Decreased level of

Neurology consciousness: metabolic

Cerebellar signsPINARD'S: causes
Mnemonics Past pointing METABOLIC:
Intention tremor Major end organs (liver,
Neurology Mnemonics Nystagmus kidney)
Ataxia Endocrine/ Electrolytes
Rebound Toxins
Dysdiadokinesia Acid
Slurred speech Base disorders
[Note: If you haven't done Obs Oxygenation
Peripheral nervous yet, a Pinard's is for listening to Lung (PE, pneumonia)
examination "Tall People a baby's Infection/ Inflammatory/
Run-over Small Children": heart on mother's abdomen] Iatrogenic
Tone Calcium
Power
Reflexes
Sensation
Co-ordination/ Clonus
Multiple sclerosis: signs and
symptomsINSULAR: Peripheral neuropathy:
Intention tremor differentialSTAGLAND:
Nystagmus Sarcoid
Slurred speech Thyroid
Alzheimer's disease: Uthoff's phenomenon Amyloid
progressive phasesABCD: Lhermitte's sign Guillian-Barre
Amnesic phase (forgetting Ataxia Lead
keys, leaving cooker on) Rebound Alcohol
Behavioural problems Nutritional
(antisocial, wandering) Drugs/ Diabetes
Cortical phase (incontinence,
falls)
Decerebrate phase (return of
primitive reflexes) Conscious change:
causesAEIOU TIPS:
Alcohol Dementia: treatable
Encephalopathy causesDEMENTIA:
Infection Drug toxicity
Opioid Emotional (depression, anxiety,
Hydrocephalus: Normal Uremia OCD, etc.)
pressure hydrocephalus DDx Trauma Metabolic (electrolytes, liver
3 W's: Insulin dz, kidney dz, COPD)
Wet: urinary incontinence Psychosis Eyes/ Ears (peripheral sensory
Wobbly: gait abnormality Syncope restrictions)
Wacky: dementia, memory Nutrition (vitamin, iron
problems deficiencies/ NPH [Normal
Pressure
Hydrocephalus]
Tumors/ Trauma (including
chronic subdural hematoma)
Infection (meningitis,
encephalitis, pneumonia,
syphilis)
Arteriosclerosis and other
vascular disease
Whipple's disease: features
[for neurologists]A
WHIPPLES
DOOM:
Arthralgias
Whipplei (organism)
Hypothalamic involvement
Intestinal involvement/
Intestinal biopsy required
PAS positive macrophages
PCR positivity
Lymphadenopathy
Extrapyramidal involvement
Septran treat with
Dementia
Ocular abnormalities (vertical
gaze palsy)
Oculomasticatory
myorhythmia
Myoclonus
Chorea: common causesSt. Visual loss: persistent
VITUS'S DANCE: bilateral sudden onset visual
Sydenhams loss
Vascular differentialFLOP:
Increased RBC's Functional
(polycythemia) Leber's hereditary neuropathy
Toxins: CO, Mg, Hg Occipital infarctions
Uremia Pituitary apoplexy
SLE
Senile chorea
Drugs
APLA syndrome
Neurodegenerative conditions:
HD, neuroacanthocytosis, Perinaud's syndrome: clinical
DRPLA featuresPERINAUD'S:
Conception related: pregnancy, Pseudo 6th nerve palsy/ Penial
OCP's region
Endocrine: hyperthyroidism, Eyelid Retraction
hypo-, hyperglycemia Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Nystagmus
Accomodation reflex present
Upward gaze palsy
Defective convergence/
Decerebrate rigidity
Status epilepticus: treatment Skew deviation
"Thank Goodness
All Cerebral Bursts Dissipate":
Thiamine
Glucose
Ativan
Cerebyx Benidict's syndrome: site
Barbiturate affectedBenidict's test
Diprivan for sugar gives red precipitate.
Similarly, Benidict's syndrome
affects rednucleus.

Congenital myopathy:
featuresDREAMS:
Dominantly inherited, mostly Balint's syndromeSOOT:
Reflexes decreased Simultagnosia
Enzymes normal Optic ataxia Stroke: basic work up The 3
Apathetic floppy baby Ocular apraxia P's:
Milestones delayed Tunnel vision Pump
Pipes
Plasma
Neurofibromatosis: Stroke: young patient's likely
diagnostic causes 7 C's:
criteriaROLANDO: Cocaine Head trauma: rapid neuro
Relative (1st degree) Consanguinity [familial such as exam · 12 P's:
Osseous fibromas neurofibromatosis and von Psychological (mental) status
Lisch nodules in eyes Hippel-Lindau] Pupils: size, symmetry,
Axillary freckling Cancer reaction
Neurofibromas Cardiogenic embol Paired ocular movememts
Dime size cafe au lait spots hyperCoagulation Papilloedema
Optic gliomas CNS infection [eg: HIV Pressure (BP, increased ICP)
conditions] Pulse and rate
Congenital arterial lesion Paralysis, Paresis
Pyramidal signs
Pin prick sensory response
Pee (incontinent)
Proximal myopathy: Patellar relex (and others)
differentialPEACH PODS: Ptosis
Polymyositis Encephalitis: · Reevaluate patient every 8
Endocrine: hyper, differentialHE'S LATIN hrs.
hypothyroidism, Cushing's AMERICAN:
syndrome, acromegaly Herpesviridae
Alcohol Enteroviridae (esp. Polio)
Carcinoma Slow viruses (esp. JC, prions)
HIV infection Syphilis
Periodic hypokalemic paralysis
Legionella/ Lyme disease/ Neurofibromatosis:
Osteomalacia Lymphocytic diagnositic criteria (type-
Drugs: steroids, statins meningoencephalitis 1)CAFE
Sarcoidosis Aspergillus SPOT:
Toxoplasmosis Cafe-au-lait spots
Intracranial pressure Axillary, inguinal freckling
Neisseria meningitidis Fibroma
Arboviridae Eye: lisch nodules
Measles/ Mumps/ Skeletal (bowing leg, etc)
Dementia: reversible Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ Pedigree/ Positive family
dementia causesDEMENTIA: Mucor history
Drugs/ Depression E. coli Optic Tumor (glioma)
Elderly Rabies/ Rubella
Multi-infarct/ Medication Idiopathic
Environmental Cryptococcus/ Candida
Nutritional Abscess
Toxins Neoplasm/ Neurocysticercosis
Ischemia · Neurocysticercosis should be Pupillary dilatation
Alcohol assumed with recent Latin (persistent): causes3AM:
American immigrant 3rd nerve palsy
patient unless proven Anti-muscarinic eye drops (eg
otherwise. to facilitate fundoscopy)
Myotonic pupil (Holmes Adie
pupil): most commonly in
young women, with
absent/delayed reaction to light Tabo paresis Injury
and convergence, and of no Syringobulbia Tumor
pathological Spin (benign positional vertigo)
significance.

Peripheral neuropathies:
differentialDANG Ramsay-Hunt syndrome:
Ocular bobbing vs. dipping THERAPIST: cause and common feature
"Breakfast is fast, Diabetes "Ramsay
Dinner is slow, both go down": Amyloid Hunt":
Bobbing is fast. Nutritional (eg B12 deficiency) · Etiology:
Dipping is slow. Guillain-Barre Reactivated
In both, the initial movement is Toxic (eg amiodarone) Herpes zoster
down. Heriditary · Complication:
Endocrine Reduced
Recurring (10% of G-B) Hearing
Alcohol
Pb (lead)
Idiopathic
Huntington's: chromosome, Sarcoid
involvementHUNT 4 DATE: Thyroid
HUNTington's on chromosome Stroke risk factorsHEADS:
4, with cauDATE nucleus Hypertension/ Hyperlipidemia
involvement. Elderly
Atrial fib
Diabetes mellitus/ Drugs
Dementia: some common (cocaine)
causesDEMENTIA: Smoking/ Sex (male)
Diabetes
Pin-point pupil causesPin- Ethanol
Point Pupils Medication
are due to oPioids and Pontine Environmental (eg CO
Pathology poisoning)
Nutritional Multiple sclerosis (MS):
Trauma epidemiologyMS is a
Infection feminine title (Ms.) and is
Alzheimer's female predominant.

Babinski and LMN signs:

conditions exhibiting them "D
MASTS":
Diabetes
Motor neuron disease
Ataxia (friedrichs)
Subacute combined
degeneration of cord
Vertigo: Neuropathy: diagnosis
differentialVOMITS: confirmationNEuropathy:
Vestibulitis Nerve conduction velocity
Ototoxic drugs Electromyography
Meniere's disease

Battle signBattlE:
Behind Ear
Parkinson's disease: signs
and symptomsSMART:
Shuffling gait
Mask-like facies
Akinesia
Rigidity
Tremor
Alzheimer's disease: common
characteristicsALZHEIMER'
S:
Anterograde amnesia is usually
first sign
Life expectancy increase shows
more cases in recent years
Zapped (loss of)
acetylcholinergic neurons
Hereditary disease
Entire hippocampus becomes
affected
Identified by neurofibrillary
tangles
Mutation in amyloid genes
associated w/ disease
Entorhinal areas degenerate
first
Retrograde amnesia ultimaltely
develops
Senile plaques are formed at
synapse
Thalamic boundaries "I HIT
PPL (people)":
· Directions are in alphabetical
order:
Anterior: Interventricular
Foramen
Inferior: Hypothalamic nuclei
(plane connecting them)
Lateral: Internal capsule
(posterior limb)
Medial: Third ventricle
Posterior: free Pole of Pulvinar
Superior: Lateral ventricle
· Posterior has 2 P's.
Afferent vs. efferent
neuronsAfferent = Arrive
Efferent = Exit
Spinal cord: afferent vs.
efferent neurons "Confusing
because they both sound the
SAME":
Sensory=Afferent
Motor=Efferent
Dysphasia: Broca's vs.
Wernicke's causing
expressive vs. receptive
BEWARE:
Broca's area: Expressive
dysphasia.
Wernicke's Area: REceptive
dysphasia
ALS: symptomsALS:
Anterior horn neuron loss
Lower motor dominant effects
Spino-cortical tract (cortico-
spinal tract)
Meningitis: site of TB
meningitis attackTB
meningitis attacks The Base of
the brain
Cerebellar deep nuclei "Fat
Girls Eat
Doritos":
· From medial to lateral:
Fastigial
Globose
Emboliform
Dentate
Cerebellar peduncles:
afferent vs efferentSEMA:
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Efferent (fibres)
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Afferent (fibres)
Geniculate bodies: paired to
respective colliculiSLIM:
Superior colliculi: Lateral
geniculate body.
Inferior colliculi: Medial Auditory pathway:
geniculate body. mandatory stops "Come In
My Baritone":
Cochlear nucleus
Inferior colliculus Meninges: layers in
Medial geniculate nucleus orderPAD:
Brodmann's 41 (cortex) Piamater
Cerebellar damage Arachnoid
signsDANISH: Dura
Dysdiadochokinesis
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor Olivary nuclei: ear vs. eye
Slurred speech rolesSuperior Olivary
Hypotonia nucleus: SOund localization. Coronal section of brain:
· Inferior olivary nucleus is structures "InExtreme
therefore the one for sight Conditions Eat People's Guts
[tactile, Instead of Their
proprioception also]. Hearts":
· From insula to midline:
Cerebellar functional areas Insula
Anatomical shape/location of Extreme capsule
cerebellar areas is a key to their Claustrum
function and related tract. External capsule
· Vermis = Spinocerebellar = Geniculocalcarine tractLower Putamen
Axial equilibrium. bank of calcarine Globis pallidus
Vermis: right down the axis of sulcus is the Lingual gyrus: it Internal capsule
cerebellum, and vertically receives input from Lower Thalamus
segmented like a spinal retinal Hypothalamus
column. quadrants.
· Flocculonodular lobe = Therefore, Cuneus is the Upper
Vestibulocerebellar = Ear, bank of calcarine sulcus: it
eye, body receives input from Upper
coordination. retinal quadrants.
Flocculonodular lobe: flares · Remember: lower retinal Cranial nerves: sensory,
out to the edges, just like ears. quadrants represent superior motor or both [1950s style]
· Hemispheres of cerebellum visual field quadrants "Some
= Cerebrocerebellar = and viceversa. Say Marilyn Monroe But My
Peripheral Brother Says
coordination. Bridget Bardot Mmm, Mmm!":
Hemispheres: around · From I to XII:
periphery of cerebellum, and Sensory
tract to Sensory
cerebral hemispheres. Basal ganglia: D1 vs. D2 Motor
connections D1 has 1 Motor
connection (Striatum- Both
GPi/SNpr). Motor
D2 has 2connections (Striatum- Both
GPe-GPi/SNpr). Sensory
Both
Both
Motor
Motor
Thirst/water balance control Cranial nerves [for political
centre: location in Americans] "Our Oval
hypothalamus Office Tomorrow Teeters As
"You look up (supra...optic) at Florida Adds
the clouds, to check if it's going George Versus Al's
Cranial nerves "One Octopus to Handcounts":
Offered rain (water)": Olfactory
Two Toddlers And Five Therefore, water balance is in Optic
Virgins Great Valium supraoptic nucleus. Oculomotor
And Hash": Trochlear
Olfactory Trigeminal
Optic Abducent
Oculomotor Facial
Trochlear Acoustic
Trigeminal Geniculate bodies: medial vs. Glossopharyngeal
Abducens lateral system "Lateral=Light. Vagus
Facial Medial=Music.": Accessory
V>estibulocochlear Lateral geniculate body is for Hypoglossal
Glossopharyngeal visual system.
Vagus Medial geniculate is for
Accesory auditory system.
Hypoglossal

Auditory pathway "Hungry

Girls 8(ate)
Nothing To
Cranial nerves "Old Opticians SLIMThemselves":
Cranial nerves [for those with Operate Hair cells
a vegetable fetish] "Oh To Try Adding Fortune And spiral Ganglion
Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Getting Vegas cranial nerve 8
Very Another Hotel!": cochlear Nuclei
Green Vegetables, Ah · In order from 1 to 12: Trapezoid body (decussation of
Heaven!": Olfactory ventral nuclei)
Olfactory Optic Superior olivary nucleus
Optic Occulomotor Lateral leminiscus
Oculomotor Trochlear Inferior colliculus
Trochlear Trigeminal Medial geniculate body
Trigeminal Abducens Transverse temporal gyrus
Abducens Facial
Facial Auditory
Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal
Glossopharyngeal Vagus
Vagus Accessory
Accesory Hypoglossal Spinothalamic tracts:
Hypoglossal function of lateral vs. ventral
"Lumbago
is conveyed by the Lateral
tract":
Lumbago is lower back pain.
Therefore lateral tract conveys
pain, so by default,
ventral tract conveys light
touch.
Hypothalamus: feeding vs.
satiety center "Stim the lat,
get fat":
· Stimulating lateral increases
hunger.
"Stim the ven, get thin":
· Stimulating ventromedial
increases satiety.
Dorsal= afferent, Ventral=
efferent and their functions
"My
friend DAVE got kicked in the
behind and screamed":
Dorsal/Afferent component is
the sensation of pain coming
from the rear.
Ventral/Efferent component is
the motor action of screaming
(which is done at frontof
body).

Geniculate bodies: medial vs.

lateral systemMALE:
Medial=Auditory.
Lateral=Eye.
Medial geniculate body is for Argyll-Robertson Pupil Cranial nerves [for those
auditory system, lateral features Argyll Robertson under stress] "Oh Once
geniculate body is for Pupil (ARP) One Takes The Anatomy Final
visual system. Read it from front to back: it is AGood
Can expand to MALES to ARP, standing for Vacation Seems Heavenly":
remember Accomodation Olfactory
Lateral=Eye=Superior Reflex Present. Optic
colliculus (thus medial is Read it from back to front: it is Occulomotor
inferior colliculus by default). PRA, standing for Pupillary Trochlear
Reflex Trigeminal
Absent. Abducens
Facial
Auditory
Glossopharyngeal
Purkinje cells in cerebellum Vagus
are inhibitory to deep nuclei Spinal root of the accessory
Shape of a purkinje cell in 3 Cerebellar deep nuclei Hypoglossal
dimensions is same as a "Ladies Demand Exceptional
policeman's hand saying Generosity From Men":
"Stop". · The 4 nuclei, from lateral to
Therefore, purkinje cells are medial:
inhibitory. [Lateral]
Dentate Cerebellar damage
Emboliform signsDASHING:
Globose Dysdiadochokinesia
Fastigial Ataxia
[Medial] Speech
Dysphagia vs. dysphasia Hypotonia
DysphaSia is for Speech Intention tremor
DysphaGia is for your Gut Nystagmus
[swallowing]. Gait

Hypothalamus: general
functions "TALE of the
hypothalamus":
Temperature
Appetite
Libido
Emotion
Argyll-Robertson Pupil
features Look at the math
signs
around the two parts of the
name: A-R.
The A has no sign in front,
which in math means +A (+
Accommodate).
There is a subtract sign in front
of the R (- React).
Therefore, pupil can
accommodate, but can't react.
Spinal cord: converting
ventral/ anterior/ motor/
efferent and
dorsal/ posterior/ sensory/
afferent A limousine:
The motor of limo is ventral
and anterior on the car.
The Aerial is sensory and on
the dorsal and posterior
of the limo.
· Note 1: 'A' is Afferent, and
also, in a limo, the aerial on the
top of the trunk has a capital 'A'
shape.
· Note 2: An aerial is a sensory
thing: picks up radio waves.
· Note 3: If picked a limo up in
your hand, can only see motor
on ventral, since
dorsal is covered by the
hood/bonnet.
Optic chiasma: what it looks
like if you're a genetics star
The optic chiasma looks the
same as a chiasma in meiosis,
making
it easy to spot on the dissected
brain.
Parasympathetic vs.
sympathetic function
Sympathetic nervous
system: "Fight or Flight".
Parasympathetic nervous
system: "Rest and Digest".
Chemoreceptor trigger zone
"Syringes Help Men
On Drugs":
Serotonin
Histamine
Muscarinic
Opioids
Dopamine
Cerebellar damage
symptomsVANISHED:
Vertigo
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor
Slurred (or Staccato) speech
Exagerrated broad based gait
Hypotonic reflexes
Dysdiadochokinesia.
Hypothalamus: feeding
vs.satiety center "Late night
snack":
LATEral is snacking [feeding]
center.
Therefore, ventromedial is
satiety center.
Spinal tracts: simplified
geography2 posterior:
cross at the medulla.
2 lateral: ipsilateral (same
side).
2 anterior: cross at the spinal
level.
· See diagram.
· Note 1: Descending tracts on
left of figure, ascending tracts
on right.
· Note 2: For ipsilaterals: one
never crosses, one crosses at
the level then
doubles back farther up. The
ipsilateral that crosses at the
level (ventral
spinocerebellar) is the
ipsilateral closest to the 2
anterior ones, which also
cross at the level.
· Tract names in each group:
Posterior 2: lateral
corticalspinal, dorsal columns.
Lateral 2: dorsal
spinocerebellar, ventral
spinocerebellar. Anterior 2:
ventral corticospinal,
spinothalamic.
Big (CN9): 3rd arch
Boobs (CN 10): 4th arch
Basal ganglia: indirect vs.
direct pathway The Indirect
pathway Inhibits.
Direct pathway is hence the
excitatory one.

Temporal lobe: location of

high vs. low frequency
Spinal tracts: Gracilus vs. recognition
Cuneatus: origin from upper The bass clef looks like an ear. CSF circulation: function of
vs. lower Therefore, the bass clef [low choroid vs. arachnoid
limbsGracilus is the name of a frequency] is closer to the ear, granules
muscle in the legs, so and Choroid Creates CSF.
Fasciculus Gracilus is for the the treble clef [high frequency] Arachnoid granules Absorb
lower limbs. is more medial. CSF.
By default, Fasciculus
Cuneatus must be for upper
limbs.

Cranial nerves: olfactory and GABA vs. Glu: the excitatory

optic numbers "You have two vs. inhibitory transmitter in
eyes and one nose": brain (eg
Precentral vs. postcentral Optic nerve is cranial nerve in basal ganglia) When you
gyrus: motor vs. sensory Just two. Glue two things together, you
an Olfactory nerve is cranial add (+)
extension of the rule that nerve one. those things together, therefore
anterior = ventral = efferent = · Alternatively, note Glu is the excitatory one (+).
motor. alphabetical order: oLfactory, GABA is therefore the negative
The precentral gyrus is on the and oPtic. one.
anterior side of the brain, so is
therefore
motor.

Ventricle aperatures: Pituitary: which half is the

converting the two adenohypophysis The Anterior
nomenclature types pituitary is the
Branchial arches: cranial Magendie foramen is the Adenohypophysis.
nerve innervation In Medial aperture.
Sensory/Motor/Both mnemonic Luschka foramen is the Lateral
'Some Say Marry Money But aperture.
My Brother
Says Big Boobs Matter More',
the B's also give Brancial Broca's vs. Wernick's area:
arch nerves in order: effect of damage to speech
But (CN 5): 1st arch center
Brother (CN7): 2nd arch "Broca": your speech
machinery is Broken.
· Broca is wanting to speak, but
articulation doesn't work, and
very slow.
"Wer-nick": "were" and
"nick" are both words of
English language, but together
they are nonsensical.
· Wernick is having good
articulation, but saying words
that don't make sense
together.

Lower vs. upper motor

neuron lesion effects 1.
"STORM,
Baby"
2. 'In a Lower motor neuron
lesion, everything goes Down:
· STORM Baby tells you
effects:
Strength
Tone
Other
Reflexes
Muscle mass
Babinski's sign
· In Lower all things go down:
strength, tone, reflexes, muscle
mass, and the
big toe down in plantar reflex
(Babinski's sign is big toe up:
toe up = UMNL).