GEOLOGI

WELL LOGGING
(WELL LOG ANALYSIS)

DWIHARSO
DWIHARSO NUGROHO
NUGROHO
HIGH
HIGH RESOLUTION STRATIGRAPHY
RESOLUTION STRATIGRAPHY STUDIO
STUDIO
SEDIMENTOLOGY
SEDIMENTOLOGY && STRATIGRAPHY
STRATIGRAPHY LABS.
LABS. GROUP
GROUP
FIKTM
FIKTM ITB
ITB

© NQ - 2006
 background..

In term of RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION workflow, there are 2

(two) steps that related to the well log analysis (petrophysical
analysis):

1. well log ((petrophysical)

petrophysical) analysis
2. petrophysical (3D) Modeling

© NQ - 2006
 Composite
Composite
well log (petrophysical) analysis
Well:
Well: MGH8
MGH8
COMPANY:
COMPANY:Pearl
PearlOil
Oil DATUM
DATUMFOR
FORELEVATION:
ELEVATION:MSL
MSL
LOCATION:
LOCATION:Tungkal
Tungkal SURFACE
SURFACEELEVATION:
ELEVATION:- -
LATITUDE:
LATITUDE:- - MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENTREF.:
REF.:
LONGITUDE:
LONGITUDE:- - ELEVATION
ELEVATIONMEAS.
MEAS.REF.:
REF.:- -
XXCOORDINATE:
COORDINATE:- - DRILLED
DRILLEDDEPTH:
DEPTH:- -
YYCOORDINATE:
COORDINATE:- - VERTICAL
VERTICALUNITS:
UNITS:METRES
METRES
HORIZONTAL
HORIZONTALUNITS:
UNITS:METRES
METRES DATE
DATELOGGED:
LOGGED:03/08/2005
03/08/2005
DATE
DATEPLOTTED:
PLOTTED:15-Feb-2006
15-Feb-2006 VERTICAL
VERTICALSCALE:
SCALE:1:240
1:240

DEPTH (METRES) RM RMC RMF DFD BHT SHT BIT SIZE

DEPTH (METRES) RM RMC RMF DFD BHT SHT BIT SIZE

1138.00-1335.50 -@- -@- -@- - - - -

1138.00-1335.50 -@- -@- -@- - - - -

Sst_E_JP_MD
Sst_E_JP_MD

WIRE.PHIE_1
0.5
WIRE.PHIE_1
V/V 0
0.5 V/V 0
VSH_1 WIRE.PHIT_1 L_RPM2_1
0
VSH_1
V/V 0.5 WIRE.PHIT_1 L_RPM2_1
0.5 V/V 0 0.1 1000
0 V/V 0.5 0.5 V/V 0 0.1 1000
GR_1 DEPTH TOPS.MARKERS WIRE.NPHI_COR_1 L_RPD2_1
0
GR_1
GAPI 200 DEPTH
METRES TOPS.MARKERS 0.45 WIRE.NPHI_COR_1
V/V -0.15 0.2
L_RPD2_1
OHMM 2000
0 GAPI 200 METRES 0.45 V/V -0.15 0.2 OHMM 2000
cal WIRE.RHOB_1 L_RPS2_1 WIRE.SWE_1
150 cal
MM 400 1950
WIRE.RHOB_1
K/M3 2950 0.2
L_RPS2_1
OHMM 2000 0.65 WIRE.SWE_1
V/V 0
150 MM 400 1950 K/M3 2950 0.2 OHMM 2000 0.65 V/V 0
1138 0
1138 0

1275
1275
Sst_E_Btm_JP_MD
Sst_E_Btm_JP_MD

Sst_E2_JP_MD
Sst_E2_JP_MD

1300
1300
Sst_E2_Btm_JP_MD
Sst_E2_Btm_JP_MD

Sst_F_JP_MD
Sst_F_JP_MD

petrophysical (3D) Modeling

1325
1325

1335.5
1335.5

© NQ - 2006
 WELL LOGGING

The study of the properties of rocks (& fluids) by petrophysical

techniques using electric, nuclear, and acoustical sources

Log curve shapes are determined

visually from the appearance of the
recorded data when plotted versus
depth.

Crain, E.R, 2000, The Log Analysis Handbook, Vol. 1

© NQ - 2006
© NQ - 2006
© NQ - 2006
 scepticism or jokes ?

Crain, E.R, 2000, The Log Analysis Handbook, Vol. 1

© NQ - 2006
 Log Type
… Open Hole Logs
„ Electric Logs
… SP
… Resistivity
… Image Log (FMI, EMI)
„ Nuclear Logs
… GR
… Neutron
… Density
„ Acoustic Logs
… Sonic Log
… NMR / CMR / MRIL
… Image Log
… Cased Hole Logs
… LWD / MWD

: Lithology Log
: Porosity Log
© NQ - 2006
 Scope of Work
The Well Log / Petrophysics analysis will be conducted
on several aspects including:

… Quality review of the wireline log data,

… Environmental correction.
… Log analysis to define rock genetic aspects
(Qualitative analysis)
… Log analysis to define rock properties
(Quantitative Analysis)
… Pay and properties summarizing.

© NQ - 2006
 Scope of Work
The Well Log / Petrophysics analysis will be conducted
on several aspects including:

… Quality review of the wireline log data,

… Environmental correction.
… Log analysis to define rock genetic aspects
(Qualitative analysis)
… Log analysis to define rock properties
(Quantitative Analysis)
… Pay and properties summarizing.

© NQ - 2006
 Scope of Work
The Well Log / Petrophysics analysis will be conducted
on several aspects including:

… Quality review of the wireline log data,

… Environmental correction.
… Log analysis to define rock genetic aspects
(Qualitative analysis)
… Log analysis to define rock properties
(Quantitative Analysis)
… Pay and properties summarizing.

© NQ - 2006
Quality review of the wireline log data and
Environmental correction
Methodology

Flow chart taken from Paradygm’s

Geolog 6 ®

© NQ - 2006
© NQ - 2006
© NQ - 2006
 Environmental Correction
„ Koreksi Gamma Ray terhadap Efek Lubang Sumur
„ Koreksi Deep Induction Log terhadap Efek Lubang Sumur
„ Koreksi Deep Laterolog terhadap Efek Lubang Sumur
„ Koreksi Laterolog7 terhadap Efek Lubang Sumur.
„ Koreksi Medium Induction Log terhadap Efek Lubang Sumur
„ Koreksi Medium Laterolog (LLS) terhadap Efek Lubang Sumur
„ Koreksi 16” normal (R16) terhadap Efek Lubang Sumur.
„ Koreksi Spherically Focused Log (SFL) terhadap Efek Lubang Sumur
„ Koreksi Micro-Spherically Focused Log (MSF) terhadap Efek Lubang
Sumur
„ Koreksi Micro-Laterolog (MLL) terhadap Efek Lubang Sumur.
„ Koreksi Compensated Neutron Log (CNL) terhadap Efek Lubang Sumur.
„ Koreksi Formation Density Compensated Log (FDC) terhadap Efek
Lubang Sumur.
„ Koreksi Invasi untuk Induction Logs.
„ Koreksi Invasi untuk Laterologs.
„ Perhitungan Diameter Invasi :
… Induction Log
… Laterologs

© NQ - 2006
© NQ - 2006
© NQ - 2006
 Scope of Work
The Well Log / Petrophysics analysis will be conducted
on several aspects including:

… Quality review of the wireline log data,

… Environmental correction.
… Log analysis to define rock genetic aspects
(Qualitative analysis)
… Log analysis to define rock properties
(Quantitative Analysis)
… Pay and properties summarizing.

© NQ - 2006
Log analysis to define rock genetic
aspects (Qualitative analysis)

© NQ - 2006
 Scope of Work
The Well Log / Petrophysics analysis will be conducted
on several aspects including:

… Quality review of the wireline log data,

… Environmental correction.
… Log analysis to define rock genetic aspects
(Qualitative analysis)
… Log analysis to define rock properties
(Quantitative Analysis)
… Pay and properties summarizing.

© NQ - 2006
 Log analysis to define rock properties
(Quantitative Analysis)
„ IDENTIFIKASI RESERVOIR
… (SILICI)CLASTIC RESERVOIR
„ Defining Lithology
„ Defining Volume of Shale (Vsh)
„ Defining N/G
… CARBONATE RESERVOIR
„ Defining Lithology
„ Defining Volume of Shale (Vsh)
„ Defining N/G
… FRACTURED RESERVOIR
„ PENENTUAN KETEBALAN RESERVOIR
„ PENENTUAN PROPERTI RESERVOIR
… Defining /Calculating POROSITY
… Defining /Calculating PERMEABILITY
… Defining /Calculating WATER SATURATION

© NQ - 2006
 Methodology
To achieve the above mentioned objectives and scope of work, the
following are performed:

Laboratory Core and

Fluid data analysis

© NQ - 2006
 Methodology
(cont’d.)

© NQ - 2006
Defining Lithology

© NQ - 2006
Log analysis to define rock properties
(Quantitative Analysis)

„ IDENTIFIKASI RESERVOIR
… (SILICI)CLASTIC RESERVOIR
„ Defining Lithology
„ Defining Volume of Shale (Vsh)
„ Defining N/G
… CARBONATE RESERVOIR
„ Defining Lithology
„ Defining Volume of Shale (Vsh)
„ Defining N/G
… FRACTURED RESERVOIR
„ PENENTUAN KETEBALAN RESERVOIR
„ PENENTUAN PROPERTI RESERVOIR
… POROSITY
… PERMEABILITY
… WATER SATURATION
© NQ - 2006
 Defining Lithology
Parameter petrofisika suatu reservoir dipengaruhi oleh matriks (grain &
matrix) dan fluida yang terkandung didalam pori antar matiks.
Karenanya, analisis petrofisika diawali dengan identifikasi lapisan reservoir
dan identifikasi litologi penyusun reservoir tersebut agar dapat dilakukan
tahapan analisis yang sesuai dengan jenis litologi penyusun reservoir.
Identifikasi litologi dengan data wireline log dapat dilakukan dengan
mengintegrasikan beberapa log, seperti log density, neutron, GR,
resistivity, dan/atau log lainnya.

© NQ - 2006
 Defining Lithology

„ Deskripsi cutting
„ Kombinasi Log-log GR, Sonic, Density dan Neutron
„ Cross Plot berbagai jenis log yang nilainya terkait
dengan / fungsi langsung atau tak langsung dari
litologi
„ Analisis numerik lain

© NQ - 2006
KOMBINASI LOG GAMMA RAY-NEUTRON-DENSITY
Metoda ini merupakan metoda quick look yang dapat digunakan bila
hanya ada beberapa jenis litologi
Nilai-nilai log tipikal untuk menentukan beberapa litologi secara
cepat (quick look)
Litologi Gamma Ray Density Neutron
(API) (g/cm3) (p.u.)

Batupasir 18 - 70 2.42 – 2.65 0 – 12

Batugamping 18 - 40 2.45 – 2.71 0 – 15

Dolomit 12 - 35 2.66 – 2.88 0 - 23

Serpih/ 70 - 250 2.2 – 2.65 25 - 60

Batulempung
0 - 18 1.2 – 1.80 38 - 60
Batubara

© NQ - 2006
PLOT LITOLOGI M-N
Metoda ini menggunakan log sonic, density, dan neutron.
Nilai M dan N dihitung dengan menggunakan persamaan :

M = ((∆tf - ∆t) / (ρb – ρf)) 0.01

N = ((ФNf - ФN) / (ρb – ρf))

∆tf = nilai ∆t fluida (bernilai 189 ms/feet untuk fluida air

tawar dan 185 ms/feet untuk fluida air asin)
∆t = bacaan log sonic pada zona interest
ρf = nilai densitas fluidanilai yang biasa digunakan = 1
gm/cc untuk fluida air tawar, dan 1.1 gm/cc untuk
fluida air asin
ρb = bacaan log density (bulk density) pada zona interest
ФN = bacaan porositas log neutron pada zona interest
ФNf = nilai porositas neutron fluida
© NQ - 2006
Cross Plot M – N

© NQ - 2006
© NQ - 2006
Cross Plot M – N

© NQ - 2006
PLOT LITOLOGI MID

Metoda MID (Matrix Identification) juga menggunakan log sonic,

density, dan neutron.

Tahapan metoda ini adalah :

1. Penentuan apparent total porosity (Фta)

Ædilakukan dengan cross plot neutron – density dan cross plot
neutron - sonic.

© NQ - 2006
2. Penentuan apparent matrix transit time (∆tmaa) dan apparent
grain density (ρmaa)
Ædihitung dengan rumus :

ρmaa = (ρb – (Фta . ρf)) / (1 – Фta)

∆tmaa = (∆t – (Фta . ∆tf)) / (1 – Фta)

ρb = bacaan log density (bulk density) pada zona

interest
∆t = bacaan log sonic pada zona interest

ρf = nilai densitas fluida

∆tf = nilai ∆t fluida

Фta = apparent total porosity

© NQ - 2006
3. Interpretasi litologi berdasarkan cross plot ∆tmaa - ρmaa

© NQ - 2006
Defining Volume of Shale
(Shaly Sandstone Analysis)

© NQ - 2006
Log analysis to define rock properties
(Quantitative Analysis)

„ IDENTIFIKASI RESERVOIR
… (SILICI)CLASTIC RESERVOIR
„ Defining Lithology
„ Defining Volume of Shale (Vsh)
„ Defining N/G
… CARBONATE RESERVOIR
„ Defining Lithology
„ Defining Volume of Shale (Vsh)
„ Defining N/G
… FRACTURED RESERVOIR
„ PENENTUAN KETEBALAN RESERVOIR
„ PENENTUAN PROPERTI RESERVOIR
… POROSITY
… PERMEABILITY
… WATER SATURATION
© NQ - 2006
 • Gross Sand (GS)
thicknessÆ tebal
stratigrafis antara dua
top reservoir
TAF-6
• Net Sand (NS)
NP
thickness Æ GS dng
NES
GS NS cut off Vshale
• Net Effective Sand (NES)
TAF-5
thickness Æ NS dng cut
off Porosity
• Net Pay (NP) thickness
Æ NES dng cut off Sw

© NQ - 2006
 Log Analysis generally distinguish three distribution type of shale

… Laminar Shale
„ consists of thin laminations of shale which separate stringers or
beds of clean sandstone.
„ the occurrence (of these lamination) is not accompanied by a
reduction in the porosities of the sandstone stringers, but overall
could be reducing the bulk porosity (of the reservoir)
… Structural Shale
„ the term for shale fragments, diagenetic altered mineral, etc.
which be the grains of sandstone
„ is not necessarily matched by any reduction in porosity (Doveton,
2005)
… Dispersed Shale
„ Consists of pore-filling clay minerals
„ Leads to a progressive reduction in porosity

© NQ - 2006
© NQ - 2006
LOG ANALYSIS PETROGRAPHY
• Matrix • Grain
• Matrix
• Cement
• Pore (filled by fluid) • Pore (filled by fluid)
• Pore (none fluid within; rare)
!! Log analysis (determin) hanya menggunakan 1 nilai ρ ma and/or 1 nilai ρ sh
!!! shale fragment
!!! Carbonate has an intraparticle porosity (WP)
© NQ - 2006
© NQ - 2006
Volume shale dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan beberapa
alternatif log sebagai berikut :
a. Log Gamma Ray (GR)

V sh = (GR – GRmin)/(GRmax – GRmin)

GR = bacaan log GR pada zona interest

GR min = bacaan log GR pada zona 100% bersih lempung
GR max = bacaan log GR pada zona 100% lempung

b. Log Spontaneous Potential (SP)

V sh = (SP - SP0) / (SP100 - SP0)

SP = bacaan log SP pada zona interest

SP0 = bacaan log SP pada zona 100% bersih lempung
SP100 = bacaan log SP pada zona 100% lempung

© NQ - 2006
c. Cross Plot Log Neutron – Density

V sh = (phin - ρb) / (phinSh - ρbSh)

phin =bacaan log neutron pada zona interest

ρb =bacaan log density (bulk density) pada zona interest
phinSh =bacaan log neutron pada zona 100% lempung
ρbSh =bacaan porositas semu lempung pada log density (bulk
density)

© NQ - 2006
 Wireline logs for defining Vsh

„ Gamma Ray
„ SP
„ Neutron
„ Density
„ etc.

© NQ - 2006
Calculating Porosity

© NQ - 2006
 Log analysis to define rock
properties (Quantitative Analysis)
„ IDENTIFIKASI RESERVOIR
… (SILICI)CLASTIC RESERVOIR
„ Defining Lithology
„ Defining Volume of Shale (Vsh)
„ Defining N/G
… CARBONATE RESERVOIR
„ Defining Lithology
„ Defining Volume of Shale (Vsh)
„ Defining N/G
… FRACTURED RESERVOIR
„ PENENTUAN KETEBALAN RESERVOIR
„ PENENTUAN PROPERTI RESERVOIR
… Defining /Calculating POROSITY
… Defining /Calculating PERMEABILITY
… Defining /Calculating WATER SATURATION

© NQ - 2006
a. Log density
ρ rock (ρb) = (1- Ф) ρ matriks + Ф ρ pore

Ф = (ρma - ρb) / (ρma- ρf)

ρma = nilai densitas matriks

ρb = bacaan log density (bulk density) pada zona interest

ρf = nilai densitas fluida

b. Log neutron

Bacaan log neutron merupakan nilai hasil perhitungan konsentrasi ion

hidrogen pada suatu formasi.
Konsentrasi ion hidrogen pada suatu formasi sebanding dengan
jumlah fluida yang mengisi pori batuan.
Karenanya, bacaan log neutron dapat digunakan secara langsung
untuk menentukan porositas suatu formasi/batuan/reservoir.

© NQ - 2006
c. Log sonic

Ф = (∆t–∆t ma) / (∆tf –∆t ma)

∆t = bacaan log sonic pada zona interest

∆t ma = nilai ∆t matriks
∆t f = nilai ∆t fluida

© NQ - 2006
ρ rock (ρb) = (1- Ф) ρ matriks + Ф ρ pore

Ф = (ρma - ρb) / (ρma- ρf)

ρma = nilai densitas matriks

ρb = bacaan log density (bulk density) pada zona interest

ρf = nilai densitas fluida

© NQ - 2006
 Ф = (∆t–∆t ma) / (∆tf –∆t ma)

∆t = DT = bacaan log sonic pada zona interest

∆t ma = nilai ∆t matriks
∆t f = nilai ∆t fluida

© NQ - 2006
 Porosity Logs

„ Neutron
„ Density
„ Sonic

© NQ - 2006
 Log Analysis generally distinguish three distribution type of shale

… Laminar Shale
„ consists of thin laminations of shale which separate stringers or
beds of clean sandstone.
„ the occurrence (of these lamination) is not accompanied by a
reduction in the porosities of the sandstone stringers, but overall
could be reducing the bulk porosity (of the reservoir)
… Structural Shale
„ the term for shale fragments, diagenetic altered mineral, etc.
which be the grains of sandstone
„ is not necessarily matched by any reduction in porosity (Doveton,
2005) (?)
… Dispersed Shale
„ Consists of pore-filling clay minerals
„ Leads to a progressive reduction in porosity

© NQ - 2006
LOG ANALYSIS PETROGRAPHY
• Matrix • Grain
• Matrix
• Cement
• Pore (filled by fluid) • Pore (filled by fluid)
• Pore (none fluid within; rare)
!! Log analysis (determin) hanya menggunakan 1 nilai ρ ma and/or 1 nilai ρ sh
!!! shale fragment
!!! Carbonate has an intraparticle porosity (WP)
© NQ - 2006
© NQ - 2006
© NQ - 2006
The correction for shale in porosity
estimation

„ ρb = φ . ρf + Vsh . ρsh + (1 - Vsh - φ)ρma

„ Δt = φ . Δtf + Vsh . Δtsh + (1 - Vsh - φ) Δtma

„ φn = φ + Vsh . φnsh
(!!!! mengasumsikan dispersed shale = laminar shale)

© NQ - 2006
 Estimating Fluid
Saturation

© NQ - 2006
ARCHIE EQUATION
F . Rw „ Basic assumption :
Sw n = … Non shaly (clean) fromations
Rt … Homogeneus intergranular
porosity
„ Where:
… Sw = water saturation of the uninvaded zone
(Archie method)
a … Rmf = resistivity of the mud filtrate at
formation temperature
F = Rxo = shallow resistivity from Laterolog-
… Laterolog-8*,
Φm Micropherically Focused Log*, or
Microlaterolog*
Microlaterolog*
… f = porosity
… a = tortuosity factor
… m = cementation exponent
… n = saturation exponent which varies from
1.8 to 2.5 but is normally equal to 2.0

© NQ - 2006
© NQ - 2006
 Archie Equation for Sw & Sxo

„ Water saturation (Sw) of reservoir’s

uninvaded zone is calculated by the
Archie (1942) formula.

a . Rw
Sw n =
Φm . Rt

„ Where:

Sw = water saturation of the uninvaded zone

(Archie method)
Rw = resistivity of formation water at
formation temperature
Rt = true resistivity of formation (i.e. RIld or
RLLd corrected for invasion)
Φ = porosity
a = tortuosity factor
m = cementation exponent
n = saturation exponent which varies from
1.8 to 2.5 but is normally equal to 2.0

© NQ - 2006
Archie Equation for Sw & Sxo
„ Water saturation of a formation’s
flushed zone (Sxo) is also based on
the Archie equation, but two variables
are changed:

a . Rmf
Sxo n =
Φm . Rxo
„ Where:
Sw = water saturation of the uninvaded zone
(Archie method)
Rmf = resistivity of the mud filtrate at
formation temperature
Rxo = shallow resistivity from Laterolog-
Laterolog-8*,
Micropherically Focused Log*, or
Microlaterolog*
Microlaterolog*
f = porosity
a = tortuosity factor
m = cementation exponent
n = saturation exponent which varies from
1.8 to 2.5 but is normally equal to 2.0

„ Water saturation of the flushed zone

(Sxo) can be used as an indicator of
hydrocarbon moveability.

© NQ - 2006
 1. Penentuan Water Resistivity ((Rw)
Rw)

Untuk menentukan nilai resistivity air (Rw) dapat digunakan

beberapa metoda :
a. Metoda SP

SSP = - K log (Rmf/Rw)

Pada zona air (Sw = 1),
Rxo = F x Rmf dan Ro = F x Rw
Maka :

SP = -K x log (Rxo / Ro)

K = 60 + (0.133 x temperatur formasi)

Rxo = bacaan resistivity dangkal dari Laterolog-8*, Microspherically
Focused Log*, atau Microlaterolog* x
Ro = bacaan resistivity pada zona 100% air (Ro = Rt ketika Sw =
100%)

© NQ - 2006
© NQ - 2006
b. Metoda Pickett Plot

Metoda Pickett Plot didasarkan pada observasi bahwa nilai Rt (true

resistivity) adalah fungsi dari nilai porositas (Ф), saturasi air (Sw),
dan faktor sementasi (m).

Metoda ini digunakan dengan menerakan nilai porositas dan nilai

resistivity dalam (RILD atau RLLD) pada kertas log-log.

© NQ - 2006
Pickett-Plot

© NQ - 2006
c. Metoda Rasio

Penentuan hidrokarbon dengan metoda rasio adalah dari perbedaan

antara saturasi air pada zona terinvasi (Sxo) dengan saturasi air pada
zona tidak terinvasi (Sw)

(Sw/ Sxo)2 = (Rxo / Rt) / (Rmf / Rw)

Sw = saturasi air pada zona tidak terinvasi

Sxo = saturasi air pada zona terinvasi
Rxo = bacaan nilai resistivity dangkal (dari Laterolog-8, Microspherically
Focused Log, atau Microlaterolog)
Rt = true resistivity of formation (RILD or RLLD corrected for invasion )
Rmf = resistivity of the mud filtrate pada temperatur formasi
Rw = resistivity of formation water pada temperatur formasi

© NQ - 2006
d. Metoda Rwa

Metoda ini menggunakan rumus Archie

Sw n = F . (Rw / Rt)

Sw = saturasi air pada zona tidak terinvasi

n = eksponen saturasi (berkisar = 1.8 – 2.5)
F = faktor formasi
Rw = resistivity of formation water pada temperatur formasi
Rt = true resistivity of formation (RILD or RLLD corrected for invasion )

Pada metoda ini Rwa dihitung pada kondisi semua reservoir jenuh akan
fluida. Pada zona yang seluruhnya terisi air (Sw = 100%), hasil perhitungan
Rwa akan sama dengan Rw. Tapi, bila hidrokarbon hadir, nilai Rt akan lebih
besar dari nilai Ro, dan Rwa akan lebih besar dari nilai Rw.

© NQ - 2006
 Rwa Method

WBZ

WBZ

© NQ - 2006
e. Metoda Formation Water Test

Metoda formation water test merupakan metoda

penentuan Rw berdasarkan jumlah air formasi yang
telah dites pada sumur tertentu. Kemudian dilakukan
penentuan kadar Cl- (dalam ppm), dan diplot pada
Resistivity of NaCl Solution Chart untuk mendapatkan
nilai Rw.

© NQ - 2006
WATER RESISTIVITY ESTIMATION FROM BRINE COMPOSITION

Well:
Formation: X Formation (Miocene)

Well Parameters Water data:

ST 78.8 Density (gm/cc)= 1.046
TD 11006 pH = 4.63
BHT 267.01
FormD 10800 CATIONS mg/l meq/l
Sodium 6348 23; Na+ 276.0
Formation Estimates Potassium 39; K+ 0.0
FormT 263 Calcium 9800 40; Ca++ 490.0
Measured Rw @ FormT = 0 Magnesium 370 24; Mg++ 30.5
Estimated Rw @ FormT = Sum equiv. cations = 796.5
ANIONS mg/l meq/l
Chloride 28114 35.4; Cl- 792.8
Bicarbonate 62.9 120; (CO3)2-- 1.0
Sulfate 93.4 94; (SO4)-- 1.9
Carbonate 0 60 (CO3) -- 0.0
Sum equiv. anions = 795.8

Anion/cation imbalance% = 0.1

TDS (mg/l) 44788

Measured Rw @ T deg F = TDS Equiv.NaCl (mg/l) 46538
T= TDS Equiv.NaCl (ppm) 44491

Measured Rw @75 DEG F= 0 Estimated Rw @75 DEG F=

© NQ - 2006
 Resistivity of NaCl Solution Chart

0.15

271.88oF

© NQ - 2006
 2. Penentuan Faktor Formasi

Kelayakan dan kesesuaian hasil analisis petrofisika sangat ditentukan

oleh penentuan faktor formasi dan beberapa parameter lainnya.
Penentuan parameter – parameter itu didasarkan pada genesa
reservoir, korelasi dengan lapangan sekitar, dan/atau karakter
reservoir dan fluida dalam reservoir.

F = a / (Фm)

F = faktor formasi
a = faktor tortuosity, merupakan fungsi dari kompleksitas dari jalan yang
harus dilalui oleh fluida dalam batuan (diantara pori)
Ф = porositas
m =faktor sementasi, dipengaruhi oleh ukuran butir dan distribusi ukuran
butir

© NQ - 2006
 3. Penentuan Saturasi Air (Sw)
a. Rumus Archie

Sw n = F. (Rw/Rt) NON – INVADED ZONE

Sw = saturasi air pada zona tidak terinvasi (non – invaded zone)

n = eksponen saturasi (berkisar = 1.8 – 2.5)
F =faktor formasi
Rw = resistivity of formation water pada temperatur formasi
Dapat ditentukan dengan metoda SP, metoda pickett plot, metoda Rwa, metoda
rasio atau metoda formation water test.
Rt = true resistivity of formation (RILD or RLLD corrected for invasion)

Sxo n = F. (Rmf/Rxo) NON – INVADED ZONE

Sxo = saturasi air pada zona terinvasi (invaded zone)

n = eksponen saturasi (berkisar = 1.8 – 2.5)
F = faktor formasi
Rmf = resistivity of the mud filtrate pada temperatur formasi
Rxo = bacaan nilai resistivity dangkal (dari Laterolog-8,
Microspherically Focused Log, atau Microlaterolog)
© NQ - 2006
 b. Metoda Rasio

Sw/Sxo = ((Rxo/Rt)/(Rmf/Rw))1/2

Sw/Sxo = moveable hydrocarbon index

Rxo = bacaan nilai resistivity dangkal (dari Laterolog-8, Microspherically
Focused Log, atau Microlaterolog)
Rt = true resistivity of formation (RILD or RLLD corrected for invasion )
Rmf = resistivity of the mud filtrate pada temperatur formasi
Rw = resistivity of formation water pada temperatur formasi

© NQ - 2006