & marginal

farmer in Uttar Pradesh: 91.1
Highest Percentage of small & marginal
farmer in eastern UP (St. Ravidas Nagar,
Jaunpur, Varanasi): 97.7
Percent net area sown of reporting area in
eastern UP: 63.8

Percent net area sown of reporting area in

Uttar Pradesh; 67.9
9
 Status of Farmers of Eastern Uttar Pradesh

150
130 Total No. Of
farmers Family- in %
110 total land share- in
90 77 %

70 farmers holding- in ha

50 37 38.7
24.3
30 14 9 3.63
10 0.4 1.4

-10
Marginal Small Big

10
Productivity of Rice (Qtl. / Ha.)

Average Productivity in Eastern

Region: 19.9

Average Productivity in Uttar

Pradesh : 20.3

No of districts below state’s average:

21
Productivity of Wheat (Qtl./Ha.)

Average Productivity in
Eastern Region: 26.0

Average Productivity in Uttar

Pradesh : 28.6

No of districts below state

average: 14
Fertility Status of Primary Nutrients
Nitrogen
• Three districts have very low status
• 24 Districts have low status

Phosphate
• 15 Districts have very low status.
• 11 Districts have low status

Potash
• 21 Districts have medium status
• Only 6 districts have high status
 Major Concerns
Problematic Soils
(sodicity/submergence/Flooded /Khadar )

Weak extension network

Slow pace of mechanization

Increasing cost of cultivation

Inadequate pace of research and

technology development

Poor post harvest management

 Major Concerns
Fragmented and small size of land
holding.
Low SRR and Inadequacy of suitable
genotypes.

The deteriorating Soil Health

Imbalanced use of chemical fertilizer

Inadequate credit flow

Depleting ground water

What was the Green Revolution in India ?

Continued expansion of farming areas;

Double-cropping on existing farmland;

Using seeds with improved genetics.

Strategy for Extending Green Revolution to Eastern UP

Increasing Seed Replacement Rate

Restoring Soil health

Water management

Management of problematic land

Technology dissemination

Mechanization
Strategy for Extending Green Revolution to Eastern UP

Establishment of Mandi with in 100

sq km radius.

Minimizing cost of cultivation

Research and technology

development
 Component of Second Green Revolution
• Education, learning • Food processing
resources, curriculum • Use of byproducts and bio-
development and training fuels
• R&D, commercialization • Post-harvest
• IPR, biosafety, food safety, management/value addition
investment conditions, and • Food marketing, cold-
policy and regulatory chain/product handling
frameworks Human
Resources and
Agri-Processing
Institutional
and Marketing
Capacity –
Building

Natural
Emerging
Resources
Technologies
Management
• Biotechnology • Water management
• Vaccines and diagnostics • Soil and management
• Precision farming • Climate change
• Bioinformatics and • Air quality Waste
information technology management
Corporates, not Farmers, are at the
Root of this Revolution(?)
Monsanto.
• is the biggest seed and farm chemical
company of the world

ADM
• is the biggest seller of food grains.

Walmart
• is the biggest monopolist fish which can
gobble up the global retail market
What is Happening and What is Going to Happen as a
Result of this Second Green Revolution

APMC laws of the states are being amended

Foreign companies are entering the science research

centers

A new Seed Act is going to establish monopoly in the

seed market.

Futures trading acts are being changed

Land under paddy and wheat cultivation would be

curtailed

National agricultural policy has been framed in line with

the AKI
Who are on Indian Fleet
 Some Suggestions of CEO Forum on SGR
 Public-private partnership (PPP) needs to be encouraged.
 Large Special Economic Zones (SEZ’s) will need to be set up
 Foreign corporations are very interested in investing in electricity, petroleum, gas, etc.
therefore the govt. should enact more aggressive reforms in these areas,
 The government needs to take up the task of building infrastructure.
 Barriers in investing in the small scale retail market need to be removed.
 Control over higher education and research in the context of human resource development.
 The food processing industry will need to be completely privatised.
 All obstacles in the transport of imported and internal agricultural produce need to be
removed.
 The Agricultural Produce Market Committee regulation needs to be revisited
 The import and taxation policies on seeds and agricultural produce, need to be relaxed
 All barriers to foreign investment in food and agri-business needs to be removed.
 An US-India agricultural research institute needs to be set up
 The US and India should jointly try to commercialise biotechnology
 Direct foreign investment needs to be accelerated.
 Barriers to retail trade will need to be loosened.
Yogeshacademic@gmail.com
(+91) 94151 18971