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Keywords: Grid substation, Load flow studies, Transformer tap setting, Transmission loss reduction,
Voltage profile improvement
Introduction
Voltage profile improvement is a fixed part of power system. India has one of the highest levels of electricity losses in
the world. Consistently research has been carried over role of Voltage profile improvement in Rajasthan power system. A
case study of Rajasthan power system has been presented and studied to evaluate transmission losses and to diagnosis
the actual condition of real time system under operation.
Therefore, loss reduction of real time test system through routine activities has been evaluated. From the results
presented by early researchers, improvements in terms of voltage profile and loss reduction could be achieved by
effective coordination of equipment’s working at sub stations.
As instructed by Carson W. Taylor static var compensators were designed specifically for transmission voltage regulation.2
Genetic algorithm has also paved the path for optimal reactive power dispatch proposed by W. N. W Abdullah, H. Saibon
by scheduling reactive power in an optimum manner which reduces circulating VAR of system and thus promoting
consistent voltage profile and appreciable MW saving.3 Shunt capacitors compensation power loss reduction by
maintaining system voltage profile and reducing the lines and transformer loading were briefed by A. A. Sallam et al.
in 2002.4 It has been observed that Rajasthan Power System is lacking ways of optimum reactive power management
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M. Tech Student, 2Assistant Professor, Sri Balaji College of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Assistant Professor, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
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Correspondence: Suresh Prajapat, Sri Balaji College of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
How to cite this article: Prajapat S, Lodha M, Anurag N et al. Voltage Profile Improvement, Transmission Line Loss Reduction in
Rajasthan Power System: A Case Study. J Adv Res Electri Engi Tech 2017; 4(3&4): 1-12.
thus creating higher losses.5 Therefore, different case voltage profile and system losses have been simulated.
study with simulations has been carried from previously Capacitor banks are installed at 33 kV bus of every EHV GSS
recorded literature methods and which are presently not to improve the 33-kV bus power factor up to 0.98 in peak
actively taking part in grid operations in Rajasthan State load condition and operated as per loading condition of
power system. individual GSS. Under low load condition of a GSS, capacitor
bank is kept out of circuit whereas particular area of power
Objectives of Case Study system is deficit of reactive power. In this research paper,
under this scenario capacitor banks have been switched
In power system, to regulate the voltage in different grid ON to simulate the effect on grid parameters and losses.
conditions, On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) is attached with In Rajasthan power system 132 kV transmission system is
power transformers to change the tap ratio but due to radially operated to control the power flow in various system
manual operation of OLTC sometimes it is not operated at conditions. Therefore, approximately one hundred fifteen
few Grid Substations (GSS). In this research paper, network 132 kV transmission lines are opened. These transmission
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J. Adv. Res. Electri. Engi. Tech. 2017; 4(3&4) Prajapati S et al.
opened which when closed and again simulated while other transformers at Gajner, Nokha, Badnu and Sridungargarh
is increased from 9 to 11 and at Bikaner from 9 to 13 and
• Case III: LFS is carried out with closing of opened case is simulated. In this case voltage of all 132kV and
132kV lines 220kV buses are above 0.95pu.
• In Case I, five 132 kV S/C lines are opened which closed
and again simulated while other conditions remains • Case VII: Increase of tap position of 400/220 kV,
unchanged 220/132 kV and 132/33kV transformers
• Case IV: LFS is carried out with closing of opened
220kVand132kV lines In case VI, voltage of 33kV bus no. 34, 35 and 46 are below
• In this case opened 220 kV and 132 kV circuits are 0.95 pu. Therefore, tap position of 132/33kV transformers
closed connected to these buses is also increased from 9 to 13 to
• Case V: LFS is carried out with switching ON of switched increase voltage of these buses above 0.95pu.
OFF shunt capacitor banks
• In case I, capacitor banks at bus 39 and 42 are switched • Case VIII: Closing of opened lines and capacitor banks
OFF which are switched on. and increase of tap position of transformers
• Case VI: Increase of tap position of 400/220 kV and In this case first of all, opened lines and shunt capacitor
220/132 kV transformers banks are closed and simulated. In case VI, voltage of 33kV
In case I, voltage of most of 220kV and 132kV buses are bus no. 34, 35 and 46 are below 0.95 pu. Therefore, tap
below 0.95pu. Therefore, tap position of 400/220 kV position of 132/33kV transformers connected to these
transformers is increased from 9 to 13 and 220/132kV buses is also increased from 9 to 13 to increase voltage of
these buses above 0.95pu.
Results are plotted from Fig. 2 to Fig. 9 Power system losses for different cases are tabulated in
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Prajapati S et al. J. Adv. Res. Electri. Engi. Tech. 2017; 4(3&4)
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Case VIII system losses are reduced by 11.19MW as compared to Case-I. Considering 80 percent load factor, Annual
Energy Saving (AES) is determined.
Loss load factor (LLF) = 0.3 (LF) + 0.7 (LF) 2 = 0.688 (1)
AES = [11.19 x8760xLLF/10 LUs/Annum]
2
(2)
AES = 674.40 LUs/Annum (3)
Annual cost saving = Units Saved X tariff rate (4)
ACS = (674.40) X (5)
ACS = Rs. 3372 Lakhs/Annum (6)
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Prajapati S et al. J. Adv. Res. Electri. Engi. Tech. 2017; 4(3&4)
Effect on Swing Bus Loading Table-II. The simulation results show that with optimum
utilization of existing elements swing bus MW and MVAR
Swing bus loading for different cases are tabulated in loading is reduced and power factor is improved.
Table 2.Swing bus loading and power factor
Particulars MW losses
Case-I 617.17
Case-II 615.55
Case-III 612.03
Case-IV 610.49
Case-V 616.44
Case-VI 609.80
Case-VII 609.71
Case-VIII 605.98
Power system voltage from Case I to Case VIII at the given in Fig. 10 at 220 kV bus voltage level, Fig. 11 at 132
different bus voltage level at various represented GSS and kV bus voltage level and Fig.12 at 33 kV bus voltage level.
detail graphical representation and its variation profile is
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J. Adv. Res. Electri. Engi. Tech. 2017; 4(3&4) Prajapati S et al.
Appendix-1
Table 1.Bus data
Bus No. Bus Name Nominal Bus Voltage (kV) Max. Bus Voltage (PU) Min. Bus Voltage (PU)
1 BIKANER400KV 400.0 1.05 0.95
2 BIKANER_42 220.0 1.05 0.95
3 BIKANER220 220.0 1.05 0.95
4 GAJNER220KV 220.0 1.05 0.95
5 NOKHA220KV 220.0 1.05 0.95
6 BADNU220KV 220.0 1.05 0.95
7 SRIDUNGH220 220.0 1.05 0.95
8 LALMDSR132KV 132.0 1.05 0.95
9 LOONKRNSR132 132.0 1.05 0.95
10 SHARERA132KV 132.0 1.05 0.95
11 DULCHSR132KV 132.0 1.05 0.95
12 PUGALRD132KV 132.0 1.05 0.95
13 BHINASR132KV 132.0 1.05 0.95
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15 53 16.29
16 54 10.86
17 55 10.86
Total 184.62
Table 5.Transformer data
From Bus No. To Bus No. Id Total Tap Full load loss (kW) Specified X (pu) Rating
Positions (MVA)
1 2 1 17 430 0.13 315
1 2 2 17 430 0.13 315
3 25 1 21 160 0.12 100
3 25 2 21 160 0.12 100
3 25 3 21 160 0.12 100
4 14 1 21 185 0.12 160
4 14 2 21 160 0.12 100
5 20 1 21 185 0.12 160
5 20 2 21 160 0.12 100
6 24 1 21 185 0.12 160
6 24 2 21 185 0.12 160
7 28 1 21 160 0.12 100
7 28 2 21 160 0.12 100
8 49 1 17 65 0.1 25
9 33 1 17 65 0.1 25
9 33 2 17 65 0.1 25
10 34 1 17 65 0.1 25
11 35 1 17 140 0.1 50
11 35 2 17 65 0.1 25
12 36 1 17 140 0.1 50
12 36 2 17 65 0.1 25
13 37 1 17 65 0.1 25
13 37 2 17 65 0.1 25
13 37 3 17 65 0.1 25
14 38 1 17 140 0.1 50
14 38 2 17 65 0.1 25
14 38 3 17 65 0.1 25
15 39 1 17 55 0.1 12.5
15 39 2 17 55 0.1 0
16 40 1 17 65 0.1 25
16 40 2 17 65 0.1 25
16 40 3 17 65 0.1 25
17 41 1 17 55 0.1 12.5
17 41 2 17 55 0.1 12.5
18 42 1 17 65 0.1 25
18 42 2 17 65 0.1 25
19 43 1 17 65 0.1 25
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20 44 1 17 140 0.1 50
20 44 2 17 140 0.1 50
20 44 3 17 65 0.1 25
21 45 1 17 65 0.1 25
21 45 2 17 65 0.1 25
21 45 3 17 65 0.1 25
22 46 1 17 65 0.1 25
23 47 1 17 65 0.1 25
23 47 2 17 65 0.1 25
24 48 1 17 65 0.1 25
24 48 2 17 65 0.1 25
24 48 3 17 65 0.1 25
25 32 1 17 140 0.1 50
25 32 2 17 140 0.1 50
25 32 3 17 65 0.1 25
26 50 1 17 65 0.1 25
26 50 2 17 65 0.1 25
26 50 3 17 55 0.1 12.5
27 51 1 17 65 0.1 25
27 51 2 17 55 0.1 12.5
28 52 1 17 140 0.1 0
28 52 2 17 65 0.1 25
29 53 1 17 65 0.1 25
29 53 2 17 65 0.1 25
30 54 1 17 65 0.1 25
30 54 2 17 65 0.1 25
30 54 3 17 65 0.1 25
31 55 1 17 65 0.1 25
31 55 2 17 65 0.1 25
Table 6.Transformer tap data
Min Tap Nom. Tap Max. Tap
S. No. Voltage Ratio(kV) Capacity (MVA) Nom. Tap
Voltage Voltage Voltage
1 400/220 315 360 9 400 440
2 220/132 160 242 9 220 187
3 220/132 100 242 9 220 187
4 132/33 40/50 138.6 5 132 112.2
5 132/33 20/25 138.6 5 132 112.2
6 132/33 10/12.5 138.6 7 132 112.2
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