2013 ² 2 l,dmh
ISSN - 1391-7307
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wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
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2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 1
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fujeks ;;a;ajhla ;=< 2013 zwehZ iÕrdfõ
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2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 5
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6 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

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- 2013 iema•;
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foaYmd,kh
 .; fjk iEu Èkhla u jvd;a nrm;, jk nj uu
úYajdi lrñ' j¾. jdoh" kj *eisiaÜ jdofha ìysùu"
ixl%uKslhkag i,lk wdldrfhka iy ixl%uK úfrdaë
jHdmdrj, ke.Sfuka th isÿjk wdldrh wmg ±l .;
yelsh' wo mj;sk ikao¾Nfha § mßl%uKh( (Tranversality)
wm óg jir oyhlg fmr m<uqfjka u fuu woyi .ek
l%shd lsÍug mgka.;a Èkj,g jvd jeo.;ah' w;S;fha
§ BY%dfh,a yd m,ia;Sk .eyeKqka fyda Y%S ,xldfõ
isxy, .eyeKqka iy fou< .eyeKqka tlg jev lsÍug
.;a W;aidyhka fyda tlsfkldg Woõ lsÍug" wkqlïmd
lsÍug" Tnf.a kdufhka lrk ,o foaj, iqúYd,;ajfhka
ksy;udkSj isàug we;s yelshdj yd ;SlaIKNdjh
.egqï W;aikak fj;au jvd;a ;a ÿria: fõ'
ldKavqj fuu
uu isxy,fhla fjñ' Y%S ,xldKa
hqoaOh f.k hkafka isxy,hkaka wdrlaId
djrKhla
lsÍfï kdufhks' tjeks jd;djrKhla


;=< ia;%Sjd§ka f,i wmg fuu
lsisfia;a ms<s.; fkdyels
jqj;a wjia:djka úiska fuu
úYajdifha t,an isàug
n, flf¾'
u woyi

- iqks,d wfífialr

fu u WoaOD;fhka iqks,d wfífialr

ifydaoßhf.a foaYmd,k ±lau
lÈug leá fldg olajhs' wef.a Ôú;
ld,fhka jir 40 lg jvd jrla iDcq
foaYmd,k l%shdldß;ajfha;a ;j;a
jrl t;rï iDcq fkdjk foaYmd,k
lghq;=j,;a fhÿKdh' wehf.a foaYmd,k
N+ñldfõ úúO yev ;, ;sìK' tfy;a
th lS¾;su;a" lreKdnr" lemùfuka
hq;a tlla f,i ±lsh yelsh' wehf.a
Ôú; ld,h ;=< § weh foaYmd,k
l%shdldßkshla" udkj whs;sjdislï
l%shdldßkshla iy m%ix. Ys,amskshla
f,i úúO jQ N+ñld bgq l<dh' weh
Y%S ,xldfõ;a f.da,Sh jYfhkq;a
udkj whs;sjdislïj,g iy ia;%S

8 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
whs;sjdislïj,g ±äj lem ù isáhdh'
wehf.a uQ,sl foaYmd,k o¾Ykh yg
.;af;a iEu mqoa.,fhl=g u Tyqf.a $
wehf.a iudc wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k
miqìu l=ula jqj o Ôú;hg" ksoyig yd
mqoa., wdrlaIdjg whs;shla we;af;ah hk
±lafuks' weh urKh f;lau weh úYajdi
l< foaYmd,k uQ,O¾u u; fkdfi,aù
isá w;r Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk kS;sh yd
idufha ÿlaÅ; ;;a;ajh m%Yak l<dh'
m%cd;ka;%jdoh wysñ lsÍu Y%S ,xldfõ
fndfyda .egqïj,g yd wk;=rej yg
.;a Ôú; ydksj,g m%Odk fya;=j
nj foaYmd,k jYfhka ú.%y fldg
ye¢k .ekSug iqks,dg yels úh'
iyNd.s;ajfha iy iudkhka f,i
ñksiqkaf.a whs;sjdislï iy .re;ajh
wysñ lsÍu mj;sk úg wkkH;djh
mokï lr .;a foaYmd,kh u;= úh
yels jk w;r th §¾> ld,Skj nrm;<
m%;sM, we;s jk b;du;a fnÿïldÍ
;;ajhkag ;=vq Èh yelsh' ol=fKa iy
W;=f¾ yg.;a ler,sldr ;;a;ajh hg;a
úð;jd§ka nyq;rfha md,kh kñka
mgjk ,o hg;a úð;jd§kag ys;j;a
iqmsß md,kfha m%;sM,hls' tjeks .egqï
yg .ekSfuka je<lSugkï n,h fnod
yeÍug yd fjka lsÍug fhduq jk kj
m%cd;ka;%Sh jHqyhka ks¾udKh lsÍu
w;HdjYHhehs weh úYajdi l<dh' tjeks
jev ms<sfj<la ;=<ska fuu rfÜ m%cdjka
w;r iïnkaO;djh ks¾jpkh flfrk
idOlhlaj we;s iq¿;r$nyq;r fn§fuka
iudch uqojd .; yelsh'
ye;a;E .Kkaj, isg Y%S ,xldfõ iEu
rchla u ol=fKa iy W;=f¾ ;reK
igkaldó;ajhg m%;spdr ±lajQfha
u¾okldÍ kS;s" ys;=jlaldr w;a wvx.=jg
.ekSï iy r|jd .ekSï" jO ysxid
lsÍï iy jdrKh we;=<;a m%ldYkfha
ksoyi iSud lsÍfuks' iqks,df.a Ôú;fha
lemS fmfkk wjia:djla jkafka 1971
ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa le/,a,hs'
th fuu ;reK .eyeKsh ;=< iudc
widOdrK;ajh .ek ±ä yeÕSula iy
.ïno ck fldgiaj, ÿmam;a ;reKhka
we;=<;a widOdrKhg ,la jQ ck;dj
.ek ;shqKq ±laula we;s lrùh' weh
mejiQ wdldrhg le/,a,g iyNd.s jQ
;reKfhda mj;sk l%uhg wNsfhda.
lsÍug ks¾Nh jQy' tu ksid weh ;u
;reK i.hka iu. r|jd f.k isá fuu
;reKhka ne,Sug f.dia l%u l%ufhka
Tjqkag kS;s wdOdr ,nd §ug yd Tjqkaf.a
foaYmd,khg iïnkaO ùug mgka
.;a;dh'
wehf.a urKh f;la u weh fndfyda
m%dfoaYSh .eg¨j,g ueÈy;aùfuka
Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,khg iïnkaOj
isáhdh' foaYmd,k isrlrejka ksoyia
lr .ekSu fjkqfjka wm%;sy;j jev
l< weh cd;sl m%Yakhg idlÉPduh
foaYmd,k úi÷ula fjkqfjka fmkS
isáñka udkj j¾.hdf.a uQ,sl
whs;sjdislï ms<s.ekSfuka yd Bg
we;s lemùfuka fkdfi,ajqKdh' fï
wdldrhg udkj whs;sjdislï lv lsÍï
isÿ l< l=uk md¾Yajhlg fyda tfrysj
iajdëk tfy;a m%.;sYS,S mshjrla .ekSug
yels úh' iqmsß me,eka;sfha ydkais mqgq
foaYmd,khg iSud fkdjQ wehg" ñksiqka
w;rg f.dia Tjqka iu. isáñka Tjqkaf.a
hym; i|yd jev lsÍug wjYH úh'
weh buy;a ffO¾hlska yd Woafõ.
fhka msß ia;%S foaYmd,k l%shdldßkshls'
tl, zúuqla;s .SZ lKavdhfï fyd|u
.dhsldj jQ weh k.rj,;a" .ïj,;a
idudkH ck;dj fjkqfjka wfkl=;a
.dhlhka iu. úúO ix.S;{hkaf.a kdo
rgdj,g wr.,fha;a" úfrdaO;djfha;a"
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 9

iqks,d wehg u iqúfYaI jQ
wdldrhlska f,dalh ú.%y fldg
ta wkqj th fjkia lsÍug m%h;ak
±rejdh' weh jev l< wdldrh
.ek fjkia u; ;sìh yelsh'
tfy;a ksielfhka u weh úYajdi
l< u;jdohg ±äj lem ù tu
woyia fjkqfjka mqoa., yd m%cd
uÜgfuka fmkS isàug;a Ndú;d
lsÍug;a miqng fkdjQjdh'
1995 jif¾ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï
iïudk ysñ jQ Èk foaYkhla lrñka
úuqla;sfha;a .S .ehqjdh' weh zr;= n,hZ
iÕrdfõ f,aÅldjla iy mßj¾;sldjla
jQjdh' fld<U my< uOHu mx;sfha iy
by< me,eka;sfha Pkao odhlhka w;r
foaYmd,k lghq;= lsÍfï § ug weh
iu. f.hska f.g f.dia Pkao lghq;=j,
fh§ug" mqj;a m;a úlsKSug" mqoa., yd
lKavdhï idlÉPd meje;aùug" fmdaiag¾
we,ùug" úfrdaO;d jHdmdrj,g iyNd.s
ùug yd m%isoaO foaYmd,k /iaùï
ixúOdkh lsÍug wjia:dj ,eìK'
10 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
miqj ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKka bj;a
jQ weh ia;%S whs;sjdislï o udkj
whs;sjdislï nj l%shdfjka m%o¾Ykh
lrñka jl%j foaYmd,k l%shdldrlïj,
fhÿKdh' wef.a ia;%Sjd§ foaYmd,k
Ñka;khg moku jQfha zwkkH;djh
mokï jQ foaYmd,k tl;+ka jeäfhka
u mS;D uQ,sl;ajh ;=< .eíjk ksid
ia;%Ska m%ckk N+ñldjlg ^iudchSh
yd Ôj úoHd;aulj& iSud lsÍfuka ia;%S
ixp,;djhg yd m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyi"
u;hla ±Íug yd úfYaIfhka u újdyh
yd orejka iïnkaOfhla f;dard .ekSfï
whs;sh iSud flf¾ hkakhs' /äl,a
igkaldó ixúOdkj, mjd ia;%Skaf.a
N+ñldj fndfydaúg zidudkHZ m%cdfõ ia;%S
N=ñldfõ mS;D uQ,sl udkhkaf.ka iSud
flf¾'
hg;a úð;jd§ka úiska m%cd;ka;%jd§
l%uh mgjkq ,enQ rgj, ck iudchg
mqrjeishka jYfhka iudc .súiqula .ek
w;a±lSula ;snqfKa ke;' iqks,d fuh
iudc .súiqfï fldgila jYfhka
,sx.sl .súiqula ilia lsÍfï ia;%Sjd§
woyi olajd §¾> l<dh' ziudc
.súiqu hkq ,sx.sl .súiqula oZ fõ'
m%cd;ka;%jdoh ms<sn| iïmQ¾K woyi
ia:dk .;ù we;af;a whs;sjdislï ms<sn|
f,dalh mS;D uQ,sl wjfndaOhlska
iy mqrjeishka jYfhka ia;%Skag yd
mqreIhkag fjkia N+ñldjka kshu
fjk ;;a;ajhka ;=<h' wef.a m%Yakh
wod, jkafka ia;%Skag fojeks mx;sfha
mqrjeislula m%odkh flfrk foaYmd,k
jd;djrKhl ia;%S mqrjeishkaf.a N+ñldj
.ekh'
weh uqyqK ÿka fndfyda wNsfhda." nqoaê
wxYj,ska m%Yak lsÍfï isg rdcHh yd
úreoaO foaYmd,k lKavdhï wehg
tfrysj f.k .sh uv .eiSfï jHdmdrh
wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
iy urK ;¾ck olajd fõ' wehg 1987
§ urK ;¾ck ksid ráka msgj hEug
isÿ úh' fødaysfhl= f,i yxjvq .eiQ
weh rcfha i;=frl= f,i i,lk ,§'
wE bka lsis úfgl;a ie¨fka ke;'
ffjoH ufkdardKs irjkuq;a;= iu. weh
w;=reoyka l< mqoa.,hkaf.a ujqjreka
ksfhdackh l< ujqjrekaf.a fmruqfKa
m%isoaO /iaùï weu;=jdh' uyd mßudKfha
w;=reoyka lsÍï isÿ l< yd fndfyda
fofkl= nh lsÍfuka ksy~ l< ol=fKa
;%ia;jdohla meje;s iuhl m%isoaO
fõÈldjg ke.Sug ;snQ wehf.a ffO¾h
foaYmd,k jYfhka lemS fmfka'
weh ;j;a l%shdldÍka iu. ia;%Sjd§
±laulska yuqodlrKh" .egqu" .egqï
mßKduh yd iduh f.dv ke.Su jeks
lreKq foi ne¨jdh' Y%S ,xldfõ
m%;sikaOdkh yd j.ùu ms<sn|j
2012 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï
uKav,fha fhdackdjg iydh ±laùu ksid
rdcH md,kh hgf;a we;s ckudOH weh
fødaysfhl= f,i yxjvq .eiSfuka wehg
kej;;a úfoaY.; ùug isÿ úh'
iqks,d wehg u iqúfYaI jQ wdldrhlska
f,dalh ú.%y fldg ta wkqj th fjkia
lsÍug m%h;ak ±rejdh' weh jev l<
wdldrh .ek fjkia u; ;sìh yelsh'
tfy;a ksielfhka u weh úYajdi
l< u;jdohg ±äj lem ù tu woyia
fjkqfjka mqoa., yd m%cd uÜgfuka
fmkS isàug;a Ndú;d lsÍug;a miqng
fkdjQjdh' weh wmf.a ld,fha jvd;a
u wjHdc yd jvd;a u wjxl foaYmd,k
l%shdldßksh jkafka ta ksidhehs uu
is;ñ'
úúO;ajh wjfndaO lr .ekSu;a"
yels;dla ÿrg ish,a,ka we;=<;a lr
.ekSu;a w;sYfhka u jeo.;ahehs weh
wjOdrKh l<dh'
wef.a ks.ukh idrdxY flf<a fufiah(
—wmf.a wkkH;djh b,a,d isák
wjia:dfõ u th l< hq;= jkafka
wfkla whf.a wkkH;djh;a Tjqkaf.a
wfkHdakH n,mEu;a wm ms<s.kakd
wdldrh neyer fkdlrk fiah'˜ fujeks
miqìula ;=< wehg wjYH jQfha —ish¨
fjkialï mej;sh § wm tlg jev
lrkafka flfiao" ish¨ fjkialï
.re lrk wjldYhl ish,a,ka we;=<;a
lr .ekSu N=la;s ú¢kafka flfiao"
fjkialï yryd ikaOdk f.dv ke.Sug
wmg bv ie,fik lsishï wdldrhl
iyfhda.s;djhla wmg ks¾udKh l<
yels jkafka flfiao"˜ hkak wm
.fõIKh lrkq ±lSugh' wka;¾ cd;sl
iyfhda.s;djh" tlsfkldg iydh ±laùu
yd tlsfkld iu. yjq,aldß;ajhla
mj;ajd .ekSu;a fuh hehs weh is;=jdh'
weh fufia lSjdh' —mßl%uK foaYmd,kh
hkafkka wmf.a u wdia:dkfha wm ljqo
hkak mj;ajd .ekSug bv ie,fik
tfy;a wm fjk;a ;ekaj, fjfik
ia;%Ska yd mqreIhka úYd, ixLHdjla
we;=<;a jk fjkila i|yd jQ jvd;a
úYd, m%fõ.hl fldgila nj f;areï
.ekSug;a" fjk;a Ôú; yd fjk;a
jd;djrK mj;ajd .ekSug;a tfy;a
uQ,sl lreKq ms<sn|j tlg isàug;a bv
i,ikakls'˜
ksoyi yd hqla;sh .ek ;ju;a úYajdi
lrkafka kï yd ieneúka u wehf.a
foaYmd,k Ôú;h iurkafka kï wm
úiska l< hq;= jkafka kreu foaYmd,kh
neyer fldg udkj .re;ajfha iy
iudkj ie,lSfï w.kd jákdlï
wdrlaId lsÍug jev lsÍu iy wkd.;
mrïmrdj i|yd iudc idOdrK;ajh
fjkqfjka fkdfi,aù lemùu;ah' •
,hk,a fndamf.a
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 11

ud 1970 ueo Nd.fha ±ka le<Ksh
úYaj úoHd,h kñka ye¢kafjk
úoHd,xldrfha Wmdê wfmalaIsldjla
f,i bx.%Sis fomd¾;fïka;=jg we;=¿
jQ jydu iudc jHdmdr" foaYmd,kh
yd kj zl%shdldrlïZ .Kkdjla .ek
jdo újdoj,g msúiqfKñ' ug iqks,d
uqK .eiqfKa ;siai nd,iQßh msh;=udf.a
uQ,sl;ajfhka mej;s iudch iy iduhsl
flakaøfha ks;sm;d mej;s /iaùïj,g
iyNd.s jQ ñ;=rkaf.a l=vd lKavdhug
iqks,d o we;=<;a ùfuks' iduhsl
flakaøh tjlg mej;s rcfha m%;sm;a;s
úfõpkhg ,la l< foaYmd,k ixjdo
uKavmfha kdNshhs' ud weh .ek wid
;snqfKa tjlg fmdma ix.S; lafIa;%fha
kula Èkd isá m%ikak wfífialrf.a
fidfydhqßh f,iks' weh ta jkúg;a
lsis úfgl miq fkdndk" isß;a úß;a
12 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
iqks,d
iu.
ia;%Sjdoh
fidhd hEu
fkd;lk" tä;r" iïm%odhsl fkdjQ
.eyeKshla f,i lemS fmfkk ;;ajhl
isáhdh' weh uqK .eiqK m<uq wjia:dfõ
u wef.a f,ka.;= Ndjfhka jYS jQ uu
wehf.a ñ;=ßhla jQfjñ' oYl ;=klg;a
wêl ld,hla mej;s wmf.a ñ;%;ajh
wdrïN jQfha tfiah'
ia;%Sjdoh 1970 .Kkaj, ueo Nd.fha
Y%S ,xldfõ fndfyda foaYmd,k
idlÉPdj, biau;= jQ ud;Dldjla
fkdfõ' jfï foaYmd,k ixjdoh fhduq
wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh

jQfha mx;s foaYmd,kh" ks¾Ok mx;sh"
mx;s wr.,h yd cd;sl;ajh wjfndaO
lr .ekSu" ú.%y lsÍu yd újdo lsÍu
ms<sn|jh' ia;%S mqreINdùh iïnkaO;d"
foaYmd,k fjkila i|yd jQ ixúOdkfha
wjOdkfhka neyer jQjla fia ie,lsK'
wmf.a l=vd lKavdhfï jeä u ld,hla
.; jQfha udlaiaf.a merKs ixl,amhla jQ
wdishdkq ksIamdok wdldrh" iajhx ;SrK
whs;sh" f.dú jHdmdr" Ñ;%mg yd
Y%S ,xldfõ fõÈld kdgH jeks lreKq
.ek jdo újdo lsÍugh'
ia;%Sjdohg uf.a msúiqï ,laIh jQfha
w¨;ska ld¾ñl jQ kef.kysr wdishdkq
rgj,a flf¾ wjOdkh fhduq ùu;a
iu.h' fï rgj,a flf¾ wmf.a Wkkaÿj
jQfha úfYaIfhka u ol=Kq fldßhdj"
fydxfldx" ;dhsjdka" jeks rgj, ksoyia
fj<| l,dm ;=< oyia .Kka ;reK
.eyeKqka ld¾ñl jQ weÕ¨ï l¾udka;
jHdmdrfha fiajfha fhoùu .ekh'
1977 ka miqj m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o
Y%S ,xldfõ lgqkdhl ksoyia fj<|
l,dmfha o fujeks l¾udka; Yd,d
msysgqjk ,§' m%:u jrg wmf.a u oyia
.Kka ;reKshka fuu lïy,a fiajhg
n|jd .eksK'
whs;sjdislï ,nd .ekSu i|yd Tjqka
n,fõ.hla f,i ixúOdkh l<dh'
fuu jevj, § wm ñ;=re l=ó ieuqfj,a
o fnfyúka odhl jQjdh' iqks,d iu.
mej;s jdo újdo ug jeo.;a jQfha jegqma
lïlrejka f,i ia;%Skaf.a fojk /,a,
wd¾Ólh ;=<;a" mjq, ;=<;a" foaYmd,k
N+ñfha;a ia;%Skaf.a wdia:dkh ikao¾N
.; lsÍfï úfõpkhla f,isks' ug
ia;%Skaf.a Ôú; foi neÆ úg zoaú;aj
ÈkhlaZ hkafkka woyia lrkafka l=ula
o hkak wjfndaO úh' ia;%Ska Y%u fj<|
fmd< fyda ksji ;=< jev lrk kuq;a
f.or lrk jev jákdlï tl;= lrk
wd¾Ólfhka neyerj mj;S' iqks,d
ldka;dj yd udOHfha zoaú;aj ÈkhZ
ms<sn| m<uq ia,hsâ o¾Ykh ilia lsÍug
Y%Shdks fmf¾rd Wkkaÿ l<dh' wms mS;D
uQ,sl iudcfha ,sx.sl;ajh .fõIKh
yd wjfndaO lr .ekSu wdrïN flf<uq'
fï m%h;akfha § wm ;ks jQfha ke;'

fuu Woafõ.lr iufha § Y%S ,xldfõ

ia;%S jHdmdrh f.dkq fjñka mej;s w;r
rg mqrd me;sr hñka ;snqK iudc wd¾Ól
yd foaYmd,k fjkialï wjfndaO lr
.ekSug fjr ±re wm fj; ia;%Sjd§
ixl,am f.k wdfõ iqks,d h' ia;%S
whs;sjdislï ms<sn| l=udß chj¾Okf.a
lD;s mokïj weh ;u w;a±lSï yd
wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï
;u jev iu. noaO l<dh' weh j;=
wxYfha .eyeKq lïlrejkag iudk
jegqma ms<sn| m%Yakh u;= l<dh' ksoyia ðkSjd ys§ meje;ajqKq tlai;a cd;Skaf.a /iaùul §
fj<| l,dmfha .eyeKq lïlrejka f.a iska;shd frd;aYs,aâ iqks,d isysm;a l<dh'

2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 13


udkj ysñlï m%j¾Okh i|yd lemùu w.hd
msßkefuk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï iïudkh"
uy f,alï fld*s wkakkaf.ka ,nd.;a wjia:dj
fï .ufka § wm yd bkaÈhdfõ lu,d
Ndiska" mdlsia:dkfha ks.Ü ihsâ Ldka"
tlai;a ckmofha pd,Ü nkaÉ iy tlai;a
rdcOdksfha flaÜ hka.a ia;%Sjdoh ms<sn|
.fõIKh" kHdh f.dvke.Su fukau
ia;%Skaf.a whs;sjdislï idlaId;a lr
.ekSfï uQ,sl lafIa;% f.dv ke.Sug tla
jQy'
.; jQ jir 37 l ld,h foi wdmiq yeÍ
ne,Sfï oS weh uf.a Ôú;fha ;SrKd;aul
wjia:dj, fl;rï iómj isáfhao hkak
±lsh yelsh' 1984 § ldka;dj iy udOHh
iduqyslh f.dv ke.Sfuka miqj wmg fï
rfÜ;a ol=Kq wdishdfõ;a ia;%S jHdmdrh
;=< ia:dk .;ùug yels úh' ia;%S mqreI
iudk;ajh" ia;%S whs;sjdislï iy ia;%Sjd§
l;sldjg wmf.a ueÈy;aùug jvd;a
jHqyd;aul jQ l%shdj,shla f.dv ke.Sug
mgka .;suq'
weh ;u l=¿÷,a orejd" ikach .eí
f.k isá ta ojiaj, uf.a Ydia;%fõ§
ksnkaOkh h;=re ,shkh lsÍug uf.a
ksjig meñKs wdldrh isys m;afõ' ud
ifilaia ys IDS wdh;kfha D.Phl Wmdê
wOHhk lghq;=j, fhfoñka isáh § jeä
ld,hla úfkdaoùug .; lrk nj ±k
.;a weh wOHhk lghq;= j,g Wkkaÿjla
14 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
ke;s kï Y%S ,xxldjg meñK l< hq;=
jev rdYshla ug we;s nj fmkajd ÿka
wdldrh isysm;a l< yelsh' ta Èkj, ud
úlaIsma; jqj o weh woyia flf<a l=ulao
hkak ±ka meyeÈ,sh' wOHhk lghq;=
.ek wjOdkh fhduq l< uu uf.a mdG
ud,dfõ lghq;= blauKska ksu fldg
wdmiq Y%S ,xldjg meueKsfhñ' wehf.a
ÈhKsh iqNdf.a isõ jeks Wmka Èkfha
§ wehg r;= mdg rhsäkayqâ flala tlla
^Ridinghood Cake& iy we÷ula wjYH
nj iqks,d wmg ls úg th bgq lrkafka
flfia±hs l=ó iy uu oi wf;a l,amkd
flf<uq' uu r;= mdg rhsäkayqâ flala
tlla wmyiqfjka iEÿ w;r l=ñ r;= mdg
rhsäka yqâ we÷ula fidhd .;a;dh' mqxÑ
iqNdf.a isyskh ienE úh'
uu iy wfma ñ;=rka lKavdhula iqks,d"
ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa fõÈldfõ
úuqla;s .S .hd tk;=re ã weia chisxy
Yd,dj bÈßmsg;a ;j;a fndfyda ;eka
j,;a /£ isáfhuq' bka miq wms lKavdhu
f;a fndñka foaYmd,kh" fmd;a iy
Ñ;%má .ek l;d lsÍug .%Ska,kaâ lef*a
fyda fjk;a ;eklg .sfhuq'
wm m<uqfjka u yuq jQ Èkj, wmg
ziïnkaO;dZ ;snqfKa ke;' wm fndfyda
fokl=g orejkaf.a nrla ;snqfKa ke;'
wm ia;%Sjd§ l%shdldß;ajg msúisfha ;kslv
.eyeKq f,ih' wmf.a u iïnkaO;d
wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
fidhd hEu wdrïN jQ miq wfma iuyre
fjk;a whf.a orejka yod .;ay' ke;skï
wfma u ifydaoßhkaf.a orejka yod jvd
.;ay' fjk;a wh ;ukaf.a u orejka
yod .ekSug ;SrKh l<y' wms wfma u
,sx.sl;ajh fidhd .sfhuq' tys § wmg
l;d lrñka isá iEu wNsfhda.hlg u
uqyqK fokakg isÿ úh' ia;%Ska" ia;%Ska
f,i iudchSh yd u;jd§ jYfhka fm<
.eiaùu" wm ;kslv o" ke;skï iu
,sx.sl o" úIu ,sx.sl;djh o" wm jegqma
,nk rlaIdjla lrkafka o" ke;skï
f.ùula ke;s .DyKshka o wm újdyhla"
ke;s ujqjreka o hk m%Yak u;= úh'
iqks,d" weh yeu úg u l< wdldrhg
l=uk foilska wNsfhda.hla meñKsh
o Bg fkdìhj uqyqK §ug Yla;sh;a
ffO¾h;a ,nd foñka ud je<| f.k ud
wi<ska u isà'
iqNdf.a íf,d.a msgqfjka( 2013
foieïn¾ 10
z f,dalfha wjidkfha lsis;a ke;'Z
weh ug lshkq we;' zf,dalfha
wjidkh yerZ uu lshñ' weh yeu úg
u m¾hdhf,dalfha fhÿkdh' bka weh
yeÕSï bj; ±uQ njla woyia jkafka
ke;' weh yeÕSïj, iEu ia:rhla
u" ±kùula u ú£ug mqreÿj isáhdh'
uu o th wef.ka bf.k .;sñ' weh
wmyiq m%Yak weiqjdh' wmyiq ms<s;=re
mßlaId l<dh' tfy;a wjidkfha
weh ieneúka u ;u Ôú;hg jeo.;a
l=ula±hs f;dard .;a;dh' wehf.a
wikSmfha § iy urKfha § mjd iEu
úia;rhla u" iEu ,laIKhla u wef.a
m¾hdhf,dalfhka ug ±la jQjdh'
Tng Tnf.a Ôú;fha ´kEu fohla
fjkia l< yels nj weh ug
b.ekajQjdh' tfukau Tng ´kEu
fohlg mqreÿ jkakg o mq¿jk' uu
l=vd ld,fha isg u Ôú;h ÿIalr nj
±k isáfhñ' tfy;a Tng mS%;su;aj
isàug wjYHkï tfia o l< yels nj
±k isáfhñ' uu th bf.k .;af;a
o wïud f.ks' fjk;a lsisfjl= ;=<
ud fkdÿgq wdldrhg wehg ;ud
iu." ;u Ôú;h iu." ;ud f;dard
.kakd iEu fohla .ek u ieneúka
u ;Dma;su;aj" i;=áka isàfï yelshdj
uu weh ;=< ÿgqfjñ' tjeks .=Khla
we;s fjk;a flfkl= ud ÿgqfõ ke;s
;rïh' iq¿ fohl mjd úfkdaohla
;sìh yels nj uu wef.ka bf.k
.;sñ' úfkdaoh ;=<ska .re;ajh y÷kd
.; yelsh'
jvd;a jeo.;aj wk;=rg ,laúh yels
nj" ief,k iq¿nj muKla fkdj
y~d jeáh yels nj tfy;a lsis
úfgl ÿ¾j, fkdùug uu wef.ka
bf.k .;sñ' Tn jgd isák mqoa.,hka
mjd Tnf.a f;aÍu nj;a Tn ksjerÈ
f;aÍula lrkafka kï ÿflys;a
iefmys;a Tng ;ksùug fya;=jla ke;s
nj o uu wef.ka bf.k .;sñ''''''
uu wo wehf.a ÿ¾j,;djh-uf.a o
ÿ¾j,;djh-isysm;a fldg i;=gqfjñ'
wfkla whf.ka Yla;sh ,nd .kakd
wdldrh" wfkla whf.ka bf.k
.ekSug" iy uq¿ is;skau wdorh
lsÍug" we,S .e,S isàug we;s yelshdj
wms fnod yod .;suq' wo uu weh"
"
weh njg m;a lsÍug odhl jQ wh;a
uu ud njg m;a lsÍug odhl jQ wh;a
isysm;a lrkafkñ'
wdpd¾h fiamd,s fldaÜfgf.dv
iqks,d f;uia iure W;aijh fjkqfjka meje;a jQ
foaYkh weiqßks'
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 15
 wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh

 iskudj .ek ,shkak W;af;ackhla ug ,ndÿka

m%Odk fya;=j yßu ir,hs - uu tAjd n,,d
f,dl= wdYajdohla úkaod' uu wka;su wjr
.Kfha jdKsc Ñ;%mg;a u. fkdyer n,k njg
uf.a hy¿fjda idlals lshhsæ ug ´k jqkd m%Odk
Odrdj ;=< fudkjo fm%aCIlhdg msßkefukafk
lsh,d ±k.kak' Th ldrKh ksid iskudlrefjd


ud fj; lsishï f.!rjhla mEjd lsh,d ug
±kqkd - tA .ek uu i;=gqhs' ks;r mdfya Tjqka
ug mQ¾j o¾Ykj,g wdrdOkd l<d' úpdrhla
,shkak lsh, ks;r b,a¨jd'

úYajm%shd
oy y;a jir( isxy, iskudj ms<sn|
iqks,df.a ia;%Sjd§ úpdrhka

j ir 17la mqrdjg iqks,d wfífialr"

weh yd noaO jQ weh fhÿkq udkj
ysñlï lghq;= jeks mq¿,a f,i fmdÿ
mßl,amkhg yiq fkdjQ kuq;a wehg
uy;a jQ i;=gla f.k ÿka ld¾hhl ksr;
jqjdh' m<uqfjka jirlg isõ jrla"
fojkqj jirlg f;jrla yd wjidkfha
jirlg fojrla zúYajm%shdZ kï Ñ;%mg
úpdrl pß;h wdrEV fldg .;a weh tA
jk úg m%o¾Ykh jQ isxy, Ñ;%mghla
f;dard f.k th krUd ta ms<sn|j ia;%Sjd§
we.hSula zwehZ i`.rdj i|yd ,sõjdh'
zwehZ i`.rdj ìys jQ 1995§u werUqKq
úYajm%shdf.a Ñ;%mg úpdrl fld,u 2011
jir olajd u È.g u mej;sks' th
Y%S ,xldfõ Ñ;%mg úpdrl b;sydifha
È.= ld,Skj flreKq ia;%Sjd§ Ñ;%mg
fld,u fõ'
wehf.a úfhdafjka f;uila msreKq
2013 foieïnrfha § ldka;dj yd udOH
iduQyslh wehf.a úpdrhka ish,a,
tlafldg uqøKh l< m%ldYkh ;=<ska
zwehZ mdGl iuQyhdg jeä mq¿,a
iNdjlg iqks,df.a oelau újr jkq
we;' fuu m%ldYkfhka l=Æ.kajkq
,en" fuu lghq;=j, mq¿,a ixialD;sl
jeo.;alu wkd.;fha § Ydia;%Sh$úoaj;a
l;sldjlg uq,mqrkq we;' úYajm%shdf.a
y~ ms<sn| foaYmd,kh yd ú.%yYS,S;ajh
.ek fumuKla bÈßfha § ,shfõh hkak
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjoa§ ieu m%ldYs;
úpdrhla jgd u zwehZ ixialdrljßh yd
iqks,d we;=,;a jQ b;sydihla we;s nj
wms wu;l fkdl< hq;=h' fuu ,smsfhka
oelafjkafka zwehZ ixialdrljßhka

16 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
jk iqñld fmf¾rd yd wfkdaud
rdclreKdf.a zwehZg oy y;a jirla
Ñ;%má úpdr ,sùu ms<sn| f,ka.;= u;l
igyka j,ska Wmqgd .;a wvqfjka okakd"
is;a .;a f;dr;=reh'
wm iqks,d Ñ;%mg úpdßldjla f,i
weu;Su ixlS¾K m%Yakhla jkafka zwehZ
i|yd Ñ;%mg úpdr ,shk úg § ;uka
iqks,d wfífialr f,i yqjd oelaùug
weh fkdme;+ ksidh' wyUqfjka
wef.a kshu kñka tl Ñ;%mg úpdrhla
m%ldYhg m;a jQ nj oek .;a úg weh
uy;a fia fldamhg m;a úh' tkuq;a
úYajm%shdf.a wkkH;djh ljqre;a okakd
újD; ryils-fndfyduhla ta iqks,d
nj oek isá w;r ta ms<sn|j oekqj;aj
isáh o iqks,d wdrEVh bj; ,Eug
W;aiql fkdjQjdh' weh fjk;a kulska
,sùu È.g u lrf.k hdu yd ne÷Kq
djg
s , d zw ehZ iÕr
i q k
d kñka =<;a lD;
sh
úYajm%sh d r w e ;
g úp
,shQ Ñ;%m
tl woyila jkafka wehf.a b;d m%isoaO
zoeä ia;%S jdÈkshZ f.a wkkH;dj hgf;a
m<jQ ia;%Sjd§ úpdrhla mdGlhd mlaI.%dys
(prejudiced) f,i lshjdúZhhs wehg
oekqKq ksidh' fláfhka lshf;d;a"
mdGlhd l=uk whqßka th ms<s.;a; o"
mdGlhdg ziqks,df.a Ñ;%mg úpdrh
lshùuZ yqre lrùu wehg wjYH jQfha
ke;' m%sh;ajh yd úYajh ixhqla; jQ
úYajm%shd kduh Ñ;%mg úpdrh ms<sn|
weh .;a ÈYdk;sh ms<sìUq lf<ah¦ tkï
rgg iSud jQ iskudj yd wksl=;a lreKq
j,ska Tíng- ienúka u f,dalhg u
wod< jQ lreKq leá fldg isxy, iskud
úpdrh lrkafkl= yeáhgh'
by, úpdr iemhqula l< o iqks,d
isxy, iskudj mq¿,a f,i úpdrh
fkdl<dh' ;ud úpdrh lrk Ñ;%máh
f;dar .ekSfï whs;sh weh i;= jQ
w;r m%o¾Ykh jQ ish¨ Ñ;%mg úpdrh
fkdl<dh' fndfyda úg weh ;ud is;a.;a
yd tla;rd foaYmd,k fudfyd;la ms<sìUq
l, Ñ;%mghla úpdrh l< w;r u zwehZ
ixialdrl wjYH;dj jQfha f;dard .;a
Ñ;%mgh m<jk zwehZ i`.rdfõ f;audjg
.e,fmkakla ùuh' f;dard.;a Ñ;%mgh
yd úpdrfha f;audj ms<sn| iqks,d yd
ixialdrl uKav,h w;r ixjdohla
mej;=k o" we;eï wjia:dj, § f;audjla
hgf;a úpdrh zwehZ ys m< lsÍug
ixialdrl ;SrKhla f.k ;snQ wjia:d
j, § Ñ;%mgh keröfuka miq úpdrhla
,sùug iqks,d fkdfm<UqKq wjia:d o úh'
we;af;ka u fuh f;dard.;a fhduqjla
(a selective focus) jqj o th iqks,d
Ñ;%mg úpdßldjla f,i;a" weh ksu l<
úpdr;a ljrdldroehs ms<sìUq lf<ah'
zwehZg úYajm%shd jQ iqks,d" iskud
i`.rd ^Wod' isfkais;a" 14 - m%lYkhg
wjYH;djhla" Ñ;%mg& fndfyduhlg
odhl úh' tfiau wehf.a úpdrhg
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 17

m%fõY úh hq;af;a" weh iEu Ñ;%mghla
u úpdrh lsÍu ;u j.lSu lr.;a mq¾K
ld,Sk Ñ;%mg úpdrlfhl= fkdfõh hk
wjfndaOfhka hqla;jh' we;eï úg ojfia
Woh jrej muKla Ñ;%mg úpdrj,g
fhduq lrjñka jeo.;a Ñ;%mg ;sr.; jQ
wjia:djkays § wehj úfoaY .; lrjñka
udkj ysñlï ms<sn| ld¾hhkag wef.a
ld,fhka úYd, m%udKhla ñvx.= úh'
wehj iskud Yd,fjkq;a rg ;=< isÿ jQ
l;sldfjkq;a ÿria:j l< .uka ìuka
iqks,df.a Ñ;%mg úpdrhg È.g u ndOd
t,a, l< idOlhls' tu .uka ìuka
ksid rg ;=< isÿ jk isÿùï yd újdo
ms<sn| wehf.a ú{dkfha ysoeia we;s
l<d o hkak weish hq;=h' tla;rd ld,
mßÉfþohl § tla wruqKl fkdmsysgñka
iskudfõ ms<sìUq jk ldka;d m%;srEmhka
ms<sn|j weh úu¾Ykd;aulj oekqj;aj
isáfha flfiao hkak o weish hq;=h'
wehf.a úpdrhkays ld,h yd ikao¾Nh
.ek jgyd .kafka flfiao hkak
is;a.kakd iq¿ m%Yakhls' iqks,d
Ñ;%mg ksIamdokfha yd ;sr.; ùfï
úúOdldr jQ ld, mrdihka we;=<; §
Ñ;%mg kerUqjdh' we;eï úg uyck
;sr.; ùug m<uqj;a ^wfYdal y|.uf.a
zbks wjkaZ weh kerUqfõ ixialrK
wjia:dfõ §h' th kerUQ m<uqjekakd
weh úh yelsh&' uyck m%o¾Ykhka
f.ka miqj fyda wOHlaIljreka fyda
ñ;=rkaf.ka ,nd.;a DVD mg jYfhka
kerUqjdh' wyia hdkd yd ÿïßh ;=<
yd /iaùï w;r;=r ,shù we;s iqks,df.a
fndfyda Ñ;%mg úpdr fndfyda ixprKh
fldg we;' weh f,dj fldfya isáh
o" we;eï úg hï m%udohka iys;j"
úYajm%shd w;aika l< úpdrhka zwehZ
ixialdrljßhka fj; *elaia u.ska <`.d
fõ'
18 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
uq, § iqks,d ;u w;a wl=ßka wNHdi
fmd;aj, úpdr ,sõjdh' wehf.a w;a wl=re
úYd," idudkHfhka lshúh yels f,iska
fmdÿfõ m%fõYïldÍ f,i ,sheúKs'
miq ld,hl § iq¿ msßila
wkq.ukh l< l%uhla jQ hqksfldaâ wl=re
Ndú;fhka ;u úpdrhka mß>Klfha u
,sõjdh' NdIdj fndfyda úg jerÈj,ska
f;dr jQ w;r ixialrKfha wjYH;djh
wvq jQ kuq;a isxyf,ka wod< úIh .ek
,sùug m<mqreoaola ,efnk f;la wehg
fojk msgm;la lshùu wjYH úh'
,efnk m%;spdrfhka ;u ,sùu jeä ÈhqKq
lsÍug W;aiql jQ iqks,d ikao¾Nh yd
ú.%yh fjkia lsÍug ,efnk fhdackd
j,g újD; úh' weh ;j ÿrg;a l<
l;sldjka yd i,ld ne,Sfuka miqj
;u úpdrhka ixfYdaOkh l< w;r tu
wruqK i|yd Ñ;%mg fojk jrg mjd
kerUqjdh' úfYaIfhka jeäuy¨ mrmqf¾
wjfndaO Yla;sfhka Tífnys msysáfha
hhs .;dkq.;sl f,i i,l=Kq ke.S tk
;dlaIKhka jeks w¨;a oE bf.kSug oeä
Wjukdjlska yd Y+r;ajhlska fyì iqks,d
ta ksid u lemS fmksKs' ksoiqkla f,i
;ukag ta .ek ,sùug wjYH jQ úg weh
äðg,a iskudj .ek W.;a;dh' iskudj
ms<sn| fuu f;dr;=re .fõIKh Ñ;%mg
úpdßldjla f,i ÈhqKq ùug weh l< oE
i|yd idlaIs orhs'
fndfyda úg iskudj iqks,dg iudc
ixisoaêhla úh' weh úpdrh lsÍug hk
Ñ;%mg keröug ;u iyDohkag werhqï
l<dh' we;eï úg iskudjg hdfuka
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ ;Dma;sh fkd,enqK;a
iqks,df.a iud.uh yd bka miq mej;s
Ñ;%mg ms<sn`o l;sldj ieu úgu w.kd
w;a oelSula úh' •
Y¾ud,a úfÊj¾Ok
 wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
ulrd - 1973
iqks,d ienE l,dldßkshla
- ixialD;sl ukqIHfhla
u u <ud ldf,a fyd| Ñ;%mg
n,kak wdidfjka bkak ldf,a
n,mq Ñ;%mghl uu uf.a jhfia wuq;=
fl,a,la ÿgqjd' Ñ;%mgh zfof,djla
w;rZ' uu oelal fl,a, ;uhs iqks,d'
ta 1966' tjeks Ñ;%mghl r`.mdkak
wehg jrï ,eîu fudk ;rï jdikdjla
o lsh, ug ysf;kjd' wdmyq zf.d`M
yoj;Z n,k fj,dfj;a iqks,dj ;sfrka
wms ÿgqjd' tal;a f,iag¾f. Ñ;%mghla'
ta 1969' uu;a Ñ;%mg k`Mfjla jqfKa
1969 znlauy §f.ka'Z
iqks,d wfífialr mdie,a úfha wfma
u;lfha /`ÿk wmQre fl,a,la'
70 muK jk úg wehf.a mshd pd,aia
wfífialrhka jdfka ixia:dfõ iNdm;s
jYfhka wms y`ÿkd.;a;;a Tyq kdgH
úpdrlfhla jYfhkq;a" miqj kdgH
wkquKav,fha iNdm;s jYfhkq;a wms
y÷kd.;a;d' w¿;a kdgHhla n,kak
wms ¨ïìKshg .sh yeu ojilu jf.a
iqks,df.a ;d;a;d;a iu. ;j;a m%nqoaO
úpdrlfhla wms ÿgqjd'
ta frÔ isßj¾Okhka' wef.a wïud
áhqßka wfífialr uy;añh;a yeuodu
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 19
 wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh

.;a;dg miqj ojila od yjiajrejl

wx.drd .Õ .,d niS fõÈld kdgHfha .dhkhl - 1978
kdgH Yd,dfõ § kdgH n,kak tkjd
wms olskjd' uu ys;kafka wms jf.a
fkfuhs iqks,d yeÿfKa jevqfKa
l,dldó mßirhl' weh oaú NdIsl
wOHdmkfha Wreulaldßhla' wef.a mjq,a
mßirh;a" wef.a wOHdmksl ksfla;kh;a"
wehg fï l,d;aul nqoaê l,ïnkhg
;Èka n,mEjd'
uu iqks,dj fõÈldfjÈ
oek y÷kd.;af;a fykaß
chfiakhka ksid'
fykaßf.a zÈßh uj iy
wef.a orefjdaZ kdgHh
1972 fõÈld .; jqKd'
yqKqjgfha n,mq wms
Èßh uj n,kak .sfha
mqÿu wdYdjlska' fykaß
chfiak wivlag miafia
ta kdgHfha r`.mEjd'
wdmyq wmsg iqks,dj fï
ud¾áka úl%uisxy Y+Íka iuÕ
kdgHfha olskak ,enqKd'
iqks,d r`.mEfõ tlu fonilajla l;d
fkdl< pß;hla' fudlo wE r`.mEfõ
f.d`M fl,a,lf.a pß;hla ksid' w;ska
mhska" uqyqfKka lrk ix{d muKla"
weh b;d fyd`Èka ksrEmKh lrmq whqre
;ju;a uf.a u;lfha /`§ ;sfnkjd'
kdgHh wjidkfha jy,la Wv ke.S isáh ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa úuqla;s .Sj,
§ weh fjä myrlskafoda ñh f.diska weo § iqks,d .dhkdj,g iïnkaO jqKd'
jegqKd ug u;lhs'
ó<`.g ug iqks,d oel .kak ,enqfKa
fykaß udj zulrdZ kdgHhg f;dard
jev weß,d fld,a¨msáfha Ñ;%fiak
l,dh;kfha mqyqKqjg .sh úfglhs'
udj ,dkaiaf,dÜ pßf;g f;dard.;a;g
ta pßf; i`oyd ;j;a lvjiï k`Mfjla
mqyqKqùfuys fhÿKd' wid oek .;a mßÈ
ta ksYaYxl Èoafokshhs' uu zisxyndyqZ
kdgHh oel fkd;snqKq ksid ksYaYxlj
oek isáfha keye' ,dkaiaf,daÜ ulrg
t,sij ì,a,g .kak bv fokafk keye'
wehj fírd .kakjd' wms mqyqKqùï
l<d' iqks,d ta pß;h fyd|g r`.mEjd'
mqyqKqùï wjidkfha ksYaYxlg jvd
uu ta pß;h fyd¢ka lrk nj mejiQ
fykaß ta pß;fha whs;sh ug iskaklalr
mejrejd' taflka t,sid fírd.;a;=
uu ulrd uerE ùrhd
f,ig fykaß udj
fõÈldfõ wNsfIal
flrejd' fndfyda whf.a
is;a .;a cjksldjla
;uhs ulrd kdgHfha
,dkaiaf,dÜ t,sidj ism
je<`o .kakd cjksldj'
wms fokakd b;d u
fyd¢ka tal l<d lsh,
fykaß lsõjd' ux lido
nekaog miafi uq,ska
u uu ism je<|.;af;
iqks,j lsõjg tafl;a
je/oaola keye' ta;a ta zulrdZ kdgHfh§
ú;rhs' o¾Yk ishhla muK wms i;=fgka
rÕmEjd'
ulrd lrk ldf,a iqks,d foaYmd,k
lKavdhï iu.;a iómj jev l<d'
lmqf.a;a ta w;r ysáhd' ulrd lrk
ldf, iqks,d jeä jYfhka weiqre l<
lKavdhï w;f¾ .dñKS y;af;Ügqfõ.u"
irÉpkaø iurlafldä" úu,a l=udr o

20 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh

fldia;d" ví,sõ' chisß"

O¾ufiak m;srdc" úch
l=udrK;=x. ks;r olskak
,enqKd' ta yeu fj,dfj
u iqks,dj uu oelafl yß
ieye,a¨fjka Ôj;a fjk
fl,a,la úÈhghs'

Bg miafi iqks,d fõÈldfj

olskak ,enqfKa 80 oYlfha
rxð;a O¾ulS¾;sf.a zwx`.drd
.`. .,d niSZ iy zfudaor
fuda,Z lshk kdgH foflka'
.dhk jDkaoh iu. .dhkd ld,h rdjh m%ix.fha úYdro .=Kodi lmqf.a we;=¿ msßi iuÕ
lrñka weh rx.kfha fhÿKd
wx.drd kdgHhfha' wef.a
ñhqre y`v wmg fidhd ÿkafka iuq.;a;d lsh,hs' weh ksyd,a m%kdkaÿf.a zwudka;hZ
ix.S;{ fma%uisß flauodihka' Ñ;%mgfhka miafi wmsg olskak ,enqfKa keye
Bg fmrd;=j flauodihka lsh,hs uu ys;kafka'
wehj 1978 § O¾ufiak
m;srdchkaf.a znUre weú;aZ ta;a wehf.a Ôú;fhka l,d risldúhlf.a is;sú,s
Ñ;%mgfha ví,sõ' chisß ,shmq .s,sys,d .sfha keye' weh wudrefjka tal /l .;a;d'
y÷kd.;af;d;a Tn ud .S;h ,efnk yeu fydardjl §u úYsIaG iskud lD;s
.dhkhg fhdod .;a;d' keröug weh ms%h l<d' tajd .ek l;d lrkakg
ta ñhqre y`v wo olajd u wmsg weh ms%h l<d' foaY foaYdka;r .fõIKfha § weh
wefykjd' uu 1979 zyxi iskudy," kdgHd.drh w;ayf,a keye' yels yeu
ú,laZ Ñ;%mgfh O¾ufiak fudfyd;l §u weh wef.a ixialD;sl Ôú;h jv
m;srdchka ,shmq zfyñka jvd;a fmdfydi;a lr .;a;d'
ief¾ mshd úodZ .S;h má
.; lrkak iQodkï fjoaÈ
udiag¾f.ka weyqjd udiag¾
fï .S;h .dhkhg wms ldjo
fhdod .kafk lsh,d' udiag¾
.;a lgg u lsõfj fïlg
wms oduq iqks,jhs à'tïjhs
lsh,d' wo olajdu fï .S;h
ms%h lrk yeu flfkla u
Ñ;%mgh jf.a u fï .S;h;a
ms%h lrkj' iqks,d fï .S;
;=< yeuod u Ôj;a fjkjd'
uu ys;k yeáhg iqks,df.a
zkj iyi%fha wehZ .S; má.; lsÍfï fmr iQodkul
Ôú;fha wúfõlS nj ksid m%ùk .dhsldjka iuÕ iqks,d - 2000
weh fõÈldfjka" iskudfjka
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 21

wfma iskudlrejka fndfyda fofkla
;ukaf.a Ñ;%mg úfoaY.; lsÍfï § Wm
YS¾I mdG fhdod .ekSug wef.a msysg
me;=jd' b;d .eUqßka lshejqK foni b;d
fláfhka bx.sßishg k.kakg weh ;=<
meje;s oekqu woaú;Shhs' weh ,shQ fohla
;j flfkla ,jd fjkia lrkakg
Wjukd jqfKa keye' uf.a Ñ;%mg
ish,af,a u Wm YS¾I mdG ,shejqfKa
wef.a w;ska nj uu mjikafka wehg
m%Kduhla f,ihs' wjdikdjlgfoda
uykais fj,d Wm YS¾I mdG fhdod.;a;g"
uf.a Ñ;%mg ux jf.a u fï rfÜ muKla
k;r jqKd' yxiú,g weh ,shQ zfifyyi
mqmqrd ñh .sh isyskhZ kï mdGhg
iuia; Ñ;%mgfha uqLHd¾:h u ,>q lr
olajkakg weh iu;a jqKd'
fudaor fuda,-1980
ulrd kdgH h<s;a ug isysm;a fjkjd'
kdgH ye¥ fykaß wmg wysñ jqfKa ms<sld
frda.fhka' uu ulrd urmq kdgHfha
ùr ,dkaiaf,daÜ jqKdg we;a; Ôúf;a §
fykaß uqojd .kakg wmsg yels jqfKa
keye' t,sidj ì,af,ka uqojd .;af;a
,dkaiaf,daÜ' kuq;a we;a; Ôú;fhka iuq
.kakd fj,dfõ iqks,d fírd.kak wmsg
yels jqfKa keye' uf.a zulrdlaIhdZ
kdgHfha t,sid úÈhg r`.mEfõ iaj¾Kd
u,a,jdrÉÑ' wo weh;a ms<sld frda.fhka
22 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
fmf<kjd' weh tu frda.fhka ñfokakg
wef.a Yla;sfhka weh oeka fmdr nokjd'
kdgHfha ,dkaiaf,dÜ t,Sid fírd .;a;g
wehj fírd .kak we;a; Ôú;fha ug
neye' iaj¾Kd kdgHfhka iuq.;a;d'
uu iaj¾Kd fjkqjg ruKS n¾f;d,ñhqia
t,Sid njg m;a l<d' weh ioyg u
Ôú;fhka iuq.;a;d' wehj fírd .kak
uf.a ienE Ôú;fhka ug mq`Mjka lula
;snqfKa keye' l,d;aul Ôú;h fldÉpr
iqkaor jQK;A wfma we;a; Ôúf;a fudk
;rï fÄokSho@
l,d;aul f,dalfha ieß irmq iqks,d"
miq.shod wjidk jrg wikSmfhka
,xldjg meñKs fj,dfõ lshQ jokla
fï ish¨u i;H leá fldg weh ug
lsõjd lsh,d ug ysf;kjd' uu oeka
biair iqks,d fkfuhs O¾uisß" uu oeka
yßhg nqoaOd.u úYajdi lrkjd' ðú;fha
wjidk msh .eg fm<g msúi weh lshQ
ta jok uu h<s h<s;a isysm;a lrkjd'
uu wjidk jYfhka i|yka lrkafka
iqks,d ieneúka u l,dldßhla'
ixialD;sl ukqIHfhla' thska ,enQ
mkakrfhka ;ud weh udkj ysñlï
ls%hdldßkshla njg m;a jqfKa'
ia;S% úuqla;sldñKshla njg m;a jqfKa'
úma,ùh fjkila iudch ;=< we;s
lrkakg ls%hdldßkshla njg m;a jqfKa'
W;a;u l,dj w.h l< weh l,d
lD;ska ;=<ska ;u Ôú;hg wdf,dalhla
,nd f.k th ls%hdjg ke.=jd' wef.a
m%ldYkh fY%aIaGhs'
weh oe,ajQ myka fkdksó oe,afõjd'
uf.a m%d¾:kdjhs ta' •
O¾uisß nKavdrkdhl
iqks,d f;uia iure W;aijfha § l< foaYkh
weiqßka ieliqKs'
wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
iqks,d(
l%shdldßkshla iy
fhfy<shla f,i'''
iq ks,d .ek fld;kska l;d lrkak
mgka .kako" fld;kska fl<jr
lrkako lsh,d is;kak wmyiqhs'
ug uq,skau iqks,d uqK.efikafk u¾Ê
wdh;kfha §' ^cd;Ska w;r hqla;sh yd
iudkd;au;djh i|yd jk jHdmdrh&
1979 wms hdmkfha isÿjqKq m<uq jk
w;=reoyka ùï .ek o;a; f.dkq lrkak
.;a úg' ta;a tlalu wms" hdmkhg
meK jQ yÈis kS;shg;a" hdmkhg
muKla uq,ska l%shd;aul l< ;%ia;jd§
úfrdaë mk;g;a tfrysj jev lrkak
mgka .;a;u' 1981 jk úg iqks,d
u¾Ê wdh;kh lyj;af;a j;=lrfha
fou< úfrdaë >dk;hka iy hdmkfha
mqia;ld,h .sks ;eîu .ek bx.%Sisfhka
m< l< jd¾;d isxy,g mßj¾;kh l<d'
ixch bmÈ,d udihla muK we;s' tod
isg iqks,dg f,dl= jqjukdjla ;snqKd"
wms bx.S%isfhka ,shk jd¾;d isxy,g yd
fou<g mßj¾;kh lrkak'
ta;a tlalu wfma jev" úfYaIfhka
u ldka;djka$ia;S%jd§ka lrk jev
f,aLk.; lrkak ´ke lsh,d weh
úYajdi l<d' udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh
ùï zfvdlshqukaÜZ l< hq;=h lsh,d
;rfha úYajdi l<d' ta ksid u ;uhs weh
miq ld,hl bkaf*daï wdh;kh yryd
udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh lsÍu jd¾;d
lrkak mgka .;af;a'
wms 1980 .Kkaj, isg lrmq jevj,"
ksl=;a l< ,shú,sj," ,S*a,Ü" fmdaiag¾j,
msgm;a tl;= lrkak mgka .;a;' miq
ld,hl iqks,d ;uka wf;a ;snqKq" wms
ys;mq wdldrhg m%ldY jqKq m<uqfjks
ia;S%jd§ w;a m;s%ldj fidhd .;a;d'
ta ;uhs 1975 weh iy l=udß chj¾Ok
ifydaoßh jdu uehs Èk /iaùïj, fnomq
zuehs Èk l<UZ' ia;S% m%;srEmh .ek"
ia;S%ka .ek ;snqKq ñ;Hd u;" idudkH
Ôú;fha ia;S%kaf.a ienE N+ñld" jev lrk
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 23

ia;s%h" ia;s%hf.a jákdlu tu m%ldYfhka
idlÉPd jqKd' fï wdldrfhka yeuodu;a
iqks,d wehf.a foaYmd,k ls%hdldß;ajhg
ia;S%jd§ oDIaáhla uqiq l<d'
iqks,;a iuÕ uu kej; foaYmd,k
ls%hdldß;ajhg fhduqjkafka 1982
ksoyia fj<o l,dmh wjg u;= jqKq
fmd,sfglaia wr.,fha §hs' uu ta fjk
fldg iukau,S" l=uqÿkS frdaid iy
*sf,dñkd ifydaoßhka iu. tal, ia;%S
uOHia:dkfha § ksoyia fj<o l,dm
lïlre ia;S%ka ixúOdkh lrñka isáhd'
^fmd,sfglaia wr.,hg cd;sl uÜgfuka
iyfhda.h ±laùug&
iqks,d ;j ifydaoßhka lsysmfofkla
iuÕ ldka;d ls%hdldÍ lñgqj (WAC)
idod .;a;d' ia;S%jd§ keUqrejla
;snqKq ldka;d ixúOdkh WAC tfla
ixúOdk.; jqKd' fmdÿ wr.,hka
ixúOdk.;j Èh;a l<hq;= hhs iqks,d
;rfha úYajdi l<d' wehf.a udkj
ysñlï ls%hdldß;ajfha;a" ia;S%jd§
ls%hdldß;ajfha;a weh ksr;=rej u
ixúOdk.;j ls%h;aul fjkak;a"
ixúOdk.; ùfï Yla;sh;a ;Èka u
úYajdi l<d' miq ld,hl ldka;dj iy
udOH iduQyslh f.dvk.kak;a" ,laìfï
80 oYlfha cd;Hka;r ldka;d Èk /<shlg
iyNd.sfjñka
24 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
uõjre iy ÈhKsfhda Yla;su;a lrkak;a"
jh,d ifydaoßh m%uqL udhsï .ïudkj,
fmdf,dkakre Èia;s%la lñgqj idokak;a"
udkj ysñlï ixúOdk tluq;= lrkak;a
;Èka u jEhï l<d' cd;Hka;r uÜgfuka
Women's Human Rights Defenders
Coalition tl f.dvk.kak tys ks¾ud;D
yeáhg 2005 § weh ls%hd;aul jqfKa
ta ±ä úYajdifhka' iqks,df.a wks;a m%n,
u odhl;ajh jqfKa u;jd§ ;,fha weh
Èh;a l< idlÉPdjka' ud¾. wdh;kh
yryd weh ia;S%jd§ mßj¾;k fm<la
úfYaIfhka u ia;S% ls%hdldßkshka fj;
fhduq l<d' fïß (Mary Wollstonecraft) isg
j¾ðkshd jq,a*a f.a ia;%Sjd§ ,shú,s;a" f,kska"
fg%diaÜls isg laf,ard fiÜlska" wf,laiekav%d
fld,kagdhs (Alexandra Kollontai) ia;%S
m%Yakh .ek ,shQ foa wE fmd;g f.dkq l<d'
th tjl ia;%S jHdmdrhg wd whf.a w;a fmd;
njg m;a úh'
1985 § wm lsysmfofkla iu. ia;S%jdoh
ks¾jpkh l<d' rdjfha m<jqKq fï
idlÉPd weh iÕrdj yryd we;s
mqreIdêm;Hh" ia;S% ¥IKh fjkqjg
ia;S%kag tfrys m%pKav;ajh" ,sx.sl;ajh
jeks ixl,am fmdÿ idlÉcdjg tl;=
l<d'
iqks,df.a ia;S%jd§ foaYmd,kh;a"
udkj ysñlï iqrCIs;h;a tlajqKq
m%uqL wjia:djla jqfKa weh ol=fKa
uõ fmruqK;a iuÕ 1990 isg lrmq
jev fldgihs' tjlg úmCI uka;S%ka
ux., iurùr yd uyskao rdcmCI
iuÕ weh w;=reoyka ùï j,g tfrysj
ls%hd;aul jqKd' w;=reoyka ùï j,g
tfrysj WmdhYS,Sj ls%hd;aul úh
yelafla flfiao hkak weh fkdfhl=;a
wjia:dj, bkaf*daï wdh;khg meñKs
uka;S% uyskao rdcmCI iuÕ idlÉcd
l<d' uõ fmruqfKa iudrïNl
/iaùfï § kj k.r Yd,dfõ fõÈldjg"
wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
ufkdardkS irjkuq;a;=" pkaøsld l=udrK;=x." uyskao rdcmCI
hk wh iuÕ fld<U kjk.r Yd,dfõ§ meje;s uõ
fmruqfKa wdrïNl /iaùug tlajQ iqks,d'
rch úiska >d;khg ,la jqKq wehf.a
ñ;% ßpâ o fidhsidf.a uj ufkdardkS
irjkuq;a;=" pkaøsld l=udrK;=x."
uyskao rdcmCI hk wh iuÕ tlajqKd'
uõ fmruqfKa md .ukaj, .shd'
wïu,d iuÕ fldaú,a" mkai,aj,g .shd
w;=reoyka jQ wh fidhkak fmd,Sis
.dfka weúoaod' f.dkq lr .;a o;a;"
jd¾;d ðkSjd kqjr tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
udkj ysñlï fldñiug" jdiqfoaj
kdkdhlaldr iy uyskao rdcmCI
uka;S%jreka wjidkfha /f.k .shd'
i¾j ms<s.ekSula we;s udkj ysñlï
m%ñ;Skag wkqj rchla ls%hd;aul úh
hq;=hs" j.lsj hq;=hs" j. úh hq;=hs lshd
weh ;rfha úYajdi l<d'
fï ieug u jvd iqks,df.a ukqIH;ajh
iy udkj ohdj wehf.a yeu ls%hdjla
;=< u ms<s/õ ÿkakd' uf.;a" weh iuÕ
jev l< Tn ieuf.;a ÿl iem .ek
weh yeuodu;a ldreKsl" fifkfynr
wjOdkhla fhduq l<d' ÿr neyer .ïj,
yuqjqKq ifydaor ifydaoßhkaf. iem
ÿla úuiqjd' fldmuK ld¾h nyq,
jqK;a ta wh n,kak .shd' ú,ÉÑfha o"
fmdf,dkakrej-fndaw;af; o" mq;a;,u
o" uvl,mqj o" hdmkh o fjkila
ke;sj weh yuqjqKq flfkla wu;l
lf<a keye' w¨f;ka yuqjqKq ls%hdldÍka"
ls%hdldßkshka
fmdÿ wr.,hg
iïnkaO lr
.;a;d' y÷kd
fokak yeuodu;a
jEhï l<d'
ksrka;rfhka
ta whj Wkkaÿ
l<d' wm%udK
ffO¾hhlska ta whf.a m%Yakj,g
ueÈy;a jqKd' yeuodu;a wehg jerÿKq
;eka yß.iai.kak jEhï l<d' wehg
úreoaOjd§j isá wh iuÕ idlÉcd
lrkak Wkkaÿ jqKd' fmdÿ foaYmd,k
wr.,h m%uqL lr .;a;d' fjkia u;hkag
bv lv ÿkakd' NdIKfha ksoyi /lald'
f;akq;a" uf. orej;a" uj;a" msh;a
thdf.a u mjqf,a whfia ie,l=jd'
fldaÉÑhl" nia tll ke. .uka hkak
miqng fkdjqKd' lfâlska bÈwdmam
álla ld" f;a lyg ìõjd' mdfr fmdaiag¾
wef,õjd' ,S*a,Ü fnÿjd' l,a lsß
fnda;f,ag WKq f;a jlalr,d iqNdg;a"
ixchg;a .uka ìukaj, § fmõjd'
uf.a mq;d pdreg wikSm jqKdu wms;a
tlal biamsß;df,a ? oj,a .; l<d'
uf. wïug md¨jg th;a tlal .uka
.shd' Ôúf;a iqkaor;ajh úkaod' yeuodu;a
iskduqiq uqyqfKka" ohdnr jpkhlska
yefudau weu;=jd' wm yefudag u wef.a
ld,fhka ì|la ÿkakd' úfkdao jqKd'
wef.a wurKSh iqkaor lg yf~ka
wmj ukau;a l<d' Ôúf;a iqkaor;ajh
Wmßufhka w;aúkaod' ug ohdnr
fhfy<shla" fidfydhqßhla"
ifydaoßhla jqKd'
Tn ñh f.dia ke; - Tn ñh f.dia ke;
Tn ñh f.dia ke; - úre ÈhKshfka''' •
l=uqÈkS ieuqfj,a0
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 25

iqks,d(
fou< uqia,sï
ifydaor;ajfha ms<sìUqj
- uvl,mqfõ iQ¾hd ia;%S ixj¾Ok flaJøfha u;l wdj¾ckh
fï iqks,d isysm;a lrkq i|yd
.;a iduQysl W;aidyhls' fuu
,smshg mokï jkafka 1991 isg iQßhd iy
mQrKs ia;%Skaf.a flakaøfha idudðldjka
iu. mej;s fkdúêu;a idlÉPdjl
§ u;= jQ lreKqh' wms weh l< udkj
whs;sjdislï" iduh yd ia;%Skaf.a
whs;sjdislï" ia;%S l%shdldÍkaf.a yelshd
ixj¾Okh" m%foaYfha ia;%S lKavdhï
i|yd wruqo,a fidhd .ekSu i|yd l<
jev fukau wef.a wdorh" ffO¾h yd
fifkyi .ek l;d flf<uq'
mQrKsfha ia;%Skag w; ÿka yeá
1980 uq, § iqks,d hdmkhg wdjdh'
ta ish mshd pd¾,aia wfífialr iu.h'
bka miq u¾Ê ixúOdkfha jevj,g;a"
rdðkS ;srdK.uf.a wju.=,a W;aijhg;a
meñKshdh' 1989 § weh ish mq;d ixch
iu. hdmkhg wdjdh'
26 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
wj;eka jQjka i|yd mej;s ixialD;sl
1992 § fld<U rdul%sIaKd Yd,dfõ §
jev igyfka § iqks,d'''
ta Èkj, mQrKs flakaøfha jev yd
iïnkaO jQ ia;%Ska fndfyda fokd iqks,d
.ek ±k isáhy' mQrKs hqoaOfhka mSvdjg
m;a ia;%Ska i|yd /ljrKhla fukau
Tjqkag mqyqKq uOHia:dkhla o úh'
1991 § t,a'à'à'B'h mQrKs w;am;a lr
.;af;ah' t,a'à'à'B' ldka;dfjda mQrKs
wruqo,a Tjqkaf.a jevj,g b,a,d isáhy'
túg mQrKs ldka;dfjda ;uka i;=j mej;s
wruqo,a tajd m%odkh l< wdh;k j,g u
wdmiq heùug ;SrKh l<y' uOHia:dkh
jid ±uQ Tjqyq fld<Ug meñKshy'
2013 jif¾ § lekvdfõ mej;s W;aijhl
§ iQßhd flakaøfha ysgmq idudðldjla
fufia lSjdh' ;j;a wh o tu ld,h
isysm;a l<y(
—ta Èkj, mQrKs idudðldjka isõ
fofkla iy Tjqkaf.a mjqf,a wh
foysj, fmd,Sisfhka w;a wvx.=jg
f.k i;s ;=kla r|jd .kq ,eìK'
wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
Tjqkag wdydr iemhSug lKavdhula
ixúOdkh lsÍug wms W;aidy .;suq'
wm ixúOdkh flf<a úfoaYslhka"
uqia,sï" fou< yd isxy, ia;%S mqreI
lKavdhuls' tuksid fmd,Sish fuu
msßi .ek fndfyda fofkl= Wkkaÿ
jk nj;a /|úhkaf.a ;;a;ajh .ek
fidhd n,k nj;a ±k .;af;ah'
iuyr fmd,sia ia:dkj, § ia;%S ¥IK
.ek o f;dr;=re ;snQ neúka fuu
.eyeKqkaf.a wdrlaIdj .ek wms
fnfyúka Wkkaÿ jQfhuq' iqks,d fuu
.eyeKq ksoyia lr .ekSug fnfyúka
Wkkaÿ jQjdh' weh ksr;=rej u mdfya
fmd,Sisj,g .shdh'˜
W;=frka wj;eka jQ ia;%S l%shdldÍka
ms<sn|j iqks,d jeks fld<U l%shdldÍka
iu. fndfyda idlÉPd meje;aúK'
iQßhd ixúOdkfha wdrïNl idudðldjla
fufia isysm;a l<dh(
wms ;%Sfrdao r:hlska W;=frka yd
kef.kysfrka wj;eka jQ wh kj;d
we;s l|jqre ne,Sug .sfhuq' wmg l<
yelafla l=ula o hkak .ek §¾>
idlÉPd meje;a jQfhuq' ta Èkj,
l|jqre mej;sfha B'mS'ã'mS' md,kh
hgf;ah' wms Tjqka iu. wdydr
i,dlh .ek;a ia;%Skaf.a fjk;a uQ,sl
wjYH;d .ek;a idlÉPd flf<uq'
ta Èkj, wmg fld<U ld¾hd,hla
;snqfKa ke;' wm jev wdrïN flf<a
ldka;dj iy udOH iduQyslfha
ld¾hd,fha msgqmi ,nd ÿka l=vd
bvlv ;=<h'˜
ckj¾. w;r ñ;=ßh
iqks,d Ôj;a jQfha weh fmkSs isá m%;sm;a;s
wkqjh' wef.a Ôú;h weh w.h l<
m%cd;ka;%jdofha ms<sìUqjls' wef.a Ôú;h
wef.a fufyjrhs' fï rfÜ fou< yd
uqia,sï ck;dj w;r weh msgia;rfhl=
jQfha ke; úúO ckj¾. w;r wehg
fndfyda ñ;=frda isáhy' .uka ìuka
b;du;a ÿIalr ld,fha § mjd weh ks;r
W;=rg iy kef.kysrg .shdh' hqoaOfhka
mSvdjg m;a whf.a l;d weiSug b;d
wE; .ïj,g mjd .shdh' bka udkj
whs;sjdislï W,a,x>Kh lsÍï jd¾;d
lsÍfï § udkqIsl me;s udkhla ±laúK'
jd¾.sl .egqug fya;=j tla ckj¾.hlg
iudk whS;Ska yd .re;ajh wysñ lsÍuh
hk woyi weh ±rejdh' Y%S ,xldj ish¨
mqrjeishkaf.a whs;sjdislï .re lrk yd
m%cd;ka;%Sh Ndú;djka wkq.ukh lrk
rgla jkq we;ehs weh isysk uejqjdh'
weh jd¾.sl .eg¨j foi m%cd;ka;%jd§
weilska ne¨jdh' weh lsis úfgl;a
nyq;rh iq¿;rh hk ixl,am ms<s.;af;a
ke;' weh olsk wdldrhg ish¨
fokdg whs;Ska iy ksoyi ;sìh hq;=h'
iqks,df.a foaYmd,kfha § weh ;%ia;jdoh
je<elaùfï mk; yd yÈis kS;s fr.=,dis
hgf;a rcfhka isÿ l< whs;sjdislï
lv lsÍï biau;= lr ±la jQjdh' weh
t,a'à'à'B'h we;=<;a fou< ikakoaO
lKavdhï isÿ l< whs;sjdislï lvlsÍï
o fy<d ÿgqjdh' fou< ck;djf.a
whs;sjdislï fjkqfjka fkdie,S
bÈßm;aùu ksid wehg jkaÈ f.ùug isÿ
úh' fødaysfhl= f,i yxjvq .eiQ wehf.a
Ôú;hg ;¾ck t,a, úh'
jd¾.sl .eg¨jg foaYmd,k úi÷ula
;sìh hq;=hehs weh ksrka;rfhka u
wjOdrKh l<dh' weh m%pKav;ajh iy
yuqodlrKh fy<d ÿgqjdh' iduh f.dv
ke.Sfï § weh ia;%Sjd§ ±laula tl;=
l<dh'
W;=re-kef.kysr udkj ysñlïj,g
msysg jQ yeá
weh 1987 isg kef.kysr m<df;a isÿ
jQ w;=reoykaùï f,aLk .; lsÍug uq,a
jQjdh' weh .sfha k.rj,g muKla
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 27
 wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh

fkdfõ' weh kef.kysr m<df;a wE;

l=vd .ïj,g mjd .shdh' 2008 § udi
.Kkla wj;ekaj isá ck;djg wdmiq
ish .ïìïj,g hEug wjia:djla ,enqK
úg ;kslv .eyeKq ¥IKh lr we;ehs
lgl;d me;sßK' rd;%S ld,fha § f.hla
f.hla mdid fidaÈis lsÍïj, § iy .fï
ñksiqka tl ;eklg /ia lsÍfï §
,sx.sl w;jr isÿ jk njg l;d 2005 § uvl,mqfõ mYapd;a iqkdñ ikao¾Nh
me;sfrñka ;sìK' tjeks wjia:dj, § ;=< ia;%S whs;sjdislï ms<sn| idlÉPdj
weh tu .ïj,g .shdh' uvl,mqfõ
wE; .ï j,g hEug yuqodfjka wjir fifkfynr ujla f,i ÿl iem
,nd .ekSug idlÉPd lsÍug yeu úg
ne,Su
u bÈßm;a jQfha iqks,d h' weh m%foaYfha
lsisfjl= wikSm jQ úg weh Tjqka ;u
ia;%S l%shdldßkshkag /ljrKh;a
ksjig le|jd f.k f.dia wdydr mdk
wdjrKh;a jQjdh'
,nd § /l n,d .;a;dh' th wehg ;j;a
jevla fkdj ;ud lS iy ,shk ,o foa
;j;a ls%hdldßkshla iqks,d .ek fufia
l%shdjg ke.Suls' weh ta ;=< Ôj;a jQjdh'
lSjdh(
weh Tjqka fjkqfjka ;u ld,h .;
—ug weh iqkdñfhka miqj l< jev
lrñka Tjqka iu. mqoa.,sl iïnkaO;d
.ek isysm;a l< yelsh' iqkdñfhka
we;s lr .ksñka /ljrKh ,nd ÿkakdh'
miqj m;a l< mqrjeis fldñá bÈßfha
iQßhd ixúOdkfha iuyr ia;%Ska m%:u
idlaIs §ug ck;dj fm<Uqfõ
jrg wka;¾cd;sl iïuka;%Kj,g
wehhs' iqkdñfhka miqj lrk ,o
.sh úg weh Tjqka yeuúgu /l n,d
h<s bÈlsÍïj,g whs;sjdislï me;s
.;a;dh' weh Tjqka /iaùug bÈßm;a
udkhla ,nd §ug weh lghq;=
lrk jd¾;d mßlaId lr n,d wjYH
l<dh' uyck úksYaph iNd bÈßfha
;ekaj, § Wmfoia ÿkakdh' u;= l< hq;=
uyck;dj ÿka idlaIsj,g weh oji
.eg¿ yd wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq
mqrd u lsisfjl=f.a l;djlg ndOd
fmkajd ÿkakdh' .ïno .eyeKqkag
fkdlr Tjqkag lSug we;s ish,a,
wka;¾cd;sl iuq¿jl § l;d lsÍug
lshd wjika lrk f;la ikaiqkaj
ffO¾h ,nd ÿkakdh' tmuKla fkdj
wid isáhdh'˜
Tjqka idmamqj,g le|jd f.dia nvq NdKav
ñ, § .ekSug;a ne,Sug wjYH ;ekaj,g
weh 2011 § wjika jrg uvl,mqjg
leáj hEug;a weh ieu úg u bÈßm;a
meñKs wjia:dfõ § wj;eka jQjka k;rù
jQjdh'
isá yd 2006 § fI,a fjäj,ska ydkshg
m;a lÈrfõ,S mdi, ne,Sug .shdh' weh
ta Èkj, fnfyúka wikSm ;;ajhl
wkdrCIs; jQ yeu úg u isá
isáh;a ta .uk .shdh' wdrCIsldj
jrla ixialD;sl lKavdhula fld<U
mokï wdh;kfha mej;s ikao¾Ykhlg
meñKsfhah' tu lKavdhfï .eyeKq <uhs
wjg isß keröug f.dia fld<U uyck

28 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
mqia;ld,fha PdhdrEm .;ay' ta 1997 §h'
fmd,Sish meñK ixialD;sl lKavdhfï
kdhsldj w;a wvx.=jg .;af;ah' iqks,d
jyd ueÈy;aj fmd,Sish iu. idlÉPd
fldg m<uq jrg ikao¾Ykhlg fld<U
meñKs lKavdhfï wfkl=;a wh ikaiqka
l<dh'
;j;a ia;%S ls%hdldßkshla fufia lSjdh(
uu jeäh .uka ìuka .sh flfkla
fkdfjhs' ud 1996 § md,k uKav,fha
idudðldjla f,i iQßhd jHdmdrhg
tla jQjd muKs' ug b÷refõ
meje;afjk /iaùul § ia;%S fi!LH
.ek foaYkhla lsÍug wdrdOkhla
,eìK' ud uvl,mqfõ Ôj;a jqj;a
bmÿfKa hdmkfhah' fld<Ug
meñKSug uqr lfmd¨ 13 la miq
l< hq;=h' ud fld<Ug meñKs úg
ud le|jd hEug iqks,d meñfKk
nj lSjdh' ud fld<U msgfldgqjg
meñfKk úg rd;%S 10'30 muK úh'
iqks,d meñfKk f;la uu wi, ;snQ
fou< cd;slfhl= i;= f;a lvhg
we;=¿ jQfhñ' fõ,dj .; fj;au
ug ìhla we;s úh' yÈisfha u iqks,d
ia;%Ska msß jEka r:hlska t;ekg
wdjdh' jEka r:fha cfka,hlska ysi
t<shg ±uQ weh zfou< ldka;djla
isákafka oZ lshd weiqjdh' wef.a lg
y~ weiSu mjd ug ffO¾hla úh'
lfâ isá ñksiaiq ug msßñ flfkla
ke;sj .EKq rxpqjla iu. hEug bv
§ug ue,s jQy' jdykfhka nei wd weh
lfâ ñksiqka iu. l;d l<dh' weh
ud ;=< wkaOldrh .ek" tyd fuyd
hEug ;snQ ìh ke;s l<dh'˜
kj f,dal ±laula iuÕ ia;%Ska
n,.ekaùu
wehg yeu úg u kj woyia ;sìK'
nrm;, f,i frda.Sj isák úg mjd
udkj ysñlï iq/lskakka i|yd jQ tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a iïudkh iqks,d ysñ lr.ekSu
fjkqfjka ixúOdkh l< Wmydr Wf<f,a§
- 2008 uvl,mqfõ§'
wehg iQßhd jd¾Isl uyd iNdjg
;u woyia tùug;a ialhsma u.ska
iïnkaO ùug;a wjYH úh' wehg yels
wdldrhlska iïnkaO ùug wjYH úh'
wmf.a jevj,g wka;¾cd;sl isÿùï
wkqj u.fmkaùï i|yd weh wmf.a
idlÉPdjkag wka;¾cd;sl újdo
iy ia;%Sjd§ woyia f.k wdjdh' weh
ia;%Skag wka;¾cd;sl ixjdo uKavmj,g
iyNd.s ùug yd tys § woyia ±laùug
Wkkaÿ l<dh' úúO woyia yd úúO
miqìïj,ska meñKs mqoa.,hka tlg tl;=
lsÍug wehg mqÿu yelshdjla ;sìK'
iqks,d" iQßhd iy kef.kysr m<df;a
mrïmrd .Kkdjl ia;%Ska zika.;aZ
^ol=Kq wdishdkq ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdù
mqyqKq jevigyk& hgf;a mqyqKq l<dh'
wruqo,a /ialsÍfuka iy jHdmD;s
fhdackd wkqu; lsÍfuka m%foaYfha ia;%S
lKavdhïj,g iydh ÿkakdh' ksoiqkla
jYfhka uvl,mqfõ ia;%S uOHia:dkh
wruqo,a ke;s ksid jid ±óug wdikak
jQ úg weh wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdk fuu
uOHia:dkhg wdOdr lsÍug tlÕ lr
.;a;dh' •
uvl,mqfõ iQßhd ia;%S ixj¾Ok flakaøh
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 29
 wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh

iqks,d wfífialr
f;uia iure Wf<,
wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh

ud kj ysñlï m%j¾Okh
lsÍu fjkqfjka m%n,
ueÈy;aùul fh§ isá" ia;S%jdÈkshl
f,i wkkH;djla ;yjqre lr
.;a" ck;djd§ l,dldßkshl f,i
l,dfõ úúO biõ .%yKh lr
.;a udkj ys;jdÈkshl jQ iqks,d
wfífialr ñh f.dia f;uila
msreKq 2013 foieïn¾ ui 10 jeksod"
fld<U mokï wdh;kfha § iure
Wf<,la meje;aúK' bkaf*da¾ï
wdh;kh iy ksoyia udOH jHdmdrh .S; we;=<;a ùäfhda mg lsysmhla meh
iuÕ tlaj fuu Wf<, ixúOdkh lrk 4l iure jev igyk w;r;=r bÈßm;a
,oafoa ldka;dj yd udOH iduQyslh úisks' flßK' iqks,d wfífialr kï ia;S%jd§
weh ueÈy;aj isá fCIa;%hkayS weh bgq úpdßldj úiska ,shk ,o" ldka;dj yd
l< iudc fufyjr we.ehSu yd isys udOH iduQyslh úiska m%ldYhg m;a l<"
lsÍu fuu Wf<f,a wruqK úh' Ñ;%mg úpdr we;=<;a .%ka:h wehf.a
iskudj yd kdgH l,dj ;=< iqks,d fidfydhqrd m%ikak wfífialr iy mq;a
wfífialr kï l,dldßkshf.a ixch fiakdkdhl fj; ms<s.ekaùu fuu
wkkH;dj úoyd ±lafjk ùäfhda Wf<f,a úfYaI wjia:djla úh' iskudj
mghlska iure W;aijh wdrïN jQ yd ix.S;h ;=< iqks,d l< ld¾hNdrh
w;r" weh úiska .dhkd lrk ,o kñka wdrïNl foaYkh lrk ,oafoa m%ùK
Ñ;%mg wOHCI O¾uisß nKavdrkdhl

uy;d úisks' udkj ysñlï fCIa;%fha

weh l< buy;a fufyh ms<sn| u;l
wdj¾ckh lsÍug wdpd¾h mdlHfida;s
irjkuq;a;=" wdpd¾h ksu,ald m%kdkaÿ

30 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

wìuka .ukl fkdñfhk u;lh
hk uy;au uy;aóka h' weh iuÕ
tlaj lghq;= l< bkaf*da¾ï wdh;kfha
Woh l¿m;srK uy;d o weh iuÕ
lghq;= lsÍfï w;a±lSï fnod .ekSug
tla úh' ldka;d whs;sjdislï yd
ia;S%jdoh fjkqfjka iqks,df.a lemùu
ms<sn| u;lhka tla lrñka woyia
±laùug l=uqÈkS ieuqfj,a" wdpd¾h
fiamd,s fldaÜfÜf.dv" wdpd¾h Y¾ud,a
úfÊj¾Ok hk wh tlajQy' wef.a uõj;a
.=Kh" udkjjdoh iy fmdÿ ck wr.,
iuÕ tlaùu ms<sn| u;lhka wjÈ lsÍug
tla ù isáfha iqñld fmf¾rd uy;añh
hs' ckjd¾.sl m%Yakh yd m%cd;ka;%jdoh
fjkqfjka iqks,df.a lemùu o we.ehSug
,la jQ w;r tu foaYkh lrk ,oafoa
wdpd¾h Ñ;%f,aLd fu!k.=re uy;añh
úisks' wdpd¾h rêld l=udriajdñ uy;añh
úiska iqks,d cd;Hka;r ùrjßhla njg
m;a ù isá wdldrh yd cd;Hka;rj
weh we.hSug m;a
jQ wdldrh meyeÈ,s
l<dh'
Èhdka Whkaf.dv
iqks,d úiska ;reK
mrïmrdj fj; ,ndÿka wd;auYla;sh yd
ffO¾h isysm;a lrk ,§'
NdIKfha yd woyia m%ldY lsÍfï
whs;sh fjkqfjka fmkS isá flfkl= jQ
iqks,df.a fufyjr we.ehSu o Wf<f,a
§ isÿ úh' zzudOH ksoyi jHdma; lsÍu
iïnkaOfhka iqks,df.a ls%hdldß;ajhZZ
hk f;audj hgf;a ksoyia udOH
jHdmdrfha le|jqïlre iqks,a chfialr
úiska foaYkhla mj;ajk ,o w;r"
NdIKfha ksoyi m%j¾Okh lsÍfï,d
wehf.a lemùu iïnkaOfhka ialhsma
;dCIKh Tiafia woyia olajk ,oafoa
iqkkao foaYm%sh úiskah'
wNsudkkSh .ukl ish Ôú; ld,h ;=<
fhÿKq iqks,d wfífialr kï udkj
ohdfjka msßmqka ys;j;shf.a fufyjr
we.ehQ Wf<, wjidkfha" wehf.a y~
fm!reIfhka j¾Kj;a l< m%;sNd mQ¾K
yd ckms%h .S; fukau" iudc ±laulska
hq;a fkdwefik .S; we;=<;a ix.S; wv
fydardjla o ixúOdkh fldg ;sìK'
wdpd¾h iqks,a úfÊisßj¾Ok" bkaÈld
Wmud,S" k§l .=ref.a" ch;s,l nKavdr
hk .dhl .dhsldjka úiska tu ix.S;
wv fydardj j¾Kj;a l< w;r" th"
weh ms<sn| fkdñfhk u;lhka ish¨
fokdf.a yoj;a ;=< h<s Ôjudk lsÍula
úh'
W;aijhg meñKs ish¨ fokd ms<s.kakd
,oafoa jh,d fmf¾rd iy Ñ;%d fu!k.=re
hk uy;aóka jk w;r ia;=;s l;dj
mj;ajk ,oafoa Ydñ,d o¿j;a; uy;añh
úisks' •
is;dß
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 31
 Y%S ,xld rdcH fkdjk ldka;d ixúOdk tl;=j úiska
1999 jif¾ § ks¾udKh lrk ,o fmdaiagrhls'

32 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

 YS% ,xldfõ lïlre wr.,
yd
jD;a;Sh iñ;s wdrïNh
Y%S ,xldfõ jD;a;Sh iñ;s wdrïNh
jir 1800 .Kka olajd w;S;hg
Èjhk w;r" jD;a;Sh iñ;s ixialD;sh
ìysjQfha ì%;dkH hg;a úð; iufha§h'
ì%;dkHhka úiska ,xldfõ mej;s iuia;
wd¾Ól l%uhu fjkia l< w;r" ta
fjkqjg jeú,s wd¾Ólhla y÷kajd fok
,§'
1840 § mkjk ,o uqvqìï wd{d mk;
hgf;a ,dxlslhkaf.a bvï nf,ka
w;am;a lr .ekSug Tjqyq ls%hd l<y' fï
wkqj ysñldß;ajh" whs;sh ms<sn| lsishï
idCIshla iemhsh fkdyels ish¿u bvï"
uqvq bvï fyda rcfha bvï jYfhka
i,lk ,§' uykqjr ck;djg whs;sj
;snQ bvï úYd, m%udKhla fï mk;
hgf;a ì%;dkH wdKavqj w;am;a lr.;a
w;r" tajdfhys f;a" fldams jeks fnda.
j.djka wdrïN lrk ,§'
ks, jYfhka ms<s.;a m%:u
jev j¾ckh uqøK lïlre
j¾ckh jqj;a" Bg fmr;a
jev j¾ck ;=kla we;s ù
;snqKs' ;¾iagka ld¾ñlhkaf.a
j¾ckh" uvl,mqfõ
jdßud¾. lïlre j¾ckh"
fld<U uialv ysñhkaf.a
j¾ckh tAjd fõ'
jev lrk mx;sfha wdrïNh
fuu uqvq bvï wd{d mk; hgf;a
ish bvï wysñ jQ ,dxlslhka fndfyda
fofkla ish meje;au Wfoid lïlre
/lshd fidhd kd.ßl m%foaYj,g
ixl%uKh jQy' Tjqyq ì%;dkHhkaf.a
md,kh hgf;a f;a" fldams j.djka
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 33
 wdY%s;j fiajh lsÍug wlue;a; m<
l<y' ,dxlslhka m< l< fuu wlue;a;
ksid 1846 jif¾ § j;= j.djka i|yd
ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka lïlrejka furgg
f.kaùug lghq;= lrk ,§' fï wkqj
j;= wdY%s; jeú,s fiajlhka yd kd.ßl
fiajlhka hkqfjka lïlre fldgia
2 la tl, olakg ,enqKs' fuu fiajl
fomsßi u b;d ÿIalr Ôú; .; l< w;r"
È<s÷lu fya;=fjka fndfyda .eg¿j,g
uqyqK §ug Tjqkag isÿúh'
iuia; jeú,s wxYhu md,kh lrk
,oafoa ì%;dkH md,lhkag wjYH
wdldrhgh' Tjqka úiska 1865 jif¾ §
lïlre wd{d mk; y÷kajd ÿka kuq;a"
ta ;=< jev lrk ck;djf.a whs;sjdislï
wdrCId lsÍu ms<sn| lsisjla we;=<;a
fkdùh'
m%:u jev j¾ckh yd m%:u jD;a;Sh
iñ;sh ^1893&
ì%;dkH md,lfhda lsisÿ jD;a;Sh
wr.,hla lsÍug jeú,s j;= fiajlhkag
lsisÿ úfgl wjia:djla ,nd fkdÿkay'
j;= wdYs%;j fiajh l< bka§h
lïlrejka kQ.;a msßila jQ w;r"
md,lfhda Tjqkag jy¨kag fuka ie<l+
w;r msg;ska lsisfjl=g;a j;=j,g
we;=¿ùug yd Tjqka iuÕ .kqfokq
lsÍug wjia:djla ,nd fkdÿkay' fï
wkqj jD;a;Sh iñ;shla msysgqùug fyda
lsisÿ jD;a;Sh whs;sjdislula fjkqfjka
wr., lsÍug Tjqkag tl, bvla fkdùh'
ì%;dkH md,khg tfrys m%:u jev
j¾ckh kd.ßl lïlrejkaf.a
odhl;ajfhka 1893 jif¾ Èh;a flßKs'
fld<U úYd,;u uqøK yd fmd;a fj<|
iud.ula jQ ì%;dkHhka i;=
tÉ'ví,sõ' flaõ iy iud.fï
34 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
lïlrefjdaa ish jegqma f.ùï m%udo ùï"
whym;a jev lsÍfï yd mSjk ;;a;ajhka
u; tu m%:u jev j¾ckh wdrïN l<y'
ks, jYfhka ms<s.;a m%:u jev j¾ckh
jQ fuh Èk 6l ld,hla mej;=Ks' jev
j¾ckfha fojeks Èkfha § mj;ajk ,o
m%isoaO /iaùul §" ,xldfõ m%:u jD;a;Sh
iñ;sh jk uqøK lïlrejkaf.a jD;a;Sh
iñ;sh wdrïN lrk ,o w;r" tu /iaùu
wjidkfha § uqøK lïlrefjdaa 200 la
iñ;sfha idudðl;ajh ,nd .;ay'
fuu j¾ckhg yd jD;a;Sh iñ;sh
msysgqùug iydh ,nd ÿkafka" n¾.¾
cd;sl we,am%â t¾kiaÜ nq,afckaia yd
bka§h f.daj cd;sl ,siafnda mska;= h'
tx.,ka;fha flaïì%Ê úYaj úoHd,fha
wOHdmkh ,nk iufha jD;a;Sh
whs;sjdislï yd jD;a;Sh iñ;s lghq;=
ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.;a nq,afckaia
wOHdmk lghq;= yudr fldg kej;
,xldjg meñK fiajl whs;sjdislï
wdrCId lsÍu yd jD;a;Sh iñ;s msysgqùfï
jeo.;alu wdÈh ms<sn| l;sldjla wdrïN
lf<ah' fï i|yd Tyqg urodk m%foaYfha
ffjoHjrhl= f,i lghq;= l< bka§h
f.daj cd;sl ,siafnda mska;= iydh ±laùh'
fudjqkaf.a fuu ueÈy;aùfï m%;sM,hla
f,i m%:u jD;a;Sh iñ;sh jk uqøK
lïlrejkaf.a jD;a;Sh iñ;sh 1893
j¾Ifha § wdrïN úh'
ì%;dkHhka úiska 1865 jif¾ § y÷kajd
ÿka lïlre wd{d mk;g wkqj jev
w;yer hdu" wr., lsÍu wdÈh ;ykï
ls%hdjka f,i kï lr ;snQ neúka"
th mokï lr f.k lïlrejkag ov
kshu lsÍug fyda Tjqkaj isr.; lsÍug
yelshdj ;snqKs' fï wkqj j¾ckhg
uQ,sl;ajh .;a lïlrejka 5 fofkl=
fiajfhka my lrk ,o w;r" ú,shï
kue;s lïlrejdg i;shl isro~qjula o
kshu lrk ,§' fuhska ìhg m;a wksl=;a
fiajlhka j¾ckh w;yer oud kej;
fiajhg jd¾;d lrk ,o w;r" tu jev
j¾ckh wid¾:l tlla njg m;aúh'
jev j¾ckh wid¾:l jqj;a" ì%;dkH
rch úiska .;a ls%hdud¾.hkag tfrysj
keÕS isàug hï n,hla" yelshdjla fuu
jD;a;Sh ls%hdud¾. yd iñ;s yryd ;ukag
,efnk nj fiajlfhda wjfndaO lr
.;ay'
ks, jYfhka ms<s.;a m%:u jev j¾ckh
uqøK lïlre j¾ckh jqj;a" Bg fmr;a
jev j¾ck ;=kla we;s ù ;snqKs'
tajd kï"
• 1860 § ;¾iagka ld¾ñl mdif,a
.=rejreka iy jvq ld¾ñlhka
md,lhkag úreoaOj isÿ l< jev
j¾ckh'
• 1870 § kef.kysr m<df;a uvl,mqj
Èia;s%lalfha jdßud¾. jev fmd<l
lïlrejka isÿ lsÍug o jev j¾ckh '
• fld<U k.r iNdj uÕska uia lv
i|yd nÿ uqo,a jeä lsÍula u; 1879 §
uia lv ysñlrejka isÿ l< Èk 3 l
jev j¾ckh'
fuu j¾ck ;=ku ks, jYfhka ms<s.;a
jev j¾ck fkdjQ w;r" ta yryd úYd,
n,mEula isÿ lsÍug o fkdyels úh'
fojk jev j¾ckh ^1896&
1896 jif¾ § fld<U frÈ wmq,a,k
lïlrejka úiska fojk jev j¾ckh
Èh;a lrk ,§' k.rfha ish¿u frÈ
wmq,a,k ia:dk md,khg myiq jk fia
k.r iNdfjys ,shdmÈxÑ l< hq;=hehs n,
l< fld<U k.r iNdfõ wd{d mk;lg
úreoaOj fudjqka úiska fuu j¾ckh
isÿ lrk ,§' óg by; lsis Èfkl"
rcfha lsisÿ md,khlg hg;a fkdjQ
frÈ wmq,a,kafkda" fuu ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu
yryd n,m;% .ekSï yd nÿ f.ùï l%uhla
wdrïN úh yels nj wjfndaO lr .;ay'
i;s 3 la mqrd meje;s fuu j¾ckh tu
oYlfha we;s jQ b;du §¾> yd igkaldó
jev j¾ckh njg m;aúh'
flfia fj;;a uqøK lïlrejkaf.a
j¾ckfha § fuka wêldÍyq lïlre w{d
mk; f.k yer olajñka" lïlrejka
lsysm fofkl=g úreoaOj kvq mjrd Tjqka
jerÈlrejka njg m;a lrñka" fuu
j¾ckh o wid¾:l lrk ,§'
;=kajk jev j¾ckh ^1906&
fuu ld, jljdkqj jk úg tla;rd
m%udKhlg rg ;=< foaYmd,k yd
wd.ñl fkdikaiqka;d we;s fjñka
mej;=k w;r" /äl,ajd§ msßia
ksr;=rej u wd.ñl" foaYmd,k yd
lïlre jHdmdrh ;=< jeo.;a ld¾h
Ndrhla bgq l<y' ì%;dkH md,khg
tfrysj ksrka;rfhka ±ä úfõpk
t,a, úh' fujeks wd.ñl Woaf>daIK"
foaYmd,k ls%hdldrlï wdÈh ksid Ml,
kd.ßl lïlre mka;shg ;u jD;a;Sh
ls%hdldrlïj,g fyd| jd;djrKhla Wod
úh' fufia we;s jQ foaYmd,k" wd.ñl
mqkreoh yd lïlre wr., w;r wka;¾
iïnkaO;djhlA olakg ,enqKs'
1906 § lr;a; lïlrejka Èh;a l<
j¾ckh m%n, jev j¾ckhla jQ w;r"
th m%:u id¾:l jev j¾ckh o úh'
msgfldgqj ÿïßh ia:dkfha isg
fld<U jrdhg nvq m%jdykh l<
lr;a;lrejkag" lr;a;fha fndaka
,Sfha jdä ù .uka lsÍu ;ykï lsÍu
fya;=fjka fuu j¾ckh wdrïN lrk
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 35
 ,§' fuys kdhl;ajh f.k ls%hd
lf<a f¾kao ysñlrefjl=" lr;a;
ysñlrefjl= fukau ñksrka jHdmdr
ysñlrefjl= jQ fcdaka fld;,dj,
h' b;d ks¾NS;" cj iïmkak"
igkaldó" Woafhda.su;a kdhlhl= jQ
fudyq i¾ fcdaka fld;,dj,f.a mshd
h'

fuu j¾ckh i|yd lïlrejka

5000 la iyNd.S jQ w;r" k.rfha
fj<o lghq;= iïmQ¾Kfhkau
weKysák ,§' ÿïßh ia:dk
;=< f;a fmÜá wd§ nvq f.dv
.eiqKs' tajd jrdh fj; m%jdykh
lsÍula isÿ fkdjqKs' fï wkqj
,xldfõ lïlrejka úiska isÿ l<
m%:u id¾:l jev j¾ckh f,i

lyjkq
b;sydi.; jkafka lr;a;lrejkaf.a
jev j¾ckhhs'

fuhska l,n,hg m;a ì%;dkH

md,lfhda" fndaka ,Sfha .uka fidhd hk weh
lsÍfï ;yku bj;a l<y' jev
j¾ckh id¾:l ùfuka wk;=rej
lr;a;lrejkaf.a ix.uhla hqla;sh mis|k
msysgqùug fcdaka fld;,dj, ;dkdm;ska
m%Odk;ajh .;a w;r" fuh ,xldfõ w| f.d¿ ìysß ù
ìys jQ fojeks jD;a;Sh iñ;sh njg we;s rgl
m;aúh' idlaIs ke;s urK
fidfydka fld;a
tfia wdrïN jQ jD;a;Sh igka yd isysjgk
jD;a;Sh ix.ï miq ld,Skj rg mqrd miq lrñka
lïlre m%cdjka w;r jHdma; jQ wyia hdkfha ke.
w;r" ;u jD;a;Sh whs;sjdislï Èkd fkdokakd l;rl
.ekSu i|yd ia;S% mqreI fomd¾Yjh lyjKq fidhd hk
tajd ;=< ls%hd;aul ùu jHdma; úh' • Tn
úydr uyd foaúhls
risld §mdks k.r ueo
isysjgk
^ysgmq lïlre flduidßia ^ld¾ñl in|;d&
ã'tï'tia' Èidkdhl uy;d l< foaYkhla yd
fld;a ms<su b¢ fkdjQjo
uydpd¾h l=udß chj¾Ok úiska rÑ; YS% ,xldfõ
lïlre jHdmdrfha keÕSu lD;sh ^1978& wdY%fhks' ouhka;s uq;=l=udrK

36 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

 wd¾Ól jYfhka ls%hdYS,S
ia;S% m%;sY;fhka 57]
la wúêñ;a fCIa;%fha
/lshdj, kshqla;j
isák nj ixLHd f,aLk
fmkajd fohs' ta wkqj
wd¾Ól jYfhka ls%hdYS,S"
ke;fyd;a Ôj;a ùu i|yd
jev lrk ia;S%kaf.ka
nyq;rh tla w;lska /lshd
iqrCIs;Ndjhla fkdue;s
wh nj jgyd .; yelsh'
fm%au,;d

wúêu;a fCIa;%fha
ldka;d Y%uhg n,mdk
úêu;a wNsfhda.
Y%S ,xld Y%un, ióCIK 2012 jd¾Isl
o;a; m%ldYk jd¾;djg wkqj" 2011
jif¾ YS% ,xldfõ idCIr;dj fyj;a
wl=re ,shkakg lshjkakg okakd
ixLHdj uq¿ ck.ykfhka ishhg wkQ
folhs oYu folls' ^92'2]& tu iuia;h
w;ßka mqreIhskaf.a idCIr;dj 93'5]
la jk w;r ia;S%kaf.a idCIr;dj 91'1]
ls' fuu ;;a;ajh kd.ßl" .%dóh
jYfhka fukau ta ta m%foaY jYfhka
o fjkialïj,g ,lafõ' flfia jqj;a
YS% ,xldfõ idCIr;dj iïnkaOfhka
fujeks mQ¾úldjla lrk ,oafoa wúêu;a
fCIa;%fha /lshdj, kshq;= ck.ykfhka
nyq;rh wvq wOHdmkhla we;s wh nj
tu jd¾;dfjkau fmkajd fok ksidh'
tfukau wd¾Ól jYfhka ls%hdYS,S
ck.ykfhka jeäu ck m%;sY;h
wh;a jkafka wúêu;a fCIa;%fha /lshd
lrkakkaf.a f.dvgh' mjqf,a Ôj;a ùu
fjkqfjka tkï rfÜ wd¾Ólhg odhl
jk m%udKh rfÜ iuia; ck.ykfhka
ñ,shk 8'6ls' tu m%udKh wd¾Ól
jYfhka ls%hdYS,S ck.ykh jYfhka
ye¢kafõ' thska úêu;a fCIa;%fha
/lshdj, fh§ we;s ck m%;sY;h 37'3]
ls' wúêu;a fCIa;%fha /lshd kshqla;sh
ishhg 62'7]ls' fuu o;a; úYaf,aIKh
ú.%y lrk flfkl=g YS% ,xldfõ
idCIr;dfõ m%ñ;sh ms<sn| woyila ,nd
.ekSug yels jk w;r wm fuu ;¾lh
m%Odk jYfhka f.dv k.k ,oafoa
YS% ,xldfõ wúêu;a fCIa;%fha /lshd
kshqla;slhkaf.a ;;a;ajh ms<sn| Ñ;%hla
f.dv ke.Sugh'

2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 37

 Y%un, ióCIKh wkqj wd¾Ól jYfhka
ls%hdYS,S wh f,i .Kka f.k we;af;a
jhi 10 g jeä ck.ykhhs' jhi 10
g jeä mQ¾K ld,Sk YsIHhka" mQ¾K
ld,Sk .DyKshka" úY%dñl fyda jhia.;
mqoa.,hka" wndê; mqoa.,hka wd¾Ól
jYfhka ls%hdYS,S fkdjk wh jYfhka
.Kka .efka' tu ks¾jpkh wkqj mdi,a
fkdhk" jhi 10g jeä orejka o wd¾Ól
jYfhka ls%hdYS,S fldgig jefÜ' <ud
jhi wksjd¾hfhka u orejd wOHdmkh
,eìh hq;= jhi f,i ish¨ whs;sjdislï
m%;smdok wkqj ks¾jpkh ù ;snqK o
mdi,a fkdhk wh m%;sm;a;suh jYfhka
wd¾Ól jYfhka ls%hdYS,S ck.ykhg
o wh;a fldg ;sîu fjku ie,ls,a,g
.; hq;= ldrKhls' flfia jqj;a" wd¾Ól
jYfhka ls%hdYS,S ck.ykfhka jeä
m%;sY;h ±lafjk wúêu;a fCIa;%fha jev
lrk ia;S%kaf.a ;;a;ajh ms<sn| woyila
,nd .ekSug fuys § W;aidy flf¾'
wd¾Ól jYfhka ls%hdYS,S ia;S% m%;sY;fhka
57]la wúêñ;a fCIa;%fha /lshdj,
kshqla;j isák nj ixLHd f,aLk
fmkajd fohs' ta wkqj wd¾Ól jYfhka
ls%hdYS,S" ke;fyd;a Ôj;a ùu i|yd jev
lrk ia;S%kaf.ka nyq;rh tla w;lska
/lshd iqrCIs;Ndjhla fkdue;s wh nj
jgyd .; yelsh'
lDIs ld¾ñl fCIa;%fha /lshd lrk
ck.ykfha nyq;rh" tkï ishhg
86'6la ^86'6]& wúêu;a fCIa;%hg
jefÜ' tu fCIa;%fha ia;S%ka jegqma
wiu;dfõ isg fjkialïj,g ,lajk
wdldrh;a wúksYaÑ;;dj ksid Ôj;a
ùfï wNsfhda.j,g ,lajk wdldrh;a"
wkdrCIs; fi!LH .eg¿j,g uqyqK fok
wdldrh;a b;sydih mqrd l;sldjkag
n÷ka ù we;' tfukau lDIsld¾ñl
fkdjk wfkl=;a fCIa;%j, o /lshd
lrk m%;sY;fhka ishhg 50'9 u ^50'9]&
wúêu;a fCIa;%fha /lshd lrkakjqka h'
38 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
fuu fCIa;%fha kqmqyqKq Y%ñlhka fukau
whs;slrejka" l<ukdlrejka" fukau
mqyqKq Ys,amSh Y%ñlfhda o ia;S% mqreI
fomd¾Yajfhka u isá;s' fuu fCIa;%fha
kqmqyqKq yd iq¿ fiajlhska jYfhka jev
lrk m%udKh úYd,h' 2011 jif¾ jd¾;d
ù we;s 1691918l m%udKfhka nyq;rh"
tkï 1048622l m%udKh ia;S%ka h'
wúêu;a fCIa;%fha /lshd lrk ia;S% mqreI
nyq;rfha fmdÿ m%Yakh Tjqkaf.a /lshd
iqrCIs; fkdùuhs' iuyr úg nyq;rh
tÈfkod Wmhk foa u; hefma' ld,.=Kh
fyda iajNdúl fjkialïj,g mjd
Tjqkaf.a tÈfkod hemSug wNsfhda. l<
yelsh' YdÍßl fyda udkqISh fyda fi!LH
fyda .eg¿j,g msysgla ke;' /lshd
wjodku ksid uqyqK fok .eg¿j,g
o úi÷ï ke;' /lshd l< fkdyels jQ
;;a;ajhg m;a jQ úg ,efnk úY%du jegqma
fyda w¾: idOl wruqo,la fyda ke;'
rdcH wxYfha ueÈy;a ùu iys;j
/lshd W;amdokh ù we;s fCIa;%j,
Y%u yuqodjka o fujeks wúksYaÑ; yd
wjodkï ;;a;ajhlg uqyK § isàu
i,ld ne,sh hq;=h' thska úYd, u
wúêu;a Y%u yuqodjla jk úfoaY.;j
.Dy fiajh lrk .DyKshka" ia;S%ka ùu
ksid u uqyqK fok wNsfhda.hka iudch
;=< b;d u m%n, f,i l;sldjg n÷ka
ù we;' fndfyda úg wvq idCIr;djhlska
o hq;= fuu Y%u yuqodj rfÜ m%Odk;u
úfoaY úksuh Wmhkakka f,i yqjd
±lafõ' tu wodhu miq.sh jif¾ remsh,a
ì,shk 6la nj wh jeh bÈßm;a lsÍfï §
o jd¾;d úh' tu wodhu ì,shk 10 olajd
jeä lsÍug lghq;= lrk njg mqridrï
fovqj o úfYaI jYfhka tu wdodhfï
m%n, u odhlhka ù we;s úfoaY.; ia;S%
Y%ñlhkaf.a Ôú;j,ska jkaÈ f.jkakg
mjd isÿjk .eg¿ úi£ug rchla úiska
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rchka w;r iïuq;Ska we;s lr
.ekSug YS% ,xldj lghq;= fkdlsÍfï
fkdie,ls,su;a nj miq.sh ld,h mqrd
l;sldjg .ekqKs' úfYaIfhka .Dy
fiaúldjkaf.a /lshd iqrCIs;Ndjh
fyda úêu;aNdjh ms<sn| lsisÿ j.lSula
fkd±rej o" rgg úfoaY úksuh Wmhk
fuu Y%u yuqodj úYd, lr .ekSug
muKla is;Su lK.dgqodhlh'
ydïmq;=kaf.a nrm;, ysßyerj,g ,laù
meñKs ia;S%ka iïnkaOfhka wkdjrKh
ùï" >d;k yd 2013 jif¾ ckjdß ui
isÿ jQ ßidkd k*Sla kï nd, jhialdr
.Dy fiaúldj IÍhd kS;sh hgf;a ysi iqNd È,aydks
.id >d;kh lsÍu jeks isÿ ùï yryd
fuu Y%u yuqodj iïnkaOfhka" rchla wúêu;a Y%u n,ldfha ldka;d odhl;ajh
jYfhka olajk fkdie,ls,a, ±ä fia lemS fmfkk" fl,skau uy ckhd iuÕ
fodaIdfrdamKhg ,la úh' tu ia;S%ka ;ks iïnkaO jk ;j;a fCIa;% lsysmhla fï
;ks mqoa.,hka jYfhka ;u wúêu;a jk úg j¾Okh ù we;s nj iudch foi
/lshdj ksid uqyqK fok wNsfhda.hka úuiqï weiska n,k flfkl=g meyeÈ,s
.ek jßka jr l;sld u;= ù hgm;a ù fõ' iq¿ jHdmdr yd wf,ú lghq;= i|yd
hhs' ta fjkqfjka wjYHfhka u isÿ úh iudch bÈßhg meñK isák ia;S%ka ta
hq;= rcfha j.ùï fjkqjg ia;S%kaf.a w;r lemS fmfka' tla w;lska rdcH
;SrK .ekSfï whs;sh W,a,x>Kh wxYfha odhl;ajh iys;j isÿ jk
lrñka" iïm%odhslj ork mjqf,a j.lSu f,d;/hs jHdmdrh bka tlls' flfkl=g
weh u; wksjd¾h lrñk a" miq.sh od isf;kafka j.lSula iys; rdcH wdh;k
kj pl%f,aLkhla úfoaY fiajd kshqla;s úYd, wdodhï Wmhk jHdmdr jYfhka
ld¾hdxYfha iNdm;sjrhdf.a w;aikska lr f.k hk fuu f,d;/hs wf,ú
ksl=;a lr we;' ta wkqj .Dy fiajhg lsÍu miqmi /lshd iqrCIs;Ndjhla we;s
fyda ueo fmrÈ. /lshd i|yd hk njhs' ck;dj f,d;/hs ñ, § .kakd
újdyl ia;S%ka ;u ieñhdf.a leue;a; ;rug yd ñ, § .ekSug ck;djg uÕg
,nd .; hq;=h' Tjqkaf.a fiajd ;;a;ajhka niskakg yels jk ;dla muKla tu
hym;a lsÍug wjYH fldkafoais /lshdj iqrCIs;h' bka ndysr lsisÿ
mkjñka wod, rgj,a iuÕ tlÕ;d j.ùula tu rdcH wdh;k úiska orkafka
we;s lr .ekSu fjkqfjka l< hq;= oE ke;' kuq;a tu f,d;/hs jHdmdrh
;sìh§ ia;S%kaf.a ;SrK .ekSfï yelshdj ;=< ia;S%ka jeä jeäfhka fhduq ù isàu
msßñkaf.a leue;af;a iSudjg ,>q lrk úfYaIhls'
idïm%odhsl m%;sm;a;s f.k tau" mh
w. k.rh jk fld<U m%foaYfha wf,ú
nrjdhg msá lr fnfy;a ne£uls' tu
l=á mj;ajd f.k hk ia;S%ka úYd,
fCIa;%fha ia;S%kaf.a wNsfhda. fjku l;d
jYfhka olakg we;s w;r fjk;a
l< hq;= ud;Dldjla ;rug nrm;,h'

2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 39

 kd.ßl m%foaYj, o ia;S% odhl;ajh
olskakg we;' úfYaIfhka Tjqkag
ck;dj .ejfik ia:dkj, ke;fyd;a
k.rdYs%;j ;u wf,ú lghq;= lsÍug isÿ
fõ' f,d;/hs wf,ú lrñka ;u mjq,
f.dv k.kakg fjfyfik
ia;S%kaf.ka wmf.a wjOdkhg ,la jQ
iuyre ÿr neyer m%foaYj,ska meñK
wf,ú ksfhdað;hl= hgf;a wf,ú l=á
mj;ajd f.k hkakjqka h'
kqf.af.dv yhsf,j,a mdf¾ wf,ú
l=áhl lghq;= lrk fma%u,;d ^45&
uy;añh tjeks flfkls' weh ud;r
Èia;s%lalfha .ïudkhlska meñKs wfhls'
weh orejka fofofkl= iys; ish mjqf,a
wd¾Ólhg Wr fokakg ÿr neyer isg
fld<U k.rhg meñK
f,d;/hs wf,úfha fhfokafka .ï
m%foaYfha k.rdY%s;j jqj;a t;rï
wdodhula ,nkakg yelshdjla fkdue;s
ksidh' wf,úlrejka jeä jqjfyd;a
ck.ykh wvq m%foaYj, wdodhu wvq
ùug fya;= fõ' tfyhska weh fld<U
iïnkaO;djla yryd wf,ú l=áhla ,nd
f.k we;' wf,ú ksfhdað;jrhdf.ka
,nd .kakd f,d;/hs m;aj,ska tÈkg
kshñ; ish,a, Tjqka úiska wf,ú l<
hq;=h' j¾Idj" mdrj, isÿjk Woaf>daIK"
fm<md,s fyda l,n," nia j¾ck"
mdrj,a jeiSu wdÈh ksid f,d;/hs m;a
ish,a, wf,ú fkdjqK o uqM m%udKh
;uka úiska w;ska f.úh hq;=h' ;ud
idudkHfhka wf,ú lrk f,d;/hs m;a
m%udKh wf<ú ksfhdað;hdf.ka ,nd
.;a miq we;s jk by; lS wdldrfha yÈis
;;a;ajhka ksid Èk fol ;=kl wdodhu
jqj;a wmf;a yßkakg isÿ jk wjia:d
Wodfõ' wf,ú fkdù b;sß jQ álÜ
m;aj,g iq¿ fyda Èkqula ;snqKfyd;a
th hïlsis iykhls' tfy;a álÜ úYd,
jYfhka b;sß jQ tla wjia:djlj;a"
ta i|yd wdmiq f.úh hq;= uqo,a mshjd
.kakg ;rï Èkqï tu álÜm;a
40 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
f.dkafka ;sî ke;' wf,ú ksfhdað;hl=
hgf;a wf,ú lrk fyhska wehg wf,ú
lrk tl f,d;/hs m;lska ,efnk uqo,
remsh,a folls'
tu jHdmdrh u lrk we;=,a fldaÜfÜ
iqNd È,aydks n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQ
wdldrhg tu jD;a;shg jeà we;'
f,d;/hs tackaislrefjla úÈyg lghq;=
lf<a wef.a ieñhd h' weh Wiia fm<
iu;a" .KldêlrK ämaf,daudj lr"
/lshdjla o lrñka isá ;reKshls'
.d,a, m%foaYfha flfkl= jQ weh
/lshdj w;ayer" újdy ù meñKs miq
ta jk úg;a ;rul wikSmfhka isá
ieñhdf.a frda.h jeä ù we;' iakdhq
iïnkaO wdndOhla neúka Tyqg
f,d;/hs l=áfha isàu wmyiq ù we;'
tfyhska wehg ;u mjq, fjkqfjka
tu /lshdj lrkakg isÿ ù we;' l=vd
orejl= o isák weh mdkaor wjÈ ù
ksjfia lghq;= ksujd Wfoa 7 muK jk
úg f,d;/hs l=áh újD; l< hq;=h'
iji 6 olajd /£ isáh hq;=h' ke;skï
.Kqfokqlrejka w; yef¾' Tjqka
f,d;/hs ksfhdað;hl= f,i lghq;=
lrk neúka tla álÜ m;lska remsh,a
3'50 wdodhula ,efí' ish,a, wf,ú lr
.; yels jqfjd;a ojilg remsh,a 2500la
muK wdodhula ,nd .; yelsh' tfy;a
by; lS ldka;dj m%ldY l< yÈis wjia:d
ish,a, wehg o fmdÿh' túg ,nd .;a
wdodhu o tu mdvqj ulkakg f.jkakg
isÿ fõ' tjeks wNsfhda. tfia ;sìh§"
oji mqrd mdf¾ isg wdYajdi lrk ÿu"
¥ú,s ksid weh fiï frda.shl= njg m;a
fldg we;' tmuKla fkdj iuyreka
jxpd lrkakg lrk W;aidyhka .ek
wjOdkfhka isàug o isÿ fõ' álÜ
/f.k uqo,a fkdf.jd wu;l jQjd
fia hkakg W;aidy ±Íu" álÜ m;a
fol ;=kla tlg ;nd lvd f.k tlla
jYfhka uqo,a f.ùug W;aidy lsÍu

w;orejd o iuÕ f,d;/hs wf,ú
lrk wkqrdOmqrfha ujla
jeks lghq;= lrk wh .eko w;a±lSï
wehg we;' tajd ia;s%hl ksid ;uka
f,fyisfhka /jàug yels hehs is;d
iuyre lrk W;aidyhka úh yels nj
o wef.a woyihs' tu /lshdj u lrk
wkqrdOmqr ;reK ia;s%hla tu lghq;af;a
fhfokafka jirla muK jk ;u w;
orejd o iuÕh' r;akmqr m%foaYfha
flfkl= jQ weh ieñhd iy orejd iuÕ
wkqrdOmqrfha l=,S ldurhl Ôj;a fõ'
mjqf,a wd¾Ólh fjkqfjka ;u ieñhdg
Woõ l< hq;= ksid weh tu ÿIalr ls%hdj
lrk nj lshhs' jdyk .ukd.ukh
jeä k.rdY%s; újD; mßirhl tjeks
w; orejl= oyj,a ld,h mqrd ;nd f.k
isàu .ek wehg t;rï jegySula ;snQ
njla o fkdyeÕsK' álÜ m;lska wehg
remsh,a 2'50la ,efí' flfia fj;;a tu
ish¿ wNsfhda. weh ord isákafka mjqf,a
wd¾Ólhg odhl ùug we;s wêIaGdkh
;=<skah' Tjqkaf.a wfkl=;a wNsfhda.
fudkjd±hs Tjqka ms<sn| iïmQ¾K
ióCIKhlska f;areï .; yelsh'
tA tA m%foaY wdYs%;j rcfha ueÈy;a ùfuka
isÿ jk ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,sh o" l=vd
jHdmdr yd iajhx /lshd lrk iuyr
ia;S%ka j¾;udkfha uqyqK fok wNsfhda.
hla njg m;a ù we;' tfia ù we;af;a
Tjqkag yqre mqreÿ ia:dkj,ska bj;a
jkakg isÿ ùu ksid .kqfokqlrejka
w;a yefrk ksidh' udÈfj," lsUq,dj,
m%foaYh yd ta wdYs%;j isÿ ù we;s
ixj¾Ok lghq;= ksid lEu yd fjk;a
foaj,a wf,ú lsÍfï fhÿK whg ta
fjkqjg wf,ú l=á ,eî we;;a wf,úh
wvq ù we;af;a" mqreÿ .kqfokqlrejka
t;rï ÿrla f.jd fkdtk ksidh' wf<ú
l=á iys; fjku fldgila Tjqkg
YS% chj¾Okmqr frday,g hk udjf;a
fjka lr § we;' ;,m;amsáh m%foaYfha
mdr woaor mj;ajd f.k .sh lEu
lr;a;fhka b;d u fyd| wdodhula
,enqK;a kj ia:dkfhka tÈfkod
úhou msßuid .ekSug muKla
wdodhula ,efnk nj tys lEu lvhla
lrk pdkaokSf.a ^33& woyih' tjeks
mdrl tÈfkod .kqfokqlrejka wvq ù
we;s nj;a jdykj,ska hk wh mqreÿ
jqjfyd;a id¾:l úh yels njla wehf.a
úYajdihhs' tfukau w¨;ska ,nd ÿka
fjf<| l=á wdYS%;j c, myiqlï ,nd
.ekSug l%uhla ke;'
wkqrdOmqr m%foaYfha mQcd k.rfha mQcH
ia:dk yd ft;sydisl ia:dk wdYs%;j u,a
fjf<|du" úis;=re NdKav yd lEu îu
fjf<odfï fhfok ia;%S jHdmdßlhka
miq.sh ld,fha jeä ù we;' iuyr úg
fuu jHdmdr lghq;=j, Tjqka kshe,S
we;af;a ;u ieñhd fjk;a iq¿ lïlre
fyda jevl fhfok kuq;a mjqf,a
wd¾Ólh tuÕska lsisfia;a fkdúif|k
neúKs' iuyre ieñhd isáh o mjqf,a
ish¨ wd¾Ól j.lSï nr ord isá;s'
iuyre ieñhd fkdue;s jekaoUqjka
h' Tjqkg;a mßirh iqkaor lsÍu yd
ixj¾Okh f;aud lr f.k isÿ jQ yd
isÿ jkakg kshñ; ixj¾Ok lghq;=
ksid wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK fokakg isÿ
ù we;af;a ck;dj .ejfik ia:dkj,ska
msg;g hkakg isÿ ù we;s ksidh' ia;S%ka
ksidu fmdÿfõ iudch ;=< uqyqK fok
wNsfhda.j,g Tjqkg o uqyqK fokakg
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 41
 isÿ fõ' tajdg Yla;sfhka uqyqK §
wNsfhda. ch.kakg TjqyQ W;aidy .ks;s'
frÈ jHdmdrh i|yd b;d u m%isoaO
muqKqj m%foaYfha frÈ len,s wf,ú
lrk ia;s%hla ls%hd lrk wdldrh" ia;s%hla
ùu ksid u we;s úh yels wjodfuka
wdrCIdldÍ ùu i|yd .kakd W;aidyhg
WodyrKhls'
iq¿ jHdmdßl ia;s%hl jYfhka
úfYaIfhka mqreIhskaf.a wjOdkfhka
wE;a ù isàug weh .kakd mshjr
fy<sorõ fkdl< hq;=h' wehf.a ku o
tfyhska fy<sorõ fkdl< hq;=h' kuq;a
Ôú;hg uqyqK fokakg ;u Ôúldj lr
f.k hk ia;S%ka uqyqK fok wNsfhda. yd
tajd i|yd Tjqka Ndú; lrk wdrCIdldÍ
Wml%u uÕska fmkakqï lrkafka iudch
;=< ia;S%ka flfrys we;s wdl,amj,ska
Tjqka fld;rï mSvd ú¢kjd o hkakh'
úfYaIfhka ia;S%ka myiq ,sx.sl f.dÿre
lr .ekSug is;k msßñ udkisl;ajh"
Tjqka rjgd wd¾Ól jdis ,nd .ekSug
W;aidy lrk msßñkaf.a wdl,am wdÈh
.ek jegySula tuÕska ,nd .; yelsh'
tjeks ;;a;ajhla iudch ;=< we;s nj
f;areï .;a ia;S%ka tu wNsfhda.j,g
uqyqK fokakg Wml%u Ndú;d lrk
wdldrh o thska meyeÈ,sh'
Wml%YS,Sj Ôú;hg uqyqK fok
iq¿ jHdmdßl ia;%shla
42 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
wef.a ieñhd ñh f.dia jir 16la .;
ù we;;a weh ;u jHdmdßl mßirh ;=<
fmkS isákafka újdyl ia;s%hla jYfhks'
tfukau ;j ÿrg;a wdrCId ùug is;d"
Tyq yuqodfõ fiajh lrkakl= nj o
l;djg tk ldg;a mjid we;' ÿr neyer
fiajh ksid Tyqg wef.a lghq;= .ek
n,kakg lsisÿ wjia:djla ke;s nj mjid
we;' th wkjYH ys;j;alï mj;ajkakg
tk wh j<lajk Wml%uhla f,i id¾:l
ù we;s nj wef.a woyih' lmd bj;a
lrk frÈ lene,s lsf,da .Kkg úl=Kk
jHdmdrh id¾:lj flfrk muqKqj
m%foaYfha lv ldurhla mj;ajd f.k
hk ;ks .eyeKshla jk weh" ;S% ù,¾j,
mgjd tajd f.k tkafka lgqkdhl
m%foaYfhks' ;u ieñhd ñh hk úg nd,
orejdg wjqreÿ 2la muK jqj o weh ;u
ffO¾hfhka Tjqka fofokdg W.kajd fï
jk úg Tjqka o idudkH
/lshd lrk ;;a;ajhg m;a fldg we;'
kuq;a Tjqkaf.a újdy lghq;= iy ÿjf.a
oEjeÈ lghq;= .ek o ie,iqï lrñka weh
b;d wúfõlfhka lghq;= lrhs' wjqreÿ
45la muK jhie;s Yla;su;a" ksfrda.S
fmkqulska yd läir njlska o hq;=
weh" iq¿ jHdmdßlhka nyq, ckdlS¾K
mßirhl udkisl mSvdj,ska wE;aj"
;u lghq;= lr f.k hkafka ;;a;ajh
f;areï .;a ie,iqï iy.; ls%hd ud¾.
.ekSu ksidh' jHdmdßl lghq;=j, §
;ks .eyeKshla jYfhka lghq;= lroa §
wdrïNfha u ,;a w;a±lSï Tiafia weh
tu wNsfhda.j,ska .e,fjkakg Wml%u
fidhd f.k we;' kuq;a ;ud yuqodfõ
flfkl= iuÕ újdy ù isák ia;s%hla
nj mejiSu u ia;S%ka YdÍßl jYfhka
yd wd¾Ól jYfhka f.dÿre lr .kakg
udk n,k msßñ iudchg wyl n,kakg
ldrKdjla fkdfõ' kuq;a ;u ld¾hh
.ek fl,ska l;d fldg" fm!oa.,sl
lsisÿ úia;r l;djlg ys;j;a fkdù

lsUq,dj, pdkaokS lv ldur fjkqjg bvla ,efíhehs
;ud wdrCIdldÍj lghq;= lr f.k hk
nj weh mjik w;r weh iïmQ¾Kfhka
wdrCIs; njla o fkdyefÕa' flfia
jqj;a fuu l;dj yryd meyeÈ,s
jkafka fujeks fCIa;%j, ia;S%ka uqyqK
fok wNsfhda.j, iajNdjh yd ia;S%kag
tajdhska wdrCId ùug isÿ ù we;af;a
Wml%uYS,S ùu yryd njhs' th wehg ;ud iuyr fCIa;% úfYaI jYfhka YdÍßl
leue;s /lshdjla lsÍug ,enqKq ksoyia
jd;djrKhla fkdfõ'
jev lrk ia;S%kag fujeks ;;a;ajhkg
uqyqK fokakg isÿ jkafka wúêu;a
fCIa;%fha /lshd lroa§ muKla fkdfõ'
kuq;a wúêu;a fCIa;%fha isÿ jk
widOdrKlï wlghq;=lïj,g úi÷ï
,nd .ekSug .; yels ls%hd ud¾. w,amh' fjkqfjka ixúOdk .; ùula fkdue;s
fndfyda úg ;ksj uqyqK fokakg isÿ
fõ' wdh;k uÜgfï ixúOdk.; ls%hd
ud¾. .kakg yelshdj ke;' jD;a;Sh
ls%hd ud¾. .ekSu i|yd tjeks jD;a;Sh
ix.ï wúêu;a fCIa;%j, ke;' tfyhska
u úfYaIfhka ia;S% Y%ñlhka ia;S%ka ùu
ksid u uqyqK fok wNsfhda. fuys§ m%uqL wúêu;a fCIa;%fha jev lrk ia;S%ka
fõ'
muqKqj m%foaYfha ia;S%ka muKla fkdj
ish¨ fokd fï jk úg wúksYaÑ;j
isák ;j;a ldrKhla wkdjrKh úh'
tkï b;d ckdlS¾K kuq;a ieneúka
u b;d u mgq muqKqj lv ldur w;r
ud¾.h m,,a lsÍug iQodkula we;s
njg we;s wdrxÑhhs' mdr m,,a lrkakg
lghq;= lrk nj ±kqï § we;;a ;ukaf.a
lv ldur mj;ajd f.k hkafka
flfia±hs ±kqï §ula fkdue;s fyhska
TjQyQ wkd.;h .ek ìhlska o isá;s'
fuh úYd, .Kkla Èú /l .kakd
wúêu;a fCIa;%fha /lshd úYd,
m%udKhla o iys; cd;sl uÜgfï m%isoaO
jHdmdßl ia:dkhla neúka lefvk
úYajdihla o Tjqka w;r mj;S' kuq;a
idudkHfhka isÿ jkakd fia
.kqfokqlrejka uÕ yeÍ" jHdmdr ì|
jefgk ia:dkhla ,efífoda hk ielh o
we;'
;j;a úúOdldr jQ wúêu;a /lshd
fCIa;%j, ia;S%ka kshef,k nj ienEh'
jYfhka iDcqj fkdjqK;a udkisl
jYfhka ysßyerj,g ,lajk tajdh'
/lshd /l .ekSu ish,a,g jvd wjYH
neúka tajd ú| f.k fiajh lrkakg
Tjqkg isÿ ù ;sfí' wúêu;aNdjh ksid
u /lshdj ;ukaf.a Ôú;h iuÕ flaj,a
lrkakg fhdod .kakd mqj;a wm ´kE
;rï wid we;' jD;a;Sh whs;sjdislï
fyhska fiajhg iß,k jegqma fyda
myiqlï i|yd wr., l< fkdyelsh'
ia;S%ka fyda fõjd" mqreIhska fyda fõjd /
lshd iqrCIs;Ndjh b;d wvqh' ia;S%ka ùu
ksid u msßñkag jvd wvq jegqma iuyr
wúêu;a /lshdj, § ia;S%kag ,efí'
úfYaIfhka uqyqK fok wNsfhda. .ek
l;d lrk úg úfYaIfhka ia;S%ka flfrys
we;s w.;s.dó wdl,am fjkia ùfï
wjYH;dj m%uqLj u;= fõ' •
igyk iy PdhdrEm
iS;d rxckS
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 43
 ksoyia fj<|
l,dmj, Èh jk
lïlre
ia;%S Y%uh
;= kajk f,dalfha rgj,a fndfyduhla
ish ixj¾Okh lrd .uka lsÍfï
§ Wmdh ud¾.hla jYfhka wmkhk
"jvd
i;shlg meh 50 g
jev lsÍu ksid
ieliqï l,dm msysgqjk ,§' YS% ,xldj
1970 oYlh jk úg oreKq wd¾Ól
yDo frda. we;sùfï
lvd jeàulg uqyqK ÿka w;r 1977 wjodku by< hk
jk úg /lshd úhqla; msßi 10"000"00
wêl úh¡ ^vdÅ÷" 1997& tneúka tu
/lshd úhqla;shg ms<shï f,i Y%S ,xldfõ
nj fmfka' "
we.¿ï l¾udka;h ;=< /lshd wjia:d
o 1978 m%:u wmkhk ieliqï l,dmh
lgqkdhlska wdrïN úh¡ wdfhdaclhska iq,n úh' tfia meñKs whf.ka nyq;rh
Èß .kajk §¾> ld,Sk yd flá jhi wjqreÿ 18-35 w;r ;reK ia;S%ka jQ
ld,Sk nÿ iyk" ,dN Y%uh" ish¨ w;r" w'fmd'i' id$fm< 59] o w'fmd'i'
há;, myiqlï yd kS;suh jYfhka W$fm< 19] la jQy' ^weÕ¿ï fCIa;%fha
wdfhdaclhska wdrlaId flfrk jgdmsgdj lïlre whs;sjdislï i|yd jQ jHdmdrh
tjlg mej;s rchka úiska ilid §u - ALaRM 2005&¡ fjk;a m%foaYhlg
ksid f,dalfha oejeka; fj<| iud.ï ixl%uKh ù /lshdj lsÍug isÿùu ;=<
,xldfõ ish wdfhdackhka lsÍu i|yd fkajdisl ùug isÿj we;s ksid Tjqkag
we§ wdy¡ újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s l,t<s zieÕjqKq úhoïZ mjd oeÍug isÿ ù we;¡
neiSfï m%;sM,hla f,i lDIsl¾udka;h ^ffoksl úhoï" w;yer ouk ,o fõ;k
lvd jegqKq ksid ie;mqï ish .Kka fyda m%;s,dN" udkj ixj¾Ok msßjeh"
wE; msáir .ïudkj, ;reK ia;S%kag jev fmdf<a § yd m%cdfõ § ks;r u

44 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

,sx.sl w;jr j,g fyda m%pKav;ajhg
mjd uqyqK fok ia;S%kaf.a iudk;ajhg
yd iajhx .re;ajhg jk n,mEu
ieÕjqKq úhoï f,i ie,fla'
(ALaRM-2005) fuu ixl%uKh ùu ksid
m%foaYfha isák m%cdjf.a ,sx.sl wkqmd;h
iïmQ¾Kfhka u fjkilg Ndckh ùu
o" iSñ; m%foaYhla ;=< wêl ck.yKhla
flakaø.; ùu o ksid Wm ixialD;Ska
ìysj ;sîu o úfYaI ,laIKhls¡
fï jk úg ksoyia fj<| l,dmhkayS
/lshd wenE¾;= 30"000 lg wdikak
m%udKhla y÷kdf.k we;s w;r jhi
wjqreÿ 16-17 ,dnd, fiaúldjka ioyd o
/lshd wjia:dj ,nd §fï m%jK;djla
Wod ù we;'
jir 30 lau hqouh jd;djrKhlg
uqyqKq ÿka W;=re-kef.kysr oñ, ia;S%ka
o fï jkúg ksoyia fj<| l,dmj,
fiajh lsÍu i|yd meñK ;sîu úfYaI
,laIKhla jk w;r ixialD;sl" wd¾Ól"
iudcuh .eg¿j,g uqyqK mEug Tjqkag
isÿj we;' iuyr wdh;k Tjqkaf.a jegqma
m;%sldj mjd oñ, NdIdfjka ,nd §ug
lghq;= fkdlsÍu lK.dgqjg lreKls'
frÈ ms<s" weÕ¿ï" bf,lafg%dksl yd
úÿ,s WmlrK" ieliQ f,day" m%jdyk
WmlrK" mdjyka" uqøK yd lvodis
ksIamdok" ridhksl ksIamdok" iïNdKav
jeks ksIamdokhka ksoyia fj<| l,dm
;=< ksmofjk w;r wdishdfõ wfkl=;a
rgj,g idfmalaIj ,xldfõ ksoyia
fj<| l,dmj, weÕ¿ï lafIa;%h i|yd
jeä bvlvla fjkaù we;' wfkla
rgj,g idfmalaIj tajd .=Kd;aul
w;ska o by< uÜgula .kS' ta ;=<ska Y%S
,xld wd¾Ólhg jd¾Islj ie,lsh hq;=
m%udKfha úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;hla ,nd
fok w;r 2012 j¾Ih jkúg th 40'8]
ls' ^fvd,¾ ñ,shk 3911ls'& ^Y%S ,xld uy
nexl= jd¾;dj - 2012&
jir 30 lau hqouh
jd;djrKhlg uqyqKq ÿka
W;=re-kef.kysr oñ,
ia;%Ska o fï jkúg ksoyia
fj<| l,dmj, fiajh
lsÍu i|yd meñK ;sîu
úfYaI ,laIKhla jk
w;r ixialD;sl" wd¾Ól"
iudcuh .eg¿j,g uqyqK
mEug Tjqkag isÿj we;'
iuyr wdh;k Tjqkaf.a
jegqma m;%sldj mjd oñ,
NdIdfjka ,nd §ug lghq;=
fkdlsÍu lK.dgqjg
lreKls'
lgqkdhl" ìh.u" fld.a., hk m%Odk
ksoyia fj<| l,dm ;=< l¾udka;
Yd,dj,ska nyq;rh msysgqjd ;sfí' óg
wu;rj wdfhdack uKav,hg wh;a
ld¾ñl ckmoj, yd msg; Èia;%slal
lsysmhl o l¾udka; Yd,d msysgd we;'
l¾udka; Yd,d m%udKh 270 - 300 w;r
m%udKhls'
jegqma ;;a;ajhka (
Y%S ,xldfõ wju jegqma ;SrKh jkqfha
mä md,l iNd wd{d mk;g wkqj
wod, mä md,l iNdj u.ska .kq ,nk
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 45
 tlÕ;d u;h' ^óg wu;rj hï iqúfYaIs
wjia:d jk yÈis kS;s fr.=,dis fyda wh
jeh iyk §ukd jeks l%shdud¾. u.ska
jegqma jeäùug mq¿jk&
óg wu;rj wdfhdack uKav,h hgf;a
mj;sk l¾udka; Yd,d fiajlhska i|yd
jd¾Islj jegqma jeä lsÍula lrkq ,nhs'
tA wkqj 2013 jir wh-jeh iyk oSukdj
o we;=¿j we.¿ï fCIa;%fha kshq;=
lïlrefjl=f.a udisl wju jegqm
re' 9"625 ls¡ fuu.ska wkdjrKh lr.;
yelafla Èklg meh 08l fiajd ld,hla
iys; Èk 30l Ôú;h f.khdu i|yd
lïlrefjl=g Èklg Wmhd.; yelafla
re' 300 isg re' 363 w;r uqo,la njhs'
th rdcH wxYfha fiajlfhl=f.a jegqm
yd ikaikaokh lrk úg b;d wvq
jegqmls' Tjqyq wh-jeh iyk §ukdj
yd Ôjk úhoï §ukdj iuÕ re¡ 20"839
jegqmlg ysñlï lsh;s'
we.¿ï flaIa;%fha kshq;= lïlre ia;S%yq
fuu fiajh ;=< fkdfhl=la ieÕjqKq
úhoï or;s' fï ish,a, ie,ls,a,g
.ksñka fiajhg ksYaÑ; jQ meh 8l
fiajd ld,h i|yd Ôj;a ùug iß,k
jegqm jYfhka remsh,a 12"504'23 w.hla
2005 jif¾ ALaRM isÿ lrk ,o
iólaIKhlska bÈßm;a lrk ,§' fuu
w.h 2013 j¾Ih wjidkfha Ôjk úhoï
o¾Ylhg .e,mSfuka miqj o< jYfhka
remsh,a 27"940la muK fõ' kuq;a fuu
jegqm fj<| l,dm lïlre m%cdj
fjkqfjka ls%hd;aul fkdfõ'
wvq jegqma ksid wu;r fiajd ld,hla (
;ukag ,efnk jegqfmka 60] g jeä
m%udKhla ;u ffoksl úhoï i|yd
jeh lsÍug isÿù we;s neúka wfkl=;a
wjYH;d fjkqfjka Tjqkag wksjd¾fhka
u w;sld, jev l< hq;=j we;' th
Èklg tl È.g meh 12- 16 olajd o
46 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
úh yelsh' tfukau i;s wka; ksjdvq
Èkhka o jev lrk Èk njg m;aùfuka
úfõl ld,hla wysñj we;' kuq;a wju
uQ,sl wjYH;djka bgq lr .ekSug jeä
meh .Kkla fiajh l< hq;=j we;'
uQ,sl jegqm wju ;;a;ajhl mj;sk
ksid o w;sld," meñKsSfï §ukd" b,lal
§ukd" fiajd Èß.ekaùï yd wfkl=;a Èß
§ukdjkaf.ka hq;= jegqmla i|yd Tjqyq
fjfyfi;s' fufia úfõlhla fkd,nd
u Èk 30 u fiajh lsÍfuka muKla
Tjqkag hdka;ñka ish wju uQ,sl
wjYH;djka imqrd .ekSug yels fõ'
w;sld, fiajd fkd,efnk wjia:dj, §
;u fiajd ld,h" jHjia:dms; ysñlïj,
/ljrKh .ek mjd fkdis;d fjk;a
wdh;k fj; we§hdug Tjqka fjfyi
orkafka uQ,sl jegqfmka muKla Ôj;a
úh fkdyels ksidh'
jev lrk meh .Kk fi!LH flfrys
we;s lrk n,mEu -
cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkh - 2003
² i;shlg meh 48 la blaujd ks;sm;d
jev lsÍu ie,lsh hq;= wdldrfha
jD;a;Sh fjfyilr ;;a;ajhlg fya;=
fõ' /lshd ;Dma;sh wvqfldg wfkl=;a
wd;;Ska ys n,mEï jeä lrhs' ta
wkqj udkisl .eg¿ ms<sn| wjodku
ie,lsh hq;= f,i by< kxjhs'
² i;shlg meh 60 g jvd tl È.g
jev lsÍu iy iuyr úg i;shlg
meh 50 g jvd jev lsÍu ksid yDo
frda. we;sùfï wjodku by< hk nj
fmfka'
² mqoa., wdl,am yd Èß .ekaùï" jev
lsÍfuka we;s jk fjfyig we;sjk
m%;spdrh fjkia lsÍug fya;=jk
nj fmfkk kuq;a tajd fyda ufkda
úoHd;aul m%;spdrj, fjkiaùï"
 È.=ld,Sk fi!LH wjodkï wvq
lrkafka o hkak ;ju;a m%udKj;a
mßÈ mÍlaIdjg ,laù ke;'
² fi!LHhg wys;lr YdÍßl frda.
,laIK" ÿïmdkh jeäùu iy wydr
wreÑh yd wl%uj;a f,i wdydr
.ekSu jeks p¾hduh wdndO we;sùfï
m%jk;djh" È.= meh .Kka jev lsÍu
ksid we;sjk nj fmkS f.dia we;'
² i;shlg meh 50 blaujd jev lsÍug
isÿùu mjq,a iïnkaO;d flfrys
wys;lr f,i n,mdk nj iuyr
fiajlhska jd¾;d lr ;sfí'
² meh .Kka tl È.g §¾> f,i jev
lsÍu ksid l,a msÍug fmr ore Wm;a
isÿùu" fmaIsj, yd wegj, wdndO by<
hEu isÿjk njg iSud iys; idOl
,eî ;sfí'
² jev lrk meh .Kk Èlaùu ksid
fiajd ia:dkfha§ YdÍßl yd ridhksl
Wmøjj,g jeäfhka ksrdjrKh
ùfuka we;sjk n,mEï ms<sn| ksis
mßÈ mÍlaIK isÿù ke;s w;r tA ms<sn|
;lafiarejla lsÍu o wjYH fõ'
fiajlhskaf.a fi!LH yd fmdaIKh (
jevqKq mqoa.,hl=yg Èklg le,ß 3000la
muK wjYH jqjo" fya;= lsysmhla u;
tu fmdaIK ;;a;ajhka fuu fCIa;%fha
Y%ñlhhska yg fkd,efí' Wmhk jegqma
iSudiys; ksid fmdaIHodhS wdydr fõ,la
,nd.; fkdyelsùu" wêl ld,hla
l¾udka;Yd,d ;=< /§ isàug isÿùu
ksid wdydr ilid .ekSug wjldY
fkdue;slu wd§ fya;+ka ksid TjQyq
fmdaIHodhS fkdjk wdydr rgdjkag
yqre ù isá;s' úfYaIfhka ksoyia fj<|
l,dmj, fiajfha kshq;= ixl%uKsl
lïlre ia;S%kaf.a fmdaIK uÜgï msßySu
ksid rla;ySk;dj" ukaofmdaIKh jeks
fi!LH .eg¿j,g uqyqK mEug isÿù
;sfí' fuu ;;a;ajhka u; wkd.;fha
uõjreka f,i fukau Tjqkaf.ka ìysjk
mrmqrg o nrm;, fi!LH .eg¿ we;súh
yelsh' 2009 lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j
úiska ld¾ñl wdrCIdj ms<sn| jHdmD;sh
hgf;a lrk ,o m¾fhaIKfha § fodia;r
kdkdhlalr uy;d mjid we;af;a
lgqkdhl fj<| l,dmfha
fiaúldjkaf.ka 62] rlalySk;djfhka
fmf<k njhs'
jD;a;Sh fi!LH (
fïjk úg rcfha j.lsjhq;= wdh;k
fyda fiajdfhdaclhska jD;a;Sh fi!LH
flfrys oeä wjOdkhla fhduqlr
fkdue;' lïlrejka jeä ld,hla tlu
bßhõjlska jefvys fh§u" oeä f,i
Y%uh fhdojd jev l<;a" jeh jk Yla;s
m%udKhg idfmaCI Yla;s m%udKhla
YÍrhg tl;= fkdùu" úÿ,s wdf,dalh
hgf;a jev lsÍu" ÿú,s fyda frÈj,ska
msgjk ishqï wxY= wdYajdi lsÍu ksid
Tjqkayg fláld,Sk fyda §¾> ld,Sk
jD;a;suh fi!LH .eg¿j,g uqyqK
mEug isÿúh yelsh fuf;la fï ms<sn|j
úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKhla isÿù fkdue;'
Ôj;a jk jgdmsgdj (
ksoyia fj<| l,dm wdrïN lr
jir 35lg wdikak ld,hla .;jqj
o" fuu m%foaYhkays fiajlhska Ôj;a
jk jgdmsgdjka ;=< há;, myiqlï
jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu ms<sn|j wdfhdack
uKav,h fyda rch fyda wod, mßmd,k
wdh;khka fyda m%udKj;a ie,ls,a,la
fïjk f;la fhduqlr fkdue;'
wdfhdaclhskayg ish l¾udka; mj;ajd
f.k hdu i|yd wjYH ish¨ myiqlï
iemhSug muKla j.lsj hq;= wdh;k fï
olajd lghq;= lr we;'
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 47

jD;a;Sh iñ;shla
f.dvkÕd .; yelskï
fiajl fiaúldjkag
ta yryd flaj,a fldg
;u jegqma yd wfkl=;a
whs;sjdislï ;yjqre lr
.ekSug;a ;u Ôú;j,
yd jD;a;Sh f.!rjh
wdrCId lr .ekSug;a
yelshdj ,efí'
lïlre ia;S%kag fï jk úg;a iudc
wdrCIdj" mqoa.,sl wdrCIdj" m%cd fi!LH"
mdkSh c,h we;=¿ c, m%Yak" m%jdyk
myiqlï" m%ñ;s.; kjd;eka myiqlï wd§
jQ wfkal úO fmdÿ .eg¿j,g uqyqK §ug
isÿ ù ;sfí' ixl%uKsl fiajlhka ùu
ksid m%foaYfha Pkao ysñlï ,eî ke;'
tksid wdmod wjia:djkays § mjd m%dfoaYSh
foaYmd,lhkaf.a o wjOdkhla fuu
fiajlhska flf¾ fhduqjkafka
ke;'
/lshdjg we;s iudc ms<s.ekSu (
fj<| l,dmj, fiajh lrk lïlre
ia;S%kag ksis iudc f.!rjhla fkd,eîu
ksidfjka Tjqkag jevìu ;=<" uyuÕ
48 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
§ iy fmdÿ ia:dkj, §;a w;jrhkag
,laùug isÿfjhs' fuu fiaúldjka m;aj
we;s wdidOdrK ;;a;ajhkaf.ka
m%fhdack .kakkaf.ka o wvqjla
fkdue;' iudc wdrCIdj" wdorh" újdyh
.ek fmdfrdkaÿ § we;s lr .kakd
jHdc iïnkaOlïj, m%;sM,h jkafka
kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk .íid lsÍï yd
tajdfha m%;sM, f,i Ôú;j,ska o jkaÈ
f.ùug isÿùuhs'
ixúOdkh ùfï ksoyi yd iduQysl
flaj,a lsÍfï whs;sh (
jD;a;Sh iñ;shla f.dvkÕd .;
yelskï fiajl fiaúldjkag ta yryd
flaj,a fldg ;u jegqma yd wfkl=;a
whs;sjdislï ;yjqre lr .ekSug;a ;u
Ôú;j, yd jD;a;Sh f.!rjh wdrCId lr
.ekSug;a yelshdj ,efí' Y%S ,xldfõ
wdKavq l%u jHjia:dj" 1935 jD;a;Sh
iñ;s wd{d mk; iy ld¾ñl wdrjq,a
mkf;a 1999 - 56 ixfYdaOkh ;=<ska
ixúOdk.; ùu ms<sn| kS;suh ikao¾Nh
m%ldYhg m;alr we;' ;jo cd;Hka;r
lïlre ixúOdkfha iïuq;s wxl 87 yd
98 ixúOdkh ùfï whs;sh yd iduQysl
flaj,a lsÍfï m%{ma;Ska Y%S ,xld rch
úiska w;aika ;nd ms<sf.k we;'
Y%S ,xldfõ we.¿ï l¾udka; Yd,d
uÕska úúO jQ hqfrdamSh yd weußldkq
.ekqïlrejka i|yd ksIamdokhka isÿ
lrkq ,nhs' fï ksidfjka Tjqkaf.a
p¾hd O¾u moaO;Ska ls%hd;aul lsÍug
ne|S isák kuq;a" fndfyda wjia:djka
ys§ Ôj;a ùug iß,k jegqma ixúOdkh
ùfï ksoyi wdÈh ksishdldrj ls%hd;aul
fkdùfï ;;a;ajhka we;' hqfrdamd yjq,
úiska ,xldjg ,nd§ ;snQ GSP+ fj<|
iykh wysñ ùug n,mE tla fya;=jla
jQfha fujeks uQ,sl lïlre whs;sjdislï
W,a,x>Kh ùuh' weußldkq GSP nÿ
iykh ms<sn|j kej; i,ld ne,Sfï § o
fuu lreKq flfrys Tjqf.a ±ä wjOdkh
fhduqù we;'
wdishdfõ Y%u n,ldfha iajNdjh
l=ula o@
miq.sh oYl lSmh ;=< f,dal weÕ¿ï
l¾udka;fha ksIamdokhka W;=f¾ isg
ol=Kg .uka lsÍfuka miq weÕ¿ï
ksIamdokfha f.da,Sh iemhqïoduh ;=<
wdishdkq l,dmh fï jk úg iqúfYaIs
ia:dkhla njg m;aù we;' f,dal weÕ¿ï
ksIamdokfhka 60] jeä m%udKhlg
odhl;ajh imhkafka Y%S ,xldj" Ökh"
úhÜkduh" nx.a,dfoaYh" bkaÈhdj"
mlsia:dkh jeks wdishdkq rgj,a u.sks'
fuu fiajlhskaf.a Y%uh u;ska ksmofjk
weÕ¿ï iemhqïoduh" ish oyia .=Khl
w.h tl;=fjñka úYd, ñ, .Kkaj,g
wf,ú fjhs' thska ksIamdolhska" ikakï
ysñlrejka" uyd mßudK nyqcd;sl
iud.ï wdÈh wêl ,dn Wmhd .ks;s'
tys idOdrK fldgilaj;a fiajlhskaf.a
Y%ufha jákdlu fjkqfjka fkdf.jhs'
wdishdkq l,dmh mqrd u fiajlhskag ;u
Y%uh fjkqfjka ,efnkqfha ksIamdokhl
jákdlñka 1]-3] w;r m%udKhls'
weÕ¿ï ksIamdok msßjeh keõf;dg
olajd 24] l muK m%udKhl w.hla
.kakd w;r ^fiajl jegqma we;=¿j&
ysñlrejkaf.a fldgi f,i 75] muK
fjkafõ'
fuu fCIa;%fha .ekqïlrejka yd
iud.ï úiska wêl ,dN Wmhd .kakd
w;r we.¿ï ksIamdok" iemhqï odufha
m%Odk;u ld¾hh lrkakd jQ Y%ñlhskag
tys ksis m%;s,dN .,d fkdhk j. taIshka
f*daf,da fõÊ ixOdkh úiska 2006 lrk
,o ióCIKfha m%;sM,j,ska o fmkakqï
lrhs'
² f,dal ck.ykfhka wvlg jeä
msßila o" f,dalfha ÿmam;=kaf.ka w;s
úYd, m%udKhla o" wdishdj ;=< Ôj;a
fj;s' Tjqkaf.ka nyq;rh talai;a
cd;Skaf.a oßø;d uÜgfuka my<
wdodhï ,nk b;d È<ska|ka fõ' fï
ikao¾Nh ;=< b;d wvq jegqma yd fiajd
fldkafoais u; lïlrejka fiajfha
fhdojd .ekSug yels ù ;sfí'
² wjqreÿ 15 yd 25 w;r ;reK l%shdYS,S
Y%ñlhka Y%u n,ldfha nyq;r fldgi
jk w;r thska ;reK ia;%Skaf.a
m%udKh 80] muK fõ' thska jeä
m%udKhla ixl%uKsl fiaúldjka h'
² Y%S ,dxlSh wd¾Ólhg buy;a
fufyjrla bgq lrñka rgg wjYH
úfoaY úksuh Wmhd fokakd jQ
nyq;rh ia;S%kajk we.¿ï fCIa;%fha
lïlrefjda fujka jQ úúOdldr
.eg¿j,g uqyqK fo;s' f.da,Sh
weÕ¿ï lafI;%fha we;s wLKav
;rÕldÍ;ajh" úúO wd¾Ól
w¾nqo fukau rg ;=< isÿjkakd
jQ m%;sjHqy.; lsÍï wdÈfhys
m%;sM,hka ksidfjka o fuu fiajl
fiaúldjkaf.a fiajd fldkafoais yd
,efnk m%;s,dN ;j ÿrg;a
wNsfhda.hkag ,lafjñka mj;S' •
pñ,d ;=Idß
PdhdrEm( bjekac,ska o is,ajd
wdY%s; .%ka: (
1' Y%S ,xldfõ ksoyia fj<| l,dm ms<sn| úuiqula -
vdì÷" 1997'
2' Y%S ,dxlsl we.¿ï l¾udka; fiajlhska i|yd
fCIa;%hg úfYaI jQ Ôjk jegqm - m%ikak
wd¾'mS'whs'wd¾" f.!;uka mS'î" 2005'
3' cd;sl lïlre ixúOdkh" 2003'
4' wdishdjg fmdÿ jegqma ixl,amh" 2006'
5' Women Working Worldwide, 2004. <www_education_pack
- Garment workers>
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 49
 .Dy fiaúldjkag;a
jD;a;Sh whs;sjdislï
wjYHhhs
w Èka oYl lsysmhlg fmr ksjfia
tÈfkod lghq;=j,g .Dy
fiaúldjkaf.a fiajh ,nd .;af;a
Okj;a iy n,j;a mjq,aj,ska muKs'
kuq;a j¾;udkh jk úg idudkH udisl
jegqmla ,nk uOHu mx;sfha mjq,a o .Dy
fiaúldjkaf.a fiajh ,nd .ekSug fhduq
ù isá;s' j¾;udk YS% ,dxlsl ldka;djka
ìß|" .DyKsh yd uj hk N+ñldjkag
muKla iSud fkdù wOHdmkh ,eîu yd
/lshdj, ksr; ùu iy iajdñhd yd ìß|
fofokd u /lshdj, kshe,Su ksid mjq,
;=< we;s fjk ld¾h nyq,;ajh .Dy
fiaúldjka i|yd we;s b,a¨u by< hdug
n,dmk m%Odk fya;=jla jYfhka fmkajd
50 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
Èh yel' YS% ,xldfõ .Dy fiaúldjka
m%Odk jYfhka fldgia follg fnfoa'
ta" foaYSh jYfhka yd úfoaYSh jYfhka
fiajd imhk .Dy fiaúldjka f,ihs'
.Dy fiaúldjka i|yd foaYSh fj<|
fmd< ;=< by< b,a¨ula we;s jkakg
fndfyda l,lg fmr isg u úfoaYSh
fj<| fmdf<ys Tjqka i|yd by<
b,a¨ula we;s úh' YS% ,xldfõ ÿmam;a
ldka;djka úYd, m%udKhla .Dy
fiaúldjka jYfhka ueo fmrÈ.g wf,ú
jkafka t;eka isg h' Ôjk igk ch
.kakg" fkdokakd rgj, .Dy fiajhg
.sh ldka;djka fndfyduhlf.a Ôú;
lnf,ka ,smg jeà ;sfnk whqre ck
udOH u.ska ks;r jd¾;d lrkq ,nhs'
.Dy fiajh i|yd úfoia .; ùfï§
/jàï yd jxpdjkag ,la ùu ksid
YS% ,dxlsl ldka;djka úYd, m%udKhla
tu rgj, w;rux ù isák nj l,lg
fmr md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< o idlÉPd
úh' ueo fmrÈ. rgj, ixialD;sh yd
kS;sh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla fkdue;s ùu
ksid ysßyerj,g ,la fjk ldka;djka
wmuKh'
.Dy fiajh i|yd úfoia .; jk
ldka;djka fndfyda fokdf.a orejka
¥IK yd wmpdrj,g f.dÿre ùu" tu
orejkaf.a wOHdmkh lvdlmam,a ùu"
orejka n,d lshd .ekSug flfkl=
fkdue;s ùu" iajdñ mqreIhka îu;alug
fyda fjk;a wmpdrj,g keUqre ùu yd
ta Tiafia mjq,a ixia:dj ì| jeàu ksid
Tjqka Wmhk uqo,a M, rys; ùu j;auka
iudch ;=< wm úiska iq,Nj w;aolsk
;;a;ajhls'
YS% ,xldjg jeä u úfoaY úksuh
Wmhkafka úfoaYSh fj<| fmd<g wf,ú
jk .Dy fiaúldjka jQj;a Tjqka iy
Tjqkaf.a mjq,a ms<sn| o;a; yd f;dr;=re
/ialsÍu iy iqn idOk fiajd ls%hd;aul
lsÍu wdÈh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fyda .%du
ks,OdÍ fldÜGdY uÜgïka mjd isÿ
fkdùu lK.dgqjg lreKls' .Dy fiajh
i|yd úfoia .; jk ldka;djkaf.a
mjq,a i|yd úfYaIs; iqn idOk" miq
úmrï yd oekqj;a lsÍfï fiajd rdcH
ueÈy;a ùu Tiafia ls%hd;aul ùu ;=<ska
Tjqka iy Tjqkaf.a mjq,a uqyqK mdk tu
wjdikdjka; ;;a;ajhka fndfyda ÿrg
wjulr .ekSug bvlv mj;S' tfukau
úfoia .; .Dy fiajh rdcH ;dka;s%l
ueÈy;a ùu Tiafia .Dy fiaúldjkaf.a
fiajhg iudcuh jákdlula yd
ms<s.ekSula ,efnk wkaoñka ls%hd;aul
l< hq;= jHdmD;shls'
iuia; YS% ,dxlsl Y%u yuqodfjka
jeä u odhl;ajh ldka;djkaf.
ka nj uy nexl= jd¾;d ikd: lrkq
,nhs' ta w;ßka iuia; YS% ,dxlsl jev
lrk ldka;djkaf.ka .Dy fiaúldjka
ie,lsh hq;= m%;sY;hls' úfoia .; .Dy
fiaúldjka yereKq úg foaYSh jYfhka
fiajfha kshqla;j isák .Dy fiaúldjka
úYd, msßils' kuq;a iudcfha w;HjYH
fiajdjla imhk .Dy fiaúldjkaf.a
Y%uh iïnkaOfhka lsisÿ kS;suh
whs;sjdislula fï olajd ls%hd;aul ù
fkdue;' Tjqkaf.a jegqm yd myiqlï"
fiajd ld,h" jhi" jD;a;Sh mqyqKqj" yd
fi!LH myiqlï wdÈh ms<sn|j iudch
;=< l;sldj;la wdrïN úh hq;=h'
idudkH lïlrefjl= i|yd mj;sk
whs;sjdislï Tjqkag o ysñ úh hq;=h'
foaYSh jYfhka fiajfha kshq;= .Dy
fiaúldjka o ksfjia ysñlrejkaf.a
ysßyerj,g yd wvïf;aÜgïj,g f.dÿre
fõ' kuq;a tu mqj;a ckudOH olajd
me;sfrkafka iq¨ jYfhks' iqÿiq .Dy
fiaúldjka fidhd .ekSu o wo w;euqkag
b;du;a ÿIalr ld¾hhla njg m;a ù we;'
.Dy fiaúldjkaf.a fiajh i|yd lsisÿ
kS;suh wdjrKhla fkdue;s ùu fuhg
tla fya;=jla nj Tn ms<s.kakjd o@
ksjfia fufyldßh fyda jevldßh hk
wduka;%Kfhka Tjqka uqojd f.k .Dy
md,sldj f,i f.!rjkSh wkaoñka ;u
/lshdfõ fh§ug wjYH kS;suh yd
iudcuh mßirh ieliSu i|yd ueÈy;a
ùu iuia; YS% ,xld ldka;d jHdmdrfha
j.lSuls' •
iuka;s we,md;
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 51
 Y%S ,dxflah
ia;%shf.a jev f,dalfha
N+ñldj
Y%S ,xldj jkdyS f,dj m%:u
w.%dud;Hjßh ìys l< rdcHh
f,iska lsre¿ me<ª nj wog;a wm
r;=" fld," ks,a ysiajeiqï ,d
f.k" igkamdG lshñka fld<U
isysm;a lrkqfha buy;a f.!rjfhks' yhsâ msáhg fyda leïn,a
tfukau jrla úOdhl ckm;s OQrhg msáhg fyda k.r iNd
mjd ia;%shla f;aÍ m;ajQ rgla f,iska o"
f,dj bÈßfha wm b;d wdvïnrfhka
ls%vdx.Khg fyda fm<md,sj,ska
Woï wkkqfha furg ia;%S m%cdjg ;uka meñK uehs /<s i|yd
reÑ lrk ´kEu úIh fCIa;%hlg we;s tla/ia jk ia;%Ska olsk
iSud rys; m%fõYhka ms<sn|j Ñ;%hla iuyfrl= jD;a;Suh f,dalh
ujd mdñks' flfia fj;;a tlS iqkaor ;=< wm l;d lrk wdldrfha
Ñ;%h msgqmi ieÕfjk YS% ,dxlSh ia;%sh ksy~;djhla ieneúka u
yd j;auka jev f,dalh ms<sn|j jk h:d
iajrEmh fyj;a wiqkaor Ñ;%h jkdyS
we;aoehs iel lrkq we;'
ieneúka u mq¿,a l;sldj;la
f.dvke.sh hq;= úIh ksñ;a;ls'
ta ulaksido h;a ia;%S whs;sjdislï
iqrlaIs; lsÍfuys,d jk
fkdkj;sk wr.,fha fmr lS úIh
ksñ;a; o tla jeo.;a me;slvla jk
ksidfjks'
ia;%sh yd ne÷Kq jev f,dalfha
http://zeldalily.com/index.php/2011/11/big-surprise-sexual-

jHdl+,;d .ek wjOdkh fhduq

lrkakg u;af;ka tlS jD;a;Shuh
f,dalhg m%fõYh ,nd .ekSfï §
furg ia;%S m%cdj miq l< jeo.;a
harassment-leads-to-health-woes/

ikaêia:dk yd ta yd ne÷Kq
ixialD;sluh miqìu m<uqj i,ld
ne,Su jà' tÈfkod l=gqïN Ôú;h
;=< idudkH .DyKshla f,i
ia;%shla w;ska isÿ flfrkakd jQ

52 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

w;suy;a fufyjrg úfYaI jákdlula
ysñ fkdjkakdjQ;a" th yqfola u ia;%shla
f,i ish ksjig yd mjq,g bgq l< hq;=
j.lSï iuqodhla f,i yqjd olajkakdjQ;a
ixialD;sl miqìula we;s iudchl"
wm jD;a;Suh f,dalfha iSud udhsï
,l=Kq lrkakg fjr orkafka o fulS
iDKd;aul wdl,amhka fmroeß lrf.k
lsjfyd;a ud ksjerÈh'
flfia fj;;a ksoyia wOHdmkh kï
jákd T!IOh idïm%odhslj wd;=r jQ
furg iudc rduqj ;=<g tkak;a lsÍu;a
iuÕ u ia;%sh ms<sn|j f.dvkÕd
f.k isá úIujQ;a" úúOjQ;a" fndfyda
.;dkq.;sl iudc u;su;dka;r ÿre ùug
mgka .;a nj meyeÈ,sj u úoHdudk
úh' th tfia jQfha tf;la fndfydaúg
ksjfiys r|jdf.k újdyh isÿ flfrk
f;la f.orfodr jevm,j,g yqre lr
jQ .eyeKq orejdg o fkdñf,a ,efnk
ksoyia wOHdmkh ,nd§ug foudmshka
hqyqiq¿ jQ fyhsks' fï ioyd fya;=ldrl
jQ ir, u ixisoaêh wOHdmkhg tjka
ksoyia m%fõYhla ,nd§ we;s úfgl
.eyeKq msßñ fNaohlska f;drj" ;u
orejkag th uÕ yefrkakg §u
wkqjKlulehs nyq;rhla foudmshka
is;+ ksid o úh yelsh' tl, orejkaf.a
wOHdmkh i|yd úfYaIfhka wu;r
úhoula oeÍug ;rï fmdfydi;a wd¾Ól
miqìula iys; fkdjQ furg idudkH
ck iudchg ksoyia wOHdmkh w;a
fkdyeßh hq;= jQ odhdohla f,i fmkS
hkakg we;' flfia fj;;a fuys wjika
m%;sM,h jQfha furg ia;%S m%cdjg ksoyia
wOHdmkh yryd jD;a;Suh f,dalhg
mq¿,a m%fõYhla ks¾udKh ùuh' fï
yryd iudcfha ms<s.;a by< ia:rfha
jD;a;Skaj,g mjd ia;%Skag bvlv újr
ùfuka idïm%odhsl rduqj ;=< is;a;ï jQ"
f.or fodr jevm<j,g;a ish mjqf,a
lghq;=j,g;a muKla lemjQ mrudo¾YS
.DyKshf.a Ñ;%h hï muKlg fnd|
lrkakg iu;a úh' tfy;a jeo.;a u
ldrKh jkqfha ;ju;a wm ck iudcfha
ia;%sh ms<sn| uejqKq m%;srEmh fmr lS
mrudo¾YS .DyKsh u ùu ;=<" jev
f,dalhg msúis ia;%S m%cdj yd idudkH
ck iudcfha wdl,amuh miqìu w;r
ksrka;rfhka isÿ jkakdjQ >ÜGkh iq¿
mgq fkdjk njhs'
fuf,i b;d l%ñlj iïm%odhsl rduqfjka
ñ§ jD;a;Suh f,dalhg msh ke.Su yryd"
YS% ,dxlSh ia;%S m%cdj ;uka fjkia
fldg ie,lSug tfrysj isÿlrk ksy~
wr.,fha iajNdjh fjkia úh' tfia
jQfha jD;a;Suh f,dalh ;=< ia;%Skag
tfrysj isÿjk wlghq;=lï yd whs;Ska
lvùï rdYshla w¨f;ka ks¾udKh jQ
fyhsks' ish /lshd ia:dkj, § YdÍßlj
yd udkislj n,mEïj,g ,laùu"
Y%u n,ldh ;=< iqÿiqlïj,g iß,k ksis
jegqma iys; /lshd fkd,eîu" wúêu;a
lafIa;%fha ia;S%lrKh u; msysgd wvq
ñ,e;s Y%ñlhka f,i Y%u iQrd lEug
yiqùu" ixl%uKsl fiaúldjka f,i
lghq;= lsÍfï § mjq,a mßirh ;=< jk
ì|jeàïj,g uqyqK mEu wd§ wfkal
úO .eg¿ yuqfõ ia;%S whs;Ska iqrCIs;
lsÍu i|yd jk wr.,fha mrdih ;j
;j;a mq¿,a ù we;s nj meyeÈ,sj u
fmfkkakg we;'
jD;a;Suh mßirh ;=< furg ia;S% m%cdj
i;= whs;Ska iqrCIs; lsÍu ms<sn|j
meyeÈ,s j.lSula ck iudchg o
mejf¾' tlS whs;Skaj, iqrlaIs;Ndjh
yryd m%cd;dka;S%h iudc rduqjl
,CIK f,djg úoHdudk lrhs'
tfukau ;ukag uqyqK mEug isÿjk
whs;sjdislï W,a,x>Khùï yd fjk;a
wlghq;=lïj,g tÈßj ke.S isákakg
ia;%Ska ;=< mj;akd miqniakd iajNdjh
ksid furg ck iudch fj; jeä nrla
mejßKs'
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 53
 iajlSh /lshd ia:dkj, § uqyqK mEug
isÿjk wfkal úO n,mEïj,g tfrysj
ke.S isákakg ia;%Ska ;=< mj;akd fmr
ioyka l< miq niakd iajNdjhg o fya;=
ldrKd fndfyduhla fõ' ta w;ßka
m%Odk;u idOlh jkafka ;rÕldÍ
/lshd fj<| fmd< ;=< ia;S%-mqreI
fNaohlska f;rj ;uka ksr; jkakdjQ
/lshdj iqrlaIs; lr .ekSug ish¨
jD;a;slhka orkakd jQ uy;a m%h;akh
;=< ljr uÜgfï n,mEula jqj o ksy~j
n,d isákakdjQ m%cdjla ks¾udKh ù
;sîuh' tu iDKd;aul m%jK;djh
ksid ia;%S m%cdjg isÿ lrkakd jQ n,mEu
jeä jk w;r jD;a;Suh mßirh ;=<
furg ia;%Skaf.a ienE Ñ;%h ksrdjrKh
fkdùug o th fya;=jls' flfia fj;;a
r;=" fld," ks,a ysiajeiqï ,d f.k"
igkamdG lshñka fld<U yhsâ msáhg
fyda leïn,a msáhg fyda k.r iNd
ls%vdx.Khg fyda fm<md,sj,ska meñK
uehs /<s i|yd tla/ia jk ia;%Ska olsk
iuyfrl= jD;a;Suh f,dalh ;=< wm l;d
lrk wdldrfha ksy~;djhla ieneúka u
we;aoehs iel lrkq we;' tfy;a jif¾
b;sß Èk ;=kaish yeg y;r ;=< furg
ia;%Ska jD;a;Shuh mßirh ;=< uqyqK
mdk wNsfhda. yd .eg¿ flf¾ wjOdkh
fhduq l< fyd;a ud fmr i|yka l<d jQ
n,mEïj,g hg;aj isákakd jQ wNd.H
iïmkak ;;a;ajh ms<sn| ldrKh i;H
nj ´kE u wfhl=g ilaiqola fia meyeÈ,s
jkq we;'
;ukag isÿjk n,mEï yuqfõ ksy~j
isákakdjQ ud fmr i|yka l< ;;a;ajh
;=< ia;%Skag tfrysj jD;a;Suh mßirh
;=< isÿjkakd jQ ,sx.sl n,mEï o by<
f.dia we;' fiajfha ksr;jk ia;%Skag
muKla fkdj hï hï ld¾hhka bgq
lr .ekSug ld¾hd,j,g meñfKk
ia;%Skag o fï ;;a;ajhkag uqyqK mEug
isÿ ù we;s nj ld,Sk mqj;a jd¾;d weiqre
54 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
lrk ´kE u wfhl= okakd lreKls'
tfukau YS% ,xldfõ mj;akd ksoyia
fj<| l,dmj, fiajh lrk we.¿ï
fiaúldjka jeks lKavdhï jD;a;Suh
mßirh ;=< fukau bka mßndysrj o
úúO jQ ,sx.sl n,mEïj,g ksrdjrKh ù
we;s nj fkdryila neúka jev f,dalh
;=< Tjqkaf.a iqrCIs;Ndjh ;yjqre lsÍu
ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;ah'
fï yereKqúg YS% ,xldj ;=< ia;%S
m%cdj ;u fiajd kshqla;sh ,nd fok
jev f,dalh uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï
lvùfï f;da;ekakla njg o m;aù
we;s nj wm úfYaIfhka ie,ls,a,g
.; hq;a;ls' ia;%Ska fldka lr ie,lSug
n÷ka lrkakd jQ ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh ù
;sîfuka" jD;a;Suh mßirh ;=< hym;a
udkisl;ajhlska fiajfha ksr;jk
jD;a;slfhl=f.ka ,efnk Wmßu
M,odhS;dj furg ia;%S m%cdjf.ka ,nd
.ekSu wiSre lrkq we;' ta ula ksido h;a
hym;a udkisl uÜgula iys;j fiajfha
ksr; ùug yelsùu fiajlhl=f.a
M,odhS;djh ;SrKh lrk m%Odku
ks¾Kdhlhla jk fyhsks'
ia;%S m%cdj jD;a;Suh f,dalh ;=<
uqyqKmdk .eg¿ .ek rdcH m%;sm;a;suh
jYfhka o wjOdkhg ,la úh hq;=h'
isfvda iïuq;sfha tk ks¾foaY iDcqj
u rdcHh yd fm!oa.,sl wxYh ;=<
n,.ekaùu rcfha j.lSuls' wjidk
jYfhka lsjhq;= tl fohla we;' oyil=;a
tlla f.or fodr l¾;jHhka ñ,
kshuhla fkdue;sj u bgq lrk furg
ia;%S m%cdjg wju jYfhka jD;a;Suh
mßirh ;=< §j;a ksis ms<s.ekSu yd iu
whs;sjdislï ,nd§u isÿ fkdjkafka kï
furg ia;%Ska w.ue;s" ckdêm;s OQrj,g
mjd m;ajQ njg mqrdfÊre lSfuka m,la
jkafka ke;'•
ví,sõ' iÑkao ÿ,xck
 hƩps://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/industry/8.htm
ksõfhd¾la ys weÕ¿ï lïy,a j¾ckh" 1913

f,dal lïlre ke.sàï yd

ia;S% kdhl;aj b;sydih
ia;S%kag Pkao whs;shj;a fkd;snqKq hq.hl tkï 1830 j¾Ifha §
fuu f,dfj,a weUreï y,a fiaúldjka ish whs;sjdislï fjkqfjka
jev j¾ckj, fhfoñka" tfiau foaYmd,kh i|yd ia;S%kag we;s
whs;sh o u;=lrñka wefußldkq b;sydifha fukau uq¿ f,dalfha u
m%:u ia;S% jD;a;Sh iñ;sh ìys lrkq ,eì‚'

cd ;Hka;r lïlre wr., yd

jD;a;Sh iñ;s b;sydih fidhd
hk È.= .ufka § tys uQ,drïNh
yuqjkafka 18 jk ish jfia §
hqfrdamfha isÿjk ld¾ñl úma,jh yd
iudka;rj isÿ flfrk l%shdldß;ajhka
iu.sks' tjlg meje;s wefußldkq
jD;a;Sh iñ;sj, m%Odk N+ñldj jQfha
lïlrejkaf.a iajdëk;ajh Èkd
.ekSu Wfoid wr., lsÍuhs' tf,iska
Tjqka úiska y÷kajd fokq ,enQ lïlre
iajdëk;ajh ms<sn| woyia" tkï
lïlrejkaf.a ksoyi fukau Tjqkaf.a
jD;a;Sh wdrlaIdj i,id,Su hkd §
jYfhka jQ ldrKd;a ta i|yd lrkq
,enQ wr.,hkq;a miqj wefußldkq
ixialD;sfha u wx.hka njg m;a jQfha
fun÷ wr., ksidu tajdfha jeo.;alu
uyckhdg yd n,OdÍkag wjfndaO ùfï
m%;sM,hka jYfhks'

2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 55

 flfia fyda 19 jk ishjfia § tkï
1866 § weußld tlai;a ckmofha §
cd;sl jD;a;sh iñ;sh wrUñka ish¨u
wdldrfha lïlrejkaf.a whs;sjdislï
fjkqfjka lghq;= lrkakg mgka .;af;a
lsishï jD;a;shlg muKla iqúfYaIS
;;a;ajhka fyda uQ,sl;ajhla fkdfoñks'
fuhska wjqreÿ ;=klg muK miqj
1869 § (The Knights of Labor) zkhsÜia
T*a f,an¾Z ìys jQfha 700"000 l muK
idudðl;ajhla o ta jgd talrdYS lr
.ksñks' tys uQ,sl mrud¾: yd wNsm%dhka
jQfha lïlrejkaf.a fiajd uqrh meh
wglg iSud lsÍu yd <ud lïlrejka
fiajfhys fhoùug úfrdaOh m%ldY
lsÍfï jev ms<sfj<la l%shd;aul lsÍuhs'
úisjk ishjfia uq,a oYl fofla
§ m;,a lïlrejkaf.a
whs;Ska Wfoid m%n, y~la ke.+
fïß yeßia fcdakaia fyj;a
zuo¾ fcdakaiaZ jD;a;Sh iñ;s
b;sydih ;=<
fkdueflk kduhls'
hƩp://www.uawregion8.net/AcƟvist-HOF/M-Jones.htm
uo¾
fcdakaia
56 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
Tjqka ish wNsm%dhhka imqrd .ksoa§
wefußldfõ jvd;a u ckm%sh jD;a;Sh
iñ;sh jkafka wefußldkq jD;a;Sh
iñ;s iïfï,khhs' (AFL-American
Federation of Labor) tu ixúOdkfha
l+g m%dma;sh jk úg tys idudðl;ajh
ñ,shk 1'4la olajd by< f.dia ;sì‚'
ta't*a't,a úiska ksrka;rj lrk ,o
wr.,hka jQfha Tjqkaf.a idudðl;ajh
Wfoid jegqma j¾Ol ,nd §ug yd fiajd
ia:dkfha jD;a;Sh wdrlaIdj ,nd .ekSu
i|yd wod, wdh;k yd n,OdÍka iu.
flaj,a lsÍuhs' fï wr.,hka Tjqkag
id¾:l m%;sM,hka ,nd foñka wjika
jQfha Tjqkaf.a ckm%sh;ajh jvd;a ;yjqre
lrñks'
fojeks f,dal ix.%duh mj;sk ld,
jljdkqj ;=< CIO - The Congress of
Industrial Oraganizations yd ta't*a't,a'
ixúOdk jvd;a mq¿,a f,i j¾Okh jQ
w;r 1955 jkúg fuu jD;a;sh iñ;s
tlg taldnoaOj tlu ixúOdkhla fia
lghq;= lrkakg o mgka .;s'
jD;a;Sh iñ;s l%shdldß;ajhka yd
iu.dój isÿ flreKq zmq,auka jev
j¾ckhZ lïlre Èkhla b;sydifha
igyka lr,Sfï fmrgq.dó ld¾hh o Ndr
.;a;d jeks úh' 1893 § rg mqrd we;s jQ
wd¾Ól w¾nqoh mokï lrf.k mq,auka
fudag¾ r: iud.u u.ska tu l¾udka;
Yd,dj, fiajh l< lïlrejkaf.a jegqma
lmamdÿjla w;a;fkdau;sl f,i isÿ lrkq
,eì‚' fuhska wfmalaId Nx.;ajhg yd
wmyiq;djhg m;ajQ tu iud.fï lïlre
fiajlfhda wefußldkq ÿïßh fiajl
ix.uh yd tla ù uyd jev j¾ckhla
Èh;a l<y' fiajl jev j¾ckhg
wu;rj mq,auka fudag¾ r: úlsKSu i|yd
ÿïßh u.ska m%jdykh lsÍug o úfrdaOh
mdñka Tjqyq wr., l<y' fuu oejeka;
j¾ckhg 125"000 l muK lïlre muKla fkdj hym;a fiajd ;;a;ajhka
msßila iyNd.S jQ w;r tu.ska ÿïßh hgf;a fiajdjka iemhSu i|yd jk
ud¾. 29 la wjysr lrkq ,eì‚' j¾ckh jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhkag l¾udka; Yd,d
lvdlmam,a lsÍug wod, n,OdÍyq tjlg ysñlrejkag yd wod, n,OdÍkag n,mEï
mej;s wefußldkq rdcH md,lhka lrñka wr., lrñka lïlre mka;sh
iuÕ w;a je,a ne| f.k lghq;= l<y' fjkqfjka buy;a ldrh Ndrhla bgq
j¾ckh u¾okh lrkq ms‚i yuqod lrkq ,eì‚' fuu.ska lïlre ia;S%ka
n,h fhdod .ekqfKa by< fmf<a yuqod flfrys jvd;a iqúfYaIS wjOdkhla fhduq
ks,OdÍkaf.a Wmfoia u; yuqod fin¿ka lrkq ,enqfõ tjlg mej;s wfkl=;a
2000 la muK fhdod .ksñks' yuqod mqreI flakaøSh jD;a;Sh iñ;s" ia;S%
fin¿kaf.a ueÈy;a ùu yd m%pKavldÍ lïlrejkaf.a m%Yak yd .eg¿ Tjqkaf.a
l%shdjka ksid j¾ckh wid¾:l jQ w;r kHdh m;%j,ska fndfyda fia neyer l<
fuu wr.,fha § lïlrejka 13 fofkl= neúks'
urd oukq ,eì‚' 57 fofkla nrm;,
;=jd, ,enQy' wefußldkq jD;a;Sh iñ;s b;sydifha
uq,au ia;S% jD;a;Sh iñ;sh ks¾udKh
fï isoaêh iurkakg tf;la iema;eïn¾ jkafka zf,dfj,a weUreï y,aZ lïlre
udifha m<uq i;sfha ieurE zlïlre ia;%Skaf.a jD;a;Sh wr., yrydh' ia;S%kag
ÈkhZ fuu j¾ckh ;snqKq cQks udihg Pkao whs;shj;a fkd;snqKq hq.hl
fhdod .kakg tjlg isá ckdêm;s tkï 1830 j¾Ifha § fuu f,dfj,a
;=ud ;SrKh lf<ah' ta i|yd Tyq lf<a weUreï y,a fiaúldjka ish whs;sjdislï
wr.,fha § ñh.sh lïlrejka 13 fokdg fjkqfjka jev j¾ckj, fhfoñka"
lrk .re lsÍula f,iska yd rfÜ wd¾Ól tfiau foaYmd,kh i|yd ia;S%kag
ixj¾Okhg Wr fok lïlrejkag we;s whs;sh o u;=lrñka wefußldkq
Wmydrhla f,i;a" Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, b;sydifha fukau uq¿ f,dalfha u m%:u
idudðlhkag tu Èkh ßis fia ksoyfia ia;S% jD;a;Sh iñ;sh ìys lrkq ,eì‚'
.; lrkakg;a tÈk ksjdvq Èkhla oYl .Kkdjla ;siafia j¾Okh jQ
lsÍuhs' fuu jD;a;Sh wr.,hka jvd;a biau;=
jQfha" 1900 jk úg wjqreÿ úiaig wvq
flfia fj;;a úisjk ishjfia uq,a ixl%u‚l hqfoõ fh!jkshkaf.a j¾ckh
Nd.fha § ngysr f,dalfha meje;s zia;S% iksgqyka l< zhx úfuka I¾Ü fõiaÜ
jD;a;Sh iñ;s ixiohz ms<sn|j fndfyda fïl¾iaZ jD;a;Sh iñ;sfha ke.sàu;a
wdh;k muKla fkdj ia;S%jd§ka iuÕh' fudjqka b;du;a m%n, fjkila
o wu;l lr oukq ,eì‚' tkuqÿ lïlre b;sydih ;=< we;s lrkakg
tjlg ia;S%kaf.a fiajd ia:dkj, mej;s iu;a jQfha ia;S% lïlrejkaf.a udkj
;;a;ajhka jvd;a hym;a lrkakg;a ysñlï oeä f,i m%Yak lrñka ta i|yd
Tjqkaf.a whs;sjdislï /l fokakg;a igka lrkakg jQ ksid yd ta iu.u
uq,a wä;d,u oud lemùfuka lghq;= lïlrejkaf.a jD;a;Sh iqrlaIs;Ndjh
lf<a hqfrdamfha ;snqKq ia;S% jD;a;Sh Wfoid kS;s ilia lrkakg o uq,a jrg
iñ;s ixiohhs' tu.ska weÕ¿ï ueÈy;a jQ neúks'
lïlrejkaf.a jD;a;Sh whs;sjdislï
ms<sn|j oeä Wkkaÿjlska lghq;= l<d

2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 57


zkhsÜia T*a f,an¾Z
jD;a;Sh ix.ufha
idudðlhka
ia;S% jD;a;Sh iñ;s b;sydifha iksgqyka
jk ;j;a m%n, igkla jkafka
weÜ,kagdfõ frÈ wmq,a,k l¿ cd;sl
lïlre ia;S%kaf.a j¾ckhhs' 1881 § isÿ
flreKq fuu uyd j¾ckfhka ish¨u
jHdmdßl yd foaYmd,ksl lghq;= wvd,
fldg wl¾ukH fldg uq¿ k.rh u
l,Ud,kakg;a" wvmK lrkakg;a
iu;a úh'
fuu wr.,hka lroa§ fndfyda msßñka
is;=fõ lïlre ia;%Ska jev fkdfldg
f.or fodf¾ jev lghq;= yd orejka
n,d f.k ksjfia u isáh hq;= njghs'
msßñka muKla fkdj fndfyda
miq.dó ia;S%kaf.a nyq;r u;h jQfha o
thhs' tfy;a fï u;jdohka ì¢ñka yd
fy<d olsñka úisjk ishjfia uq,a oYl
fofla § m;,a lïlrejkaf.a whs;Ska
Wfoid m%n, y~la ke.+ fïß yeßia
fcdakaia fyj;a zuo¾ fcdakaiaZ jD;a;Sh
iñ;s b;sydih ;=< fkdueflk kduhls'
wehf.a igkaldó;ajh fndfyda msßñka
kqreiakd fohla úh' tksid u tla Èia;%sla
wefgdaksjrfhla wehj y÷kajd isáfha"
zwefußldfõ isák uy;a Nhdkl u
.eye‚hZ f,iskah'
58 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
hƩps://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/industry/8.htm
f,dalh mqrd jev lrk lïlrejka
ish fiajd .re;ajh iu.
whs;sjdislï Èkd .kq ms‚i
w;a je,a ne| .; hq;= fjhs'
tfia l< hq;af;a Tjqka f,dj
fld;ekl isáh;a tl iudkj
fiajd .eg¿j,g fukau lïlre
whs;sjdislï W,a,x>Kh
lsÍïj,g uqyqK fok neúks'
wehf.a m%n, y~ yd fufyhùu wehf.a
jhiska wvla muK jQ msßñ lïlrejka
wjÈ fldg Tjqkaf.a whs;Ska b,a,Su
i|yd fm<UjQjd muKla fkdj Tjqkaf.a
ìßhka yd Èh‚hka o fï igkg tl;=
lr .kakg ;rï Yla;su;a ú‚' weh
wr.,hka ixúOdkh lf<a fjkia
wdldrhlgh' lïlrejkaf.a ìßhkaj
fldiq yd uqiqka § m;,a wìhi /ljf,a
fhfokakg fhoejQ w;r lïlrejkaf.a
orejkaj fõÈldj,g kxjñka Woaf>daIK
jHdmdrj, fho jQfha" zwmg hkakg ´kE
mdi,a j,ghs' m;,a j,g fkdfõZ hk
mslÜ mqjre w;g foñka yd igka mdG
lshjñkah'
weh lïlrejkaf.a zwïudZ hk
kñka úreodj,s ,enqfõ 1897 cQks ui
meje;ajqKq ÿïßh fiajl ix.ufha
iïfï,kh weu;+ miqhs' tfiau 9000la
muK m;,a lïlrejkaf.a igk
fjkqfjka weh uQ,sl;ajh foñka bÈßm;a
jQ úg wehf.a tu ku" zuo¾ fcdakaiaZ
kñka jvd;a yyjqre ú‚' zuo¾ fcdakaiaZ
fiau ia;S% jD;a;Sh iñ;s b;sydih ;=<
iksgqyka jQ kï w;r idrd nd.af,a"
,skavd yfõia f;dïika" tf,ifn;a
.¾,s *a,ska" frdaia Iaksv¾uka yd
f,fkdard tï' neß lemSfmfkk jD;a;Sh
iñ;s kdhsldfjda o fj;s' f,fkdard tï'
neß .ek fuys§ úfYaIfhka i|yka l<
hq;= jkafka weh zkhsÜia T*a f,an¾Z
(Knights of Labor) ixúOdkfha cd;sl
uÜgfï isá tl u ldka;dj neúks'
f,dalh mqrd jev lrk lïlrejka
ish fiajd .re;ajh iu. whs;sjdislï
Èkd .kq ms‚i w;a je,a ne| .; hq;=
fjhs' tfia l< hq;af;a Tjqka f,dj
fld;ekl isáh;a tl iudkj fiajd
.eg¿j,g fukau lïlre whs;sjdislï
W,a,x>Kh lsÍïj,g uqyqK fok
neúks' tfiau lsisfjl=;a nkafoaishl
;nd whs;sjdislï lïlre foda;g
ms<sfkd.kajk neúka lïlre
whs;sjdislï Èkd .ekSug
wr., l< hq;= neúks' fndfyda
rgj, ;reK m%cdj mj;sk
ú/lshdj ksid /lshd fidhd .ekSu
i|yd wkjr; wr.,hl fh§ isák
w;r lïlre fiajl fiaúldfjda hym;a
Ôjk ;;a;ajhka fkdue;sj" wvq jegqma
i|yd fiajd imhñka tajdfha wvq mdvqlï
ksjerÈ lr .kakg jD;a;Sh iñ;s yryd
fjfyfi;s' fï ish¨ igka yd wr.,
talrdYS lrñka" tfukau taldnoaO
lrñka zc;Hka;r lïlre jHdmdrhZ
(International Labor Movement) fmdÿfõ
lïlre kS;s ms<sn|j ish wjOdkh
fhduq lrñka lïlre whs;Ska Èkd .ekSu
Wfoid lghq;= lrhs' .súiqï yd wod,
ixfYdaOk bÈßm;a lrñka lïlrejkaf.a
Ôjk ;;a;ajh kxjd,Sug lem ùfuka
lghq;= lrhs' ish yjq,alrejka fiau
lïlre m%cdj fhdod .ksñka wod<
jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhka i|yd fjfyi
orñka isáhs'
TjqyQ j¾;udkfha § fldf,dïìhdj"
mekudj" úhÜkduh" uef,aishdj"
fcda¾ðhdj" nx.a,dfoaYh yd Y%S ,xldj
jeks rgj, lïlre kS;s ixfYdaOkhka
fjkqfjka oeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrñka
wod< ld¾h Ndrhkays kshe,S isá;ss' tfiau
tu.ska uOHu wefußldkq ksoyia fj<|
l,dm .súiqïj,g tfrysj f.!;ud,dfõ
meñ‚,a,la f.dkq lr we;' tu m%Yakhg
iu.dój fydkaÿrdia" fldiagdßld yd
fmarE hk rgj,aj, o ksoyia fj<|
l,dm .súiqïj,g tfrysj kvq f.dkq
lrkakg ie,iqï lrñka isáhs' tf,iska
u f.da,Sh jD;a;Sh iñ;s ikaOdkhl
wjYH;dj biau;= lrñka kj fj<|
.súiqï ms<sn|j m%n, lïlre ixjdohl
wjYH;djh o u;= lrñka isáhs'
tu.ska .kq ,nk ;Skaÿ" ;SrK yd
n,mEï cd;s" j¾K" ÈhqKq" fkdÈhqKq
fNaohkaf.ka f;drj uq¿ uy;a f,dalfha
u iuia; lïlre m%cdjg;a" fmdÿfõ
ish¨ lïlre jD;a;Sh iñ;sj,g;a N=la;s
ú¢kakg yels jkq we; hkak wmf.a
úYajdihhs' ta wkqj iuia; lïlre
m%cdjg ch.%yKhla w;am;a fõ kï th
fmdÿfõ udkj j¾.hdf.a wysjDoaêh
ms‚i mdol jkq fkdwkqudkh' •
wdpd¾h mqIamd rï,kS
uQ,dY%(
1'http://www.aflcio.org/Learn-About-Unions/International-Labor-
Movement
2.http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/20/asian-women-
trade-union-grunwick
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 59
 dg"
k a k s o yia fl h
. l S f u ka msßñ s ; s h W ,a,x>K
j wh
n , d .ekSfï w e ; s ksoyia qN idOk
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orejka k s r ; ùug i Okh lsÍfï y a;s iy.; nj
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hq;=h
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fldkafoaisj
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ms<sn| we;s j.ùfuka ksoyi
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y S ks h q l a ; Y% S ,x ld Y% u n, ldfhka 48'3]la ia;%Ska

úfoaY /lshdj ka g"
weia;fïka;= lr we;s wdldrh
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Y%S ,xldfõ
of mr È. /l s h dj ka j ,s k a mu Kla /msh,a ñ,shk 335"201
,nk ue
a fm A % I K h fl dg we ;' Y% S ,x ld úfoaY fiajd kshqla;s
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25; a 44 ;a w; r jk w; r Tjqkaf.ka fndfyduhla újdy
jhi
orejka isák ujqjreka h'
lrk
fuu l%shdud¾.h ;=<ska jev
wud;dHdxYh úiska f.k we;s .a jev
õ iuia; iudchg u" ia;S%kaf
ia;S%kag muKla fkdj fmdÿf

60 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

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ls ,aLkh
súvh ,nd § we;' fuu pl%f
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Okh iy j.lSu ia;%sh .; hq
yryd iuia; mjqf,a u iqN id r th
iudch ;=< n,d;aul lrk w;
mS;D uQ,sl iïu;h kej;;a di,ld
hdf.a j.ùu iy j.lSu fk
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lsh'
yeÍula f,i o y÷kajd Èh ye
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fuu pl h
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fujeks Ska
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wdrlaI d
ld ,S k ix l% u K s l hk a f, i úfoaY /lshdjka fidhd hk
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tf .hlah
mshd wksjd¾hfhka we;=<;a wx
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iqnid s y÷kajd
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w; udKhla
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d tk uq L H m% ; s I a G dj jk
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2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 61

 —uõlsß m%j¾Okh˜
jev lrk lsß ujg
;ekla ke;s kula
—Tfí orejdg udi 6 la .;jk ;=re
Tfíu lsß muKla ,ndfokak˜

fï jQ l,S" fuu Èkj, udOHhka

Tiafia ksr;=re m%pdrh jk
±kaùul idrdxYhhs' uõlsß ms<sn|
udOH m%pdrKhla yÈisfha u lr<shg
meñKsfha wehs o hkak j¾;udkfha rg
u okakd lreKla nj kï ksiel h'
kjiS,ka;fhka wdkhksl lsßmsáj,
ñksia isrerg wys;lr DCD kï úI
ridhkh wvx.= jk njg úoHd.dr
m¾fhaIKhkaf.ka ikd: ùu yryd
rg ;=< CIKslj wdkafoda,kd;aul
mßirhla f.dvkeÕSu wod< m%ia;=;hg uõ lsßj, wjYH;djh
miqìï úh' ^fï jk úg kjiS,ka;
lsßmsáj, úI ridhk fkdue;s njg fuf,dj jákd fndfyda foa ;ekS we;af;a
fi!LH wud;HdxYh ksfõokh fldg ysref.a rYañfhka yd ujf.a lsßj,
we;s nj;a" hï hï >Dcqj fkdmjik n,fhka hehs f,dj m%lg lshukls'
fya;+ka u; wdkafoda,kd;aul ;;a;ajh ñksia YÍrh yd fud,h j¾Okhg
hgm;a ùula isÿ ù we;s nj fuys wjYH fm%daàka" fïoh" le,ß" úgñka
,d i|yka l< ukdh'& flfia jqj o j¾. fukau m%;sYla;slrK ix>gl
fuys § wmf.a wruqK jkafka" tlS wka;¾.; neúka" Wm;ska uq,a udi 6
isÿùu .fõIKh lsÍu fyda uõ lsßj, ;=< <orejl= i|yd ujf.a mshjqrej,ska
woaú;Sh .=Kh ms<sn| j¾Kkd lsÍu tfrk lsß muKla m%udKj;ah' ^<ud
fyda fkdfõ' j;auka uõlsß m%j¾Ok yd frda. úfYaI{ ffjoH ik;a <udnÿiQßh"
m%pdrK jev ms<sfj, YS% ,dxflah jev fodru~,dj" iajdëk rEmjdyskS fiajh"
lrk lsß uõjrekayg n,mdkafka yd 2013'08'19& hkak ffjoH ks¾foaYhhs'
jeo.;ajkafka flfia± hs hkak úuid kuq;a yÈis wjia:djl § tkï uj ñh.sh
n,Su wfma wruqKh' wjia:djl fyda ujf.ka tfrk lsß

62 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

m%udKj;a fkdjk wjia:djl wdfoaYl
<ore lsßmsá ,nd§u tod fuod;=r isÿ
jQj;a úákaúg f,dalh l<Uk úI
ridhksl isÿùï ^kjiS,ka; DCD isÿùu"
Ökfha fu,uhska isÿùu& fya;=fjka
wdfoaYl lsßj,g iuq § fjk;a úl,am
lrd hd hq;= nj fi!LH wxYj, u;hhs'
fuys § fyd|u úl,amh lsß fok
fjk;a ujlf.a lsß ,nd .ekSu nj
^fodruv,dj" iajdëk rEmjdyskS fiajh"
2013'08'19& jeä ÿrg;a i|yka fõ'
uõlsß §fï ;dCIKh m%j¾Okh l< hq;=
nj o ffjoH u;hhs' ^<ud iakdhq frda.
úfYaI{ wkqreoaO mdfoKsh" fodru~,dj"
iajdëk rEmjdyskS fiajh" 2013'08'19&
tuÕska lsß wvqùfuka mSvd ú¢k
uõjrekag úi÷ï ,efnkq we;' fï yer
ish uj ì<s|dg uõ lsß §fï wjYH;dj
fyd¢ka jgyd .;a" ta i|yd ish¨ Ôj
idOlj,ska hq;a jev lrk lssß ujla
fuu ;;a;ajhg uqyqK fok wdldrh
úuiSu m%ia;+:fha § jeo.;a fõ'
jev lrk l;=ka i|yd m%iQ; ksjdvq
YS% ,xldfõ iaÓr" ;djld,sl" wkshï
f,i fiajh lrkakshkg kS;Hdkql+,
újdyhlska ,efnk iEu iÔù ore
Wm;la i|yd u rcfha jevlrk Èk 84
l iïmQ¾K jegqma iys; ksjdvqjla" rcfha
ksjdvq" fikiqrdod" bßod iys;j ;j;a
wv jegqma iys; Èk 84 l ksjdvqjla"
jegqma rys;j tjeks ;j;a Èk 84 l
ksjdvqjla ,nd.; yelsh' orejdg jirla
iïmQ¾K jk;=re rdcldß fõ,dfjka
mehla lsß meh f,i ,nd.ekSug o yels
fõ' kuqÿ" fï ish¨ jrm%idohka rdcH
wxYfha ks,Odßkshka yd fiaúldjka
muKla u ,nd.kakd w;r" fm!oa.,sl
wxYfha jevlrk lsß uõjrekag
isÿjkafka jegqma iys; uq,a Èk 84
muKla ,nd.ekSugh' orejka ,nd ksjdvq
hk fya;=j ksid u we;eï fm!oa.,sl
wxYj, md,kdêldÍka" ia;S%kag /lshd
wjia:d ,nd§ug ue,sjk njla o fuys u
i|yka l< hq;=h'
w¾O rdcH wxYfha fiajdia:dk o" wdh;k
m%Odkshdf.a ;SrKh u; fndfyda úg
m%iQ; ksjdvq uq,a Èk 84 ka u fl<jr
lrhs' nyq;r jev lrk lsß uõjreka
túg udi 4 la muK jhie;s ;u ì<s|d
fjkqfjka todfuod ;=r wkq.ukh l<
fyd|u úl,amh jQfha wdfoaYl <ore
lsß msá Ndú;hhs' Wla; ±lajQ lreKq
mßÈ wdfoaYl <ore lsß msáj, úáka
úg u;=jk wka;rdhldr ;;a;ajhka
fya;=fjka fujeks uõjreka uqyqK
fokafka nrm;, udkisl mSvdjlgh'
fujeks miqìul ffjoHjreka ,ndfok
úi÷u —ujg tfrk lsß fodjd .nvd lr
miqj orejdg ,nd §uhs'˜
jev lrk lsß uj yd lsß foùu
YS% ,dxflah jev lrk ia;s%hf.a
Èkpßhdj werfUkafka idudkHfhka
w¨hu 3 fyda 4 jeks mehl §h'
wk;=rej idudkHhfhka wdydr fõ,a
2 la i|yd bjqï-msyqï isÿ lrk weh"
ieñhdf.a lghq;= o jeäuy,a orejka isà
kï Tjqkaf.a lghq;= o bgq fldg oksmks
.d /lshdjg ÿjf.dia rdcldßh o bgq
fldg" ksjig <Õd jkafka we¢ß jefgk
18 meh o blaujd h' ^m'j'6'00& rd;S%
wdydrfõ, o fndfyda úg ielfikafka
weh w;sks' lsß orejl= ksjfia isák
l, ksjig meñKs ieKska wehf.a
wjOdkh orejd fj; msßkeñh hq;= w;r"
^orejd Èjd l, /l n,d .ekSu fjku
.eg¿jla f,i idlÉcd l< hq;a;ls'&
ì<s|d o mshjqre ;=vq uqfõ r|jd .ekaug
uÕ n,d isà' tjeks úgl lsß Wrd îug
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 63
 i,iajk w;r" lsß foùu m%dfhda.slj
wmyiqh' id¾:l o fkdfõ' tmuKla
fkdj" lsishï ksYaÑ; ld, mrdihla ;=<
mshjqrej,ska lsß bj;a fkdl<fyd;a"
lssß is£hdu isÿ jk nj fkdryils'
tkï" Èjd l, wju jYfhka fojrla
fyda f;jrla mshjqrej,ska lsß bj;a lsÍu
fyda fodjd /f.k ;eîu l< hq;=uh'
fuh isÿ l< hq;af;a ld¾hd, fyda jev
lrk fiajd mßY%hka ;=< § fkdfõo@
fiajdia:dkh ;=< uõ lsß foùu
jev lrk ia:dk ;=< <uqka
n,d.kakd ia:dk we;s l< hq;= nj;a"
lsß fodjd ;nd .ekSfï myiqlï ,nd
Èh hq;= nj;a" fmdaIK úfYaI{ ffjoH
f¾Kqld ch;siai mjihs' ^fodru~,dj"
iajdëk rEmjdyskS fiajh - 2013'08'19&
wo ld¾hd,fha § fodjd.kakd lsß" fyg
orejdf.a wdydr fõ, i|yd tl;= l<
yels nj wef.a woyihs' ieneúka u"
ffjoHjrekaf.a tlS ks¾foaYhka furg
/lshd ia:dkhka yd tys jHqyhka ;=<
.e,fmkafka o hkak ielhls' fiajd
ia:dk wdY%s;j Èjd iq/l=ï uOHia:dk
hkak ld,hla ;siafia l;dnyg ,lajk"
tfy;a iïmQ¾K fkdjQ wjYH;djhls'
j;auka —lsß foùfï wjYH;djh fyda
ld¾hd, wdYs%;j úi|d .; yels±hs
hkakg hï wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekaug
lÈu ksoiqka lsysmhla fuys ,d i|yka
l< hq;=h'
l,la rchg iïnkaO fndfyda myiqlï
imsß udOH wdh;khl fiajh l< ud tys
§ w;aÿgq i;Hhh kï —ldka;d úfõl
ldur˜ yqfola wxY m%OdkSkaf.ka .e,ùu
i|yd ksod .ekaug" fïlma ±óug"
fldKavd ieliSug" ´md¥m foãug"
we֕ ilid .ekSug muKla fhdod
.kakd ia;S% iudc Yd,djka njh' tys
64 weh • 1 l,dmh • 2013
ksial,xlh we;sj lsß foùug lsisfia;a
u iqÿiq mßirhla ke;' flfkla meñK
—lsß uÈo@˜" —nnd fyd|g lsß fndkjo@˜"
—lssß mrK jkafka ke;s±hs˜ wiñka ujg
m%Yak je<la bÈßm;a lrkq we;'
j¾;udkfha .=rejßhl jYfhka rcfha
mdi,l fiajh lrk uu" .=re
úfõld.dr iïnkaOfhka fï jk úg;a
lgql ;;a;ajhka w;aolsñ' msßñ" .eyeKq
tlg hdno jeisls<s msysá" wdydr .ekSug
we;s fïih jeisls<shg >Dcqj o¾Ykh
jk" ksr;=rej lrdufhka c,h .,d hk"
y;rjáka u újD; mßirhl we;s tjeks
úfõld.drhl isg Wkqka isref¾ ymamd
.ksñka ;onoh ueo lsß foùu" is;Sug
o fkdyels nj ;rfha i|yka lrñ'
rdcH wxYj, w;aoelSï iys;j" uu fuu
.eg¿j rfÜ ku.sh iqmsß myiqlï imsß
fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fiajh lrk lsß fok
ñ;=ßhlg bÈßm;a lf<ñ' —lsß fodjkak
;ekla ke;s tl ;uhs m%Yafk'
,kaÉ rEï tfla yeu;ek u lEu od,d
ueiafida msß,d' *hs,ska rEï tl ;uhs
^,smsf.dkq ldurh& ;sfhkafka'
tafla taa'iS' ;shd" *Eka tllaj;a kE'
odäh fmrd f.k lsß fodjkafka
fldfyduo@˜ wod, kso¾Yk bÈßm;a
lrk ,oafoa furg fiajdia:dk ;=< lsß
foùfï iqÿiq mßir ;;a;ajhka fkdue;s
nj ikd: lrkq i|ydh' ta yer wdh;k
m%OdkSkaf.ka ,efnk iydh" ta i|yd
ld,fõ,dj fjkalr§u o .eg¿fõ u
È.=jla jkq we;' tfiau lsß foùfuka
wk;=re ldur WIaK;ajh hgf;a ;nd.;
yelafla meh 6 l ld,hla muKla
neúka" ksjig hk ld,h f;la isis,a lr
;nd .ekSug YS;lrK myiqlï o tlaúh
hq;=h' fï ish,a, h:d ld,fha § fyda
iïmQ¾K lr .ekaug wjOdkh fhduq
fkdjk;dla uõ lsß m%j¾Okh
mqyq ks¾foaYhla muKla jkq we;'
ffjoH f¾Kql ch;siai we;s neúKs' wOHdmkh" ú/lshdj fyda wd¾Ól
mjik mßÈ ms,smSkh jeks wmyiq;d fya;=fjka u újdy jk jhi l,aoud
rgj,a ia:dmkh fldg we;s .kakd YS% ,dxlsl ;reKshka u| ireNdjfhka o
—uõ lssß nexl=˜ wdo¾Ylhla mSvd ú£' iudcfhka .eyeKsh i|yd u t,a, lrk
fldg" kd.ßlj fkdyels kï —j| .eyeKsh˜ hk wOu idïm%odhsl kskaodjg
.%dóh mßirh wdYs%;j —uõ we;s ,eþPdj yd nh ksid u jfoka fmdfrka
lsß nexl=˜ msysgqùu furg tla orejl= fyda ìyslrkakg W;aidy ork weh"
jev lrk l;=ka i|yd ;j;a wk;=rej uqyqK fokafka orejd /l n,d .ekSfï
úl,am úi÷ula f.fkkq we;' yd fmdaIKh lsÍfï ^udi 6 la .;jk ;=re uõ lsß
hqfrdamSh rgj,a fï jkúg;a muKla ,nd§u o we;=<;ah& .eg¿j,gh'
uõ lsß wf,ú lsÍfï wÈhr
olajd ish uõ lsß m%j¾Ok fuu N+ñh md,kh lrk N+m;Ska" ñksia
jevigyka /f.k ú;a we;s m%dKshl=f.a je§u" ye§u ms<sn| jvd ie,ls,su;a
nj wm wjOdkhg ,laúh hq;= úh hq;af;a th rgl wkd.;h Wfoid jk neúKs'
h' ffjoH wkqreoaO mdfoKsh mjq,a l=gqïNh fukau rfÜ wd¾Ólh Wfoid Wr
mjikafka" furg uõ lsß fok furg jev lrk .eyeKsh iqrlskq jia jev
l<ukdlrK tall frday,a ìï fyda ld¾hd, uÜgfuka Èh;a l< hq;= fndfyda
uÜgfuka wid¾:l ù we;s jev igyka w;rg —uõ lsß m%j¾Okh˜ o tlalr
nj;a" uõ lsß §fï ;dCIKh .; hq;=h' •
;jÿrg;a jeä ÈhqKq l< hq;=
nj;a" iSudjdisl ffjoHjreka" j;ai,d .uf.a
kdß yd m%ij ffjoHjreka"
<ud ffjoHjreka" fyÈhka
ta wrUhd mqyqKq l< hq;=
nj;ah' ^fodru~,dj" iajdëk
rEmjdyskS fiajh - 2013'08'19&
shd
fyd|u /l
wjia:d
uõ lssß m%j¾Okh iEu lsß
fok ujlg u tlfia jeo.;a
lreKla jk kuq;a" jev
lrk lsß uj b,lal lr
.ksñka fuys hï wxYhla
fyda ls%hd;aul l< hq;af;a wE
iudk
jgd mj;sk iudc" jD;a;Suh" wjia:d ysñ
l=gqïNuh .eg¿ fiajd
/ila ksid u h' ulaksido odhlfhlas
h;a Wla; bÈßm;a l< orejka
/l n,d .ekau yd uõlsß
,nd §u hkak .eg¿jla ù
we;s ksidu j;auka YS% ,dxlsl
l;=ka orejka je§u mss<sn|j
iajhx jdrK mkjd f.k
http://dollarsandsense.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/really_good_careers.jpg

2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 65

 wd¾Ólh f.dvkeÕSug
odhl jk ia;S% Y%uh
m iq.sh oYl ;=k mqrdjg YS% ,xld
wd¾Ólfha yerjqï ,CIhla njg
m;a jQfha ia;S% Y%u n,ldfha biau;= ùuh'
f;a" weÕ¨ï" ixl%uKsl fiajh" ixpdrl
l¾udka;h yd fjk;a úêu;a yd wjêu;a
/lshd fCIa;%j, ia;S% Y%u n,ldfha
odhl;ajh lemSfmfkk whqßka by<
m%;sY;hlg .uka lr ;sfí' 2002 isg
2010 olajd ia;S% Y%u n,ldfha jeä ùfï
m%;sY;h" msßñ Y%u n,ldfha jeä ùfï
m%;sY;hg jvd fo.=Khla muK fõ'
^ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
^2009& YS% ,xld Y%u n,ld ixLHd f,aLk
ms<sn| jd¾;dj" W;=re$kef.kysr m<d;a
iNd yer&
1980 oYlfha ueo Nd.fha isg ,xldfõ
lDIs l¾udka;h i|yd olajk ,o ia;S%
66 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
odhl;ajh 9'8] lska my; niskq ,enQ
w;r iïm%odhsl /lshdjkaj,ska fjka jQ
ia;S%ka" wd¾Ól m%Yakj,ska ñ£u i|yd
/lshd fj<|fmd< lrd wj¾;SrK úh'
tys m%;sM,hla jQfha ld¾ñl ksIamdok
ls%hdj,sh ;=< ia;S% Y%u iyNd.s;ajh 7] la
muK j¾Okh ùu h' 1977 ka miq we;s jQ
wd¾Ólh ,sys,a lsÍfï ls%hdj,sfhka miq"
wmkhk ÈYdkq.; l¾ólrKhla ,xldj
;=< ia:dms; úh' tys § ksIamdok msßjeh
yels;rï my;a uÜgul ;nd .ekSug
wdfhdaclhka ±rE m%h;akh u; ia;S%
Y%uhg fmr fkdjQ úrE b,a¨ula we;s úh'
m%;sM,h jQfha ,xldfõ" ia;S% Y%u n,ldfha
lemS fmfkk jeä ùula isÿùuh'
YS% ,dxlSh ia;S%ka úfoaY /lshd fj<|fmd<
lrd fhduqùu o" YS% ,xld wd¾Ólhg
iqúfYaIS jQ iïudoula fõ' úfYaIfhka
úfoaY fiajd kshqla;s ld¾hdxYh yryd fiajl odhl;ajh ;=<ska rgg 52] muK
,shdmÈxÑ ù mqyqKq fiaúldjka jYfhka wdodhula ,ndfokafka ia;S% Y%ñlhka nj
.,a*a rgj, fiajh i|yd hk ksYaÑ;j u mejish yelsh'
ia;S%kaf.ka" rch ,nk wdodhu" f;a iy
weÕ¨ïj,ska ,efnk wdodhug f;jk 1977 ka miq ìys jQ ksoyia fj<o l,dm
fõ' úfoaY rgj,a lrd ixl%uKh jk wdYs%;j we;s jQ weÕ¨ï l¾udka;j,
ia;S%kaf.a wNs,dIh ;u mjq, kÕdisgqùu m%Odk b,lalh jQfha ldka;d Y%ñlhska
jqj o Tjqkaf.a bmehSïj,ska úYd, h' ,dN Y%uh yd wvq myiqlï u; jqj
fldgila uõìug tùfï § rcfha o" ;u mjqf,a wd¾Ólhg odhl;ajhla
wdodhï ;;a;ajh o by< hdu u; wd¾Ól ,nd§fï wruqKska ia;S%ka tu /lshd i|yd
wNsjDoaêh we;sùu ks;ekska u isÿjkakls' wj;S¾K jqj o jeä wdodhï bmehQfha
úfoaY /lshd kshqla;sh .;aúg ia;S% Y%u wdfhdaclhka iy rch úisks' mqyqKq iy
odhl;ajh by< m%;sY;hl mj;S' kqmqyqKq Y%ñlhka jYfhka l¾udka;
Yd,dj, iy fiajfha fhfok ia;S%
YS% ,xld úfoaY fiajd ld¾hdxYfha" úfoaY Y%ñlhskaf.a ixLHdj by< m%;sY;hla
fiajd kshqla;slhskaf.a o;a; yd ii|d .kq ,enQj o" ta ms<sn|j ksje/È ks,
ne,Sfï § ia;S% Y%ñlhskaf.a Y%u odhl;ajh rdcH jd¾;d m%ldYjkafka ke;' 2007
msßñ Y%ñlhkaf.a m%;sY;hg jvd uola § wdikak jYfhka fuu l¾udka;
by< m%;sY;hl msysgd we;' Yd,dj, 114"000 Y%ñlhka fiajh l<
w;r' th 75"000 jQ ia;S% Y%ñlhska yd
2009 jif¾ YS% ,xldfõ ixl%uKsl 39"000 la jQ msßñ Y%ñlhkaf.ka iukaú;
fiajlhska jhia ldKav yd ù we;s nj jd¾;d fõ' (Sivanathiran, n.d)
ia;S% mqreINdjh wkqj Y%ñlhka ms<sn|j o;a; .Kkfha § jvd;a
u jeo.;a m%fõYh jkqfha" ia;S%$msßñ
jYfhka Y%ñlhka fjka lrñka o;a;
ilia lsÍu ms<sn|j ksis l%ufõohla
wkq.ukh fkdlsÍuh' fuys § ia;S%
Y%ñlhskaf.a .DyKsh$wdodhï Wmhkaksh
hk oaú;aj N+ñldj fmdÿfõ m%;sfCIam
lr ;sfí'

weÕ¨ï l¾udka;Yd,d wdYs%;j /lshdj,

fhfok ldka;djkaf.a fiajd ;;a;ajh
yd myiqlï wju uÜgul mj;skafka
) YS% ,xld úfoaY fiajd kshqla;s ld¾hdxYfha jd¾Isl jd¾;dj 2009 ù kuqÿ rch ta .ek >Dcq ueÈy;a ùula
isÿ lrkafka ke;' Tjqkag f.jk jegqma
2009 jif¾ o;a; wkqj ia;S% ixl%uKssl ms<sn|j ksis l%ufõohla fkdue;s w;r"
fiajlhkaf.a m%;sY;h 51'7] úh' wjq' fiaúldjkaf.a kjd;eka myiqj ms<sn|j
25-29 w;r jhia ldKav olajd mqreI .eg¿jg o iqÿiq mshjr f.k fkdue;'
Y%ñlhkaf.a m%;sY;h by< wx.hla .;a rfÜ wd¾Ólhg úYd, odhl;ajhla
w;r" wjq' 35-39 w;r jhia ldKavfha imhk Tjqkaf.a fi!LH ;;a;ajh ms<sn|
isg ia;S% Y%ñlhkaf.a m%;sY;h by< fkd;elSu fmdÿfõ rcfha iqN idOk
w.hla f.k we;' fï wkqj ixl%uKsl ld¾hhka bgq fkdùula njg o m;aj
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 67
 ;sfí' m%Odk wmkhk wdodïj,ska tlla
jk weÕ¨ï ksIamdokh rcfha m%Odk
wdodhï ud¾.hla jqj o" Y%ñlhkaf.a
jegqma yd iqN idOkh ms<sn| .eg¿jg
fuf;la ms<s;=re ,eî fkdue;'
YS% ,xldfõ ia;S% Y%ñlhkaf.a j¾Okh
ùug n, mE mjq, idOl lr.;a m%Odk
lreKq lsysmhla u fõ'
1' mjqf,a ixhq;sh fjkia ùu'
2' mjqf,a idudðlhskaf.a ld¾hNdrh
fjkia ùu'
3' mjqf,a wd¾Ól l%uh fjkia ùu'
hk fmdÿ lreKq" ia;S% Y%ñlhka
/lshd fj<|fmd, lrd wj;S¾K ùug
n,mE idOl fõ' /lshd fj<|fmdf,a
b,lal.; /lshd i|yd u ieliqKq kj
wOHdmk úê$l%u we;sùu fya;=fjka
ia;S%ka jvd;a úêu;a yd úêu;a fkdjk
/lshd i|yd wj;S¾K ùh'
mjqf,a ixhq;sh fjkia ùu hkq" tod
úia;D; mjq,la jQ mjq,a mßirhka" wdjD;
mjq,a ù Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d tu mjq,a
iSudjg muK;a iSud ùuh' iïm%odhsl
.DyKsh N+ñldfjka ñÿKq ia;s%h" fuu
mjq,a tallh ;=< kej;;a .DyKsh iy
wdodhï Wmhkakshl f,i wd¾Ólhg
fohdldrfhka u Y%u odhl;ajh ,nd
fokakshl ù we;' mjqf,a idudðlhkaf.a
ld¾hNdrh fjkia ùu hk ldrKdj
o jvd;a u n,mdkafka /lshdjkays
kshq;= ia;S%kag h' wehf.a oaú;aj N+ñldj
kej;;a tf,i u mej;sh § jvd;a
we.fhkafka msßñka /lshdjka ;=<ska ;u
mjq,g foaYSh wd¾Ólh kÕd isgqùug ,nd
fok odhl;ajhh'
wd¾Ólh ,snr,alrKh lsÍfï m%;sM,h
u; we;s jQ NdKav yd fiajdj, úYd,
68 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
jeäùu ,dxlSh mjq, flfrys o n,mE
idOlhls' kj NdKav yd fiajd ,nd
.ekSug we;s leue;a; u; yd wd¾Ól
m%Yak W.% ùu u; mjqf,a wd¾Ól l%uh o
fjkia úh' fndfyda ia;S%ka úêu;a
/lshd ud¾.j,g wj;S¾K jQ w;r"
.Dyia: l¾udka;dYs%;j ffokslj uqo,a
bmhSug o ia;S%ka W;aiql ùh' tys§ weh
mjqf,a wd¾Ólh ,ssys,a lsÍfï m%h;akhg
odhl jkjd fiau foaYSh wd¾Ólh
f.dvkeÕSfï § jl% wdodhï Wmhkakshl
njg o m;a fõ'
tfukau ,xldfõ ia;S% Y%ñlhskaf.a
j¾Okhg n, mE m%Odk fya;= lsysmhla o
y÷kd.; yelsh' tkï"
1' wd¾Ól idOl
2' iudcuh idOl
3' wOHdmk wjia:d mq¿,aùu'
4' foaYmd,k idOl jYfhks'
iuia;hla jYfhka uOHu mx;slhka"
wd¾Ól idOl yuqfõ jvd;a mSvkhg
m;ajk mqoa., lKavdhu fõ' tksid u
rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk wdh;kj, yd
úêu;a yd wúêu;a fCIa;%j, /lshd
ud¾. fndfyduhla ia;S%ka b,lal lr
.ksñka ks¾udKh úh' >Dcq yd jl% f,i
rcfha wdodhï jeä lsÍug wehf.a
/lshdj yd tuÕska ,nk wdodhu rdcH
wd¾Ólhg odhl;ajh ,nd foa'
ia;S%kaf.a wOHdmk wjia:d mq¿,a ùu
ksid weh iudc ;;a;ajhka f.dvkÕd
.ekSu i|yd o úêu;a /lshd i|yd fhduq
ùu isÿ fõ' ixj¾Okh i|yd wd¾Ól
odhl;ajhla iemhSug yels fuu ia;S%ka
—ldka;dj yd ixj¾Okh˜ hk
m%fõYfha § jeo.;a u N+ñldj fõ' kj
wOHdmk l%u i|yd jvd;a fhduqùu
u; ukd mqyqKqj ,enQ fiajlhska iy
l<ukdlrejka ksid mdrïmßl lDIs
wd¾Ól iudch" ld¾ólrKh iy
kùlrKh fj; mßKduKh jQ nj
ie,lSu WID m%fõYfha § (Women
in Development) n,mj;ajk m%Odk
idOlhls' tksid u ia;S% Y%ñlhskaf.a
j¾Okh by; lS iudcuh idOl yd
wOHdmk wjia:d mq¿,aùu u; isÿ jQjd
fia u" wehf.a Y%u odhl;ajh rfÜ o<
cd;sl wodhfï ia:rhla njg o m;aùu
ks;e;ska u isÿ fõ'
wïud''' wehs wr
fndaâ tlla@
wjjdohhs æ
ñksiqka jev
ia;S%kaf.a wd¾Ól iudc ;;a;ajh kÕd
isgqùu i|yd jevigyka yd jHdmD;s
ixj¾Okh lrk f,i tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ixúOdkh" cd;sl rdcHhka yd iafõÉcd
ixúOdk Èßu;a lrk ,§' tys m%;sM,hla
f,i ,xldfõ o ixj¾Okhg ia;S%ka
odhl lr.ekSfï wruqKska jHdmD;s yd
kj /lshd wjia:d Wod l< o"
m%;sm;a;suh ÿ¾j,;d fya;=fjka ia;S%ka
b,lal lr.;a fndfyda /lshdjkays
m%.uKhla olakg fkd,efí' rfÜ
ixj¾Okh ms<sn| fkdfhl=;a ujd mEï
isÿ l< o" fmdÿfõ ia;S% Y%ñlhskaf.a
iqN idOk lghq;= o wju uÜgul
mj;S' tfy;a wehf.a Y%u odhl;ajh
rfÜ wd¾Ólh f.dvkeÕSug iqúfYaIS jQ
iïudoula ,nd fok nj o igyka l<
hq;=h'•
tâkd u,aldka;s
PdhdrEm( rYañkS o is,ajd
.EKq wh
b;sx yeu fjf,au
jev lrkjdfk
mqf;a' msßñ wh
jev lrkkjkx
fndaâ
.y.kakjd'
ldgQkh - wka;¾cd,fhks
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 69
 ckudOH úYsIaG;d iïudk Wf<, 2013

iS;d rxckS

È,arelaIs y÷kafk;a;s
lefrd,a frdaysKS
wef,daishia

ÿIHka;skS
lk.iNdm;sks
ms,af,hs

y¾Id
ux.,d
iq.;odi
ks¾u,d lkakka.r
oÍId neiaáhka
mrKudkak
,lakd

ukaokd biauhs,a
wfíúl%u
© Suda Shanmugaraja

iañ%;S veksfh,a

70 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

1 999 jif¾§ wdrïN lrk ,o
l¾;D ixio —ckuOH úYsIaG;d
iïudk Wf<,˜ 14 jeks jrg;a w;s
W;al¾Yj;a wkaoñka mj;ajkq ,enQfha
2013 cQ,s 30 jeksod rd;s%fhah' YS% ,xld
l¾;Djrekaf.a ixioh" YS% ,xld mqj;am;a
wdh;kfha iyfhda.h we;sj .,alsiai
uyfydag,fha § meje;ajQ fujr iïudk
Wf<f,a § tu Wf<, j¾Kj;a lrñka
ia;S% udOHfõÈkshka lsysm fofkla u
úYaIaG;d iïudkj,ska msÿï ,enQy' tu
úYsIaGhka w;rg lemS fmfkkakg úYsIaG
yelshdjkaf.ka yd jD;a;Shfõofhka
msreKd jQ mqj;am;a l,dfõÈkshka wmf.a
weiaudkfha u m%;HCI lf<a yeÈñfgka"
f;dá,af,ka muKl=ÿ fkdj mEfkka o"
nqoaên, uysufhka o ia;s%;ajhg hd yels
ÿr ms<sn| i;Hhhs'
.fõIKd;aul jd¾;dlrKh"
mdßißl jd¾;dlrKh" úfYaI wjia:d
hgf;a jd¾;dlrKh" ;Sre rpkh"
úfYaIdx. rpkh hk f;audjka hgf;a
iïudkhg md;%jkakg fujr ckudOH
úYsIaG;d iïudk Wf<f,a § mqj;am;a
l,dfõÈkshkayg wjia:dj ,enqKs' ta yer
u¾úka o is,ajd jif¾ ckudOHfõÈhd"
fvkais,a mSßia jif¾ ;reK udOHfõÈhd
hk iïudk o ysñ jQfha udOHfõÈkshkagh'
l¾;Djrekaf.a ixioh úiska ;SrKh lr
msßkukq ,nk udOH ksoyi Wfoid l<
lemùu fjkqfjka jQ fiamd, .=Kfiak udOH
ksoyi i|yd iïudkh ysñ jQfha o fcHIaG
udOH fõÈkshlgh' udOH Ôú;fha tlajrla
muKla ysñfjk §¾> ld,Sk fiajh w.hd
msßkuk rka iïudkh ,nd.;a m%ùKhka
mia fokd w;rg o tla udOHfõÈkshla
tla ù isáhdh'

lefrd,a frdaysKS wef,daishia

udOH Ôú;h ;=< ,nk rka iïudkh

jir 1969 lefrd,a frdaysKS wef,daishia ish jD;a;Sh Èúh werUQfha" fmardfoKsh
úYaj úoHd,fha Wmdêldßkshl f,i iqÿiqlï ,nñKs' f,alayjqia wdh;kh
uÕska m< l< —Búksx Tíi¾j¾˜ yd —ikafâ Tíi¾j¾˜ mqj;am;aj, ldka;d
msgqfõ iydh ixialdßld" <ud yd fi!LH msgqj, ixialdßld f,i lghq;= l<
weh" miqj tu mqj;am;a foflys u úfYaIdx. l¾;D yd ksfhdacH l¾;D OQrhka
o fynjQjdh' miqld,Skj —o fkaIka˜ mqj;am; yd iïnkaO jQ weh" kej;;a
—ikafâ Tíi¾j¾˜ yd tlajQjdh' ñÑ.ka úYaj úoHd,h we;=¿j cd;Hka;r
úYaj úoHd,j, iyNd.s;aj mqyqKq w;a±lSï ,nd.kakg o lefrd,a iu;a jQjdh'
fi!LH f;dr;=re jd¾;dlrKfhys ,d foaYSh iïudkhka o weh ysñlrf.k
we;'

ckudOH úYsIaG;d iïudk Wf<f,a fujr rka iïudkhg md;% jQ úYsIaGhka

miafofkl= w;r tl u udOHfõÈksh weh jQ w;r" tu iïudkh ysñ jkafka
§¾> ld,Skj udOH fCIa;%h i|yd l< fufyjrg f.!rj ms§u i|ydh'

2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 71

 iS;d rxckS
udOH ksoyi i|yd l< lem lsÍu fjkqfjka msfok fiamd, .=Kfiak iïudkh

YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ rcrg fiajhg 1979 § tlafjñka" jD;a;Sh Èúh werUQ
iS;d rxckS" 1986 § muK uqøs; udOHhg tlafjñka ckjd¾.sl whs;sjdislï" udkj
whs;sjdislï" ia;S% whs;sjdislï yd l,d ixialD;sl fCIa;%fha whs;Ska o úfYaI fldg
jd¾;dlrKfha fhÿkdh' lsú¢hl" f,aÅldjl yd m¾fhaIsldjl f,i tllg iSud fkdjQ
udOH Ndú;hl ksr; jQ weh" idys;H" iduh" ldka;d yd iudc isÿùï mdol fldg.;a
m%ldYkhka 15 la muK uqøKoajdrfhka t<s±laùug o odhl ù we;'

ksoyia udOH jHdmdrfha mqfrda.dó ls%hdldßkshl jYfhka lghq;= lrk iS;d rxckS"
lsysm wjia:djl u tys le|jqïldßh yd f,alï f,i lghq;= l< w;r" j¾;udkfha tys
úOdhl lñgq idudðldjl f,i fufyjfrys kshef,kakSh' jD;a;Sh m;%l,dfõ§kaf.a
ix.ufha yd ol=Kq wdishd ksoyia udOHfõ§kaf.a ix.ufha úOdhl iNd ksfhdackh
lrk weh" ol=Kq wdishdkq udOH ldka;dfjda ixúOdkfha cd;sl ixúOdhljßhhs' YS% ,xld
mqj;am;a wdh;kh" YS% ,xld ckudOH úoHd,h" YS% ,xld mqj;am;a meñKs,s fldñiu hk
wdh;khkays wOHCI uKav, ksfhdackh lr we;s weh" fï jk úg YS% ,xld mqj;am;a
meñKs,s fldñifï wOHCI uKav, idudðldjls' udOH ksoyi muKla fkdj udkj
whs;sjdislï" ia;S%-mqreI iudcNdjh yd ia;S% whs;sjdislï wrUhd jQ wr.,j, § fmruqK
f.k ls%hd l< iS;d rxckS" ta fjkqfjka ish ld,h" Y%uh" fm!oa.,sl Èúh lem lr we;'

ksoyia udOH ixialD;shla f.dvkexùu wruqKq fldg.;a udOH Ndú;hl yd ls%hdldß;ajhl

fhfok weh" udOH ksoyi i|yd l< lem lsÍu w.hñka" l¾;D ixiofha ;SrKhla
wkqj" fujr weh udOH ksoyi i|yd jQ fiamd, .=Kfiak iïudkfhka msÿï ,enqjdh'
2005 jif¾ mej;s ckudOH iïudk Wf<f,a §" iudc ixj¾Okh i|yd jd¾;dlrKh
fjkqfjka msßkefuk iïudkh ysñjQfha o wehg h' udOH yd idys;H fCIa;%h ;=< iduh
fjkqfjka l< ld¾hNdrh we.ehQ iïudk lsysmhla o weh Èkdf.k we;'

,lakd ;ß÷ mrKudkak

fvkais,a mSßia jif¾ ;reK udOHfõ§ iïudkh

2007 j¾Ifha § —o fkaIka˜ mqj;am; yd iïnkaO ù ir, úfYaIdx. rpkfhys ksr;ùu

,lakd mrKudkakf.a m<uq udOH w;a±lSu úh' miq ld,Skj tkï" 2010 j¾Ifha §
—fâ,s ñr¾˜ mqj;am; yd iïnkaO ù" ,lakd fï jk úg tys úfYaIdx. f,aÅldjl f,i
lghq;= lrkakSh' j¾;udkfha § cd;Hka;r in|;d ms<sn| Wmdê mdGud,djla yodrñka
isák weh" th ;u jD;a;Sh udOH Èúh id¾:l lr.ekSu i|yd odhl lr .ksñka
isákakSh' Bg wu;rj weh" ks¾udKd;aul ux., cdhdrEmlrKfha o fhfohs' óg fmr
mej;s ckudOH Wf<,j, § o fvkais,a mSßia jif¾ ;reK udOHfõÈhd iïudkh iy
iqn%ukshï fpÜáhd¾ jif¾ iudc ixj¾Ok jd¾;dlrKh i|yd iïudkh o ysñlr
.ekaug iu;a jQ weh" fujr o jif¾ ;reK udOHfõÈhd i|yd msßkuk fvkais,a mSßia
iïudkh Èkd .;a;dh'

72 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

 È,arelaIs y÷kafk;a;s
³ u¾úka o is,ajd jif¾ ckudOHfõÈksh iïudkh
³ úfYaI wjia:d hgf;a jd¾;dlrKh i|yd msfok -
uydpd¾h fla' lhs,dim;s iïudkfha l=i,;d iy;slh
ikafâ ,Sv¾ mqj;amf;ys ysgmq l¾;D ,ika; úl%u;=x. >d;khg fmr" tkï 2005
isg 2009 jir olajd .fõIKd;aul l¾;D f,i ,Sv¾ m%ldYk yd tlaj isá È,arelaIs
y÷kafk;a;s fï jkúg —isf,daka gqf☠mqj;amf;a iu l¾;D f,i fiajh lrhs'
foaYmd,k ;Sre ,sms rÑldjla o jk weh" 2010 j¾Ifha § g%dkaia fmarkais cd;Hka;r
wdh;kfhys" YS% ,xld kS;s wOHCI f,i o lghq;= l< kS;s{jßhls' udkj whs;sjdislï
yd ksoyi ms<sn|j cd;Hka;r ixjdofhys ksr; weh" cd;Hka;r kS;sh" .egqqï" mßirh"
ixialD;sh" b;sydih" ia;S%-mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| jd¾;dlrKfhys o fhfokakSh'

jir 10 la muK jQ ld,hl isg udOH yd iïnkaO ù isák È,areCIs" kj udOH"

m¾fhaIK" ks¾udKd;aul rpkh" uyck in|;d" wka;¾cd, udOH Ndú;h" jevigyka
ksIamdokh hk wxYj, iu;alï olajkakSh' weh jif¾ úYsIaG;u ckudOHfõÈhdg
msßkuk u¾úka o is,ajd iïudkfhka fujr ms¥ï ,enQ w;r úfYaI wjia:d hgf;a
jd¾;dlrKh i|yd iu l=i,;d iy;slhla o ysñ lr .;a;dh'

y¾Id ux.,d iq.;odi

jif¾ .fõIKd;aul jd¾;dlrKh i|yd iïudkh

fld<U úYaj úoHd,fha Ydia;%fõ§ l,d Wmdêh yodrkakg iqÿiqlï ,enQ y¾Id iq.;odi"
ish udOH jD;a;sfha uq,l=re lf<a Wmdê wfmaCIsldjlj isáh§" ksoyia udOHfõÈkshl
f,i fiajhg tlafjñks' 1992-1993 ld,jljdkqfõ § —/ðK˜ mqj;am; yd iïnkaO
ùu wehf.a udOH Ôú;fha wdrïNhhs' fld<U úYaj úoHd,fha Wmdê ämaf,daudj o
yodrd we;s weh" rcfha m%jD;a;s fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska m< flfrk —foi;sh˜ iÕrdj
i|yd ,sms iïmdokh lr we;' miqld,Skj iqu;s mqj;a m;a wdh;kfhka m< flfrk
—Èkm;d ,laìu˜ mqj;amf;ys —udOH ljq¿j˜ yd tlafjñka udOHfõÈkshl f,i
w;a±lSï mq¿,a lr.;a y¾Id" úúO f;audjkaf.ka hq;a úfYaIdx. rpkfhys ksr; jQjdh'
§md fufy;d kï bka§h iskud wOHCIjßhf.a ks¾udKhla jQ —fjdag¾˜ Ñ;%mgfha rÕ
mE ir,d ldßhjiï kue;s YS% ,dxlsl <ud ks<sh ms<sn| m%:u jrg udOHhg y÷kajd
foñka iïmdokh l< ,smsh" wef.a udOH Èúfha yerjqqï ,CIhla ù we;af;a" tksid weh
,laìu mqj;amf;a mQ¾K ld,Sk fiajhg n|jd .ekSu ksidh'

iudcfha wyquq¿j, ieÕfjk úIhhka iudcfha wjOdkh Èkd.kakd mßÈ ish

úfYaIdx. rpkfhys § idlÉcdjg n÷ka l< weh" .xf.dvú, fidau ysñhkaf.a mYapd;a
urK mÍCIKh ms<sn| l< .fõIKd;aul bÈßm;a lsÍu ksid fujr .fõIKd;aul
jd¾;dlrKh i|yd iïudkh Èkd .;a;dh' úreck moku uÕska jd¾Islj ñksia
Ôú; fírd.kakd W;a;u ñksiqka fjkqfjka msßkuk iïudk Wf<f,a 2009 j¾Ifha
iïudkhg md;%ùug o weh iu;a jQjdh'

2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 73

 ks¾u,d lkakka.r
³ jif¾ mdßißl jd¾;dlrKh i|yd l=i,;d iy;slh
³ uydpd¾h fla' lhs,dim;s úfYaI wjia:d hgf;a jd¾;dlrKh i|yd
l=i,;d iy;slh

ks¾u,d lkakka.r" ckudOHhg tlajkafka —ikafâ ,Sv¾˜ mqj;am; yrydh' 2005

jif¾ § ikafâ ,Sv¾ mqj;am;g tlajQ weh" udOH mqyqKqj ,nkafka" miqj >d;khg
,lajQ tys l¾;D ,ika; úl%u;=x. iy tys ysgmq l¾;Djßhl jQ fidkd,s iur;=x.
hgf;ah' miq ld,Skj .fõIKd;aul jd¾;dlrKh i|yd fhduq jQ weh ckudOH ;=<
NdId Ndú;h ms<sn| yeoEÍï l< flfkls' 2012 jif¾ ueKsla *dï isÿùug wod<
irKd.;hska kej; mÈxÑ lsÍu ms<sn| jd¾;d lrkq msKsi uq,;sõ m%foaYhg .sh
wjia:dfõ § uqyqK fokakg isÿ jQ ;%dickl w;a±lSï o" ksljeráh m%foaYfha jejl
c,h is÷jd fydag,hla b¢lrkakg hdu ms<sn| jd¾;d lsÍug tys .sh wjia:dfõ §
uqyqK ÿka .egqïldÍ ;;a;ajh o .fõIKd;aul jd¾;dlrKh ;=< wE u;lfha iksgqyka
jQ isÿùïh'

j¾;udkfha —ikafâ ,Sv¾˜ mqj;amf;a úfYaIdx. l¾;D f,i lghq;= lrk weh
úfYaIfhka u mdßißl isÿùï w<,d úfYaIdx. rpkfhys o ksr;j isákakSh' ,sÅ;
uQ,dY% yd f;dr;=re u; ys| iudc j.lSï iys; udOHlrKhl ksr;ùu wef.a wNsm%dhhs'
fujr ckudOH úYsIaG;d iïudk Wf<f,a tla l=i,;d iy;slhla wehg ysñ jQfha
úfYaI wjia:d hgf;a jd¾;dlrKh fjkqfjks' mdßißl jd¾;dlrKh i|yd o wehg
l=i,;d iy;slhla yssñ úh'

iañ%;S veksfh,a
Wmd,s úfÊj¾Ok jif¾ úfYaIdx. rpkh ^bx.S%is& iïudkh

bka§h cd;sl iañ%;S veksfh,a furg /f|ñka mqj;am;a udOHlrKfhys kshef,kakshls'

ckikaksfõokh ms<sn| Ydia;%fõ§ Wmdêh" bx.S%is idys;H yd o¾Yk Wmdêh" bx.S%is
idys;H ms<sn| Ydia;%m;s Wmdêh" iduh yd ixj¾Okd;aul jd¾;dlrKh ms<sn|
ämaf,daudOdßkshl o jk iañ%;S" 2009 j¾Ifha cQks ui isg ikafâ ghsïia mqj;am;
yd tla ù isákakSh' tys fcHIaG úfYaIdx. f,aÅldjl f,i lghq;= lrhs' —hQá˜
úfkdaod;aul <ud iÕrdfõ l<ukdlrK iïnkaëldrljßh jk weh" bkaÈhdfõ
m%uqL fmf<a jHdmdßl mqj;am;la jk —ñiaܘ" —ghsïia T*a bkaähd˜ mqj;am;aj,g
wu;rj" —f,I¾ ghsï ue.iska˜" —f.dafuÜ i¾l,a˜" —g%ej,a YS% ,xld˜ iÕrd i|yd ,sms
iïmdokfhys o ksr; jkakSh'

fujr ckudOH úYsIaG;d iïudk Wf<f,a § weh" jif¾ úfYaIdx. rpkh ^bx.S%is&
i|yd msßkefuk Wmd,s úfÊj¾Ok iïudkfhka msÿï ,enqjdh'

74 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

 ukaokd biauhs,a wfíúl%u
î'ta' isßj¾Ok jif¾ ;Sre ,sms rpkh ^bx.S%is& iïudkh

b;d uE;l § msysgq jQ YS% ,xld ckudOHfõ§ jD;a;Sh ix.uh wdrïN lsÍu i|yd
±ä fia lem jQ ukaokd wfíúl%u tys iNdm;sksh o fõ' ikafâ ,Sv¾ mqj;amf;ys
ksfhdacH l¾;Djßhl jk weh" foaYmd,k ;Sre ,smsh rpkd lrk w;r —hqo úfrdaë
jd¾;dlrKfha fhÿKq udOHfõÈkshl˜ f,i l;dnyg ,la fõ' uE;l § ikakoaO
msßila lvd je§ wef.a ,sms f.dkq mÍCId lrñka isáh § meñKs fmd,Sish iuÕ fjä
yqjudrejlska mqoa.,hl= wef.a ksji ;=< u ure uqjg m;aúh' wehg fukau udOHfõÈhl=
jk wef.a ieñhdg o Ôú; wjodkula t,a, jQ neúka wehg ish mjq, iuÕ rgyer
hkakg isÿ jQ w;r kej; meñK udOH jD;a;sfha fhfoa'

2009 jif¾ ckudOH Wf<f,a §" jif¾ jHdmdßl udOHfõÈksh i|yd l=i,;d iïudkh
^bx.S%is&" tu jif¾ u .fõIKd;aul jd¾;dlrKh i|yd jQ iïudkh o weh úiska
ysñlr .kakd ,§' fujr weh ;Sre ,sms rpkh ^bx.S%is& i|yd msßkuk î'ta' isßj¾Ok
iïudkh Èkd .ekSug iu;a jQjdh'

oÍId neiaáhka
î'ta' isßj¾Ok jif¾ ;Sre ,sms rpkh - l=i,;d iy;slh' ^bx.S%is&

oÍId neiaáhka" 2004 j¾Ifha § —ikafâ ,Sv¾˜ mqj;am; yd tlajkafka mqyqKq

udOHfõÈkshl f,ihs' Bg fmr lemsg,a f¾äfhda wdh;kfhka úoaHq;a udOH w;a±lSula
,nd.ekSug o wehg yels ù we;' wdKavqj yd t,a'à'à'B' ixúOdkh w;r igka úrduh
meje;s jljdkqfõ § ish uqÞs; udOH Èúh werUQ wehg" ikafâ ,Sv¾ ysgmq l¾;D
,ika; úl%u;=x.f.a WmfoaYl;ajh mßÈ" W;=re-kef.kysr m%foaYj, ixpdrh lrñka
.egqï jd¾;dlrKh ms<sn| w;a±lSï ,nkakg yelshdj ,eìKs' 2005 jif¾ § —fâ,s
ñr¾˜ mqj;am;g tla jQ weh" 2006 jif¾ § —o fkaIka˜ mqj;am; yd tla ù we;' flá
ld,hla ráka neyerj isá weh" kej; 2011 jif¾ —isf,daka gqf☠mqj;am;g ne£
we;' 2012 iema;eïn¾ udifha isg —fâ,s *hskEkaia ghsïia˜ yd tlafjñka foaYmd,k
;Sre ,sms rpkfhys ksr; jk weh" fï jk úg cd;Hka;r in|;d ms<sn| Wmdê
mdGud,djla yodrñka isà' tfukau ,kavkh miqìï lr.;a úoHd yd ixj¾Ok cd,h
i|yd iïmdÈldjl jk weh" ì%;dkH ljqkais,h" fld<U ljh" .d,a, idys;H Wf<,
i|yd o ish odhl;ajh ,ndfokakSh' wka;¾cd, udOH Ndú;h" íf,d.a yd fjí wvú
ks¾udKh' úfYaIdx. rpkh" mqj;a ixialrKh" m%ldYkh we;=¿ úIhhkays o weh
iu;alï olajkakSh'

2005 ckudOH iïudk úYsIaG;d Wf<f,a § fvkais,a mSßia jif¾ ;reK udOHfõ§
iïudkh o" 2006 § Wmd,s úfÊj¾Ok úfYaIdx. rpkh ^bx.S%is& iïudkh o" 2007 §
u¾úka o is,ajd jif¾ ckudOHfõ§ iïudkh o ysñ lr.;a;dh' fujr wehg ;Sre ,sms
rpkh ^bx.S%is& i|yd l=i,;d iy;slhla ysñ úh'

2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 75

 ÿIHka;skS
lk.iNdm;s ms,af,hs
úfYaI wjia:d hgf;a jd¾;dlrKh i|yd jk
uydpd¾h fla' lhs,dim;s iu l=i,;d iy;slh

1990 oYlfha uq,a jljdkqfõ isx.mamQrefõ § ckikaksfõokh ms<sn| mdGud,djla

yeoErE ÿIHka;skS" 1993 § —ùrflai͘ mqj;am; yd tlajkafka m%jD;a;s jd¾;dldßkshl
f,ihs' jir 1993 § —hd àù˜ wdh;kh uÕska ksIamdokh l< iduh ms<sn| f;audjlska
hq;a jevigykl ksIamdÈldj njg m;a jQ weh" 1999 j¾Ifha § î'î'iS' cd;Hka;r
udOH cd,h yd tlajkafka o ksIamdÈldjl f,isks' î'î'iS' wdh;kh iuÕ lghq;=
l< jir 8-9 l ld,h ;=< —íf,d.a wvú˜ ks¾udKfhys yelshdjka Tma kxjd.;a weh
úiska ks¾udKh l< íf,d.a wvúh" 2010 § ksõfhda¾la kqjr § 6 jeks jrg meje;a
jQ íf,d.a ys,¾ iïfï,kfha § f,dj mqrd íf,d.a wvú mj;ajdf.k hk ;reK
íf,d.a ls%hd;aul lrkakshka oyila w;ßka m%:u ia:dkh f.k we.hSug md;%úh'
wef.a íf,d.a wvúh" wOHdmksluh yd iodpdrd;aul ckikaksfõokhla i|yd lem
jQ úêu;a wdldrfha tlla nj tys § ks¾foaY flßKs'

fï jk úg bkaÿkSishdfõ udOH wdh;khl úfoaY udOH jd¾;dldßkshl f,i fiajh

lrk weh" cdhdrEm udOHfõÈkshl f,i fCIa;%h ;=< lghq;= lrhs' jir 20 lg
wêl udOH w;a±lSï we;s ÿIHka;skS" mqyqKq jevuq¿ i|yd o iïm;aodhsldjl f,i
lghq;= lrk w;r" hdmkh" uvlmqj hk úYaj úoHd,j, ndysr lÓldpd¾hjßhla
f,i lghq;= lrk weh o fujr iïudk Wf<f,a § uydpd¾h lhs,dim;s iïudkfha
iu l=i,;d iy;shla ñys lr.;a;dh' •
idlÉPd igyk
j;ai,d .uf.a

76 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

 Ñ;% - ouhka;s uq;=l=udrK
we | by woaor
urkskafoa yqka
Trf,daiqj isysfkka
ìh jQjd fia wjÈj
lE.ihs' tljr
wjÈ jQ ud lE .eiSu
kej;ajQfhñ' fj,dj mdkaor y;r miq ù úkdä ;syhs' ;=ka
mefha jev uqrh ksu ùug u;af;ka l<hq;= oE fndfydah'
ud iNNd.s jQ tla;rd jevuq¿jl § uf.a ld¾hCIu;dj"
orejka ueÈ fldg wef|ys ksodyqka ieñhdg jvd tlish
úis.=Khla nj lSjd uf.a u;lhg ke.=fKa ksrdhdifhks'
;=ka mefha ksjfia fiajd uqrh wjikaj nia kej;=u fj;
msh ke.+ uu" m%Odk mdf¾ wE; n,disáfhñ'

fmr<Sug wdikak jQjd fuka fõ.fhka wefok mqoa.,sl nih

wE;ska u;= úh' is; i;=áka bms,sks' keje;a jQ nifhka oi
fofkl= nei .;a úg" nihg f.dvùug ìug ù n,d isá úis
fofkl=" fldkafodia;r ;ekf.a yelshdj ksidfjka r:h
;=<g f.dvjQy' ta w;r ud o úh' nih fõ.fhka bÈßhg
wefohs' by<g tiù wdOdrlh w,a,d isák w; muKla uf.a
nj ug yefÕa' .eyeKq o" msßñ o lshd yß yeá y÷kd.;
fkdyels msßila isrer jglr f.k isá;s' ta w;r jQ msßñka
ÿgq l," ud fmïnr ieñhdgj;a u;l we;s ldf,l t;rï
ióm jQjd foda lshd is;=Ks' fi,ùugj;a fkdyels jQ wm
miqlr fnßyka foñka fldkafodia;r ;ek nih kj;ajk
jdrhla mdid bÈßfhka miq mig ÿjhs' th o wdYap¾hhls'
—fldyqj,˜ hehs fldkafodia;r ;ekf.a úOdkhg wkqj uu

2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 77

 nifhka nei .ekSfï fmdrhg tla jQfhñ' tfy;a ud ;=< ú,sìh
we;súh' ta nih ;=<ska fikÕ mSrdf.k ìug neiSug hk uf.a
wefÕys we÷ï we;sfoda hkak .ek ug iel iys; jQ ksidfjks'
w; ne¢ Trf,daiqj ÿgq ug ld¾hd,fha r;= br je§ ke;s ksid
is;g i;=gla we;s úh'

Èkm;d fï .uk fjfyildÍ úh' iqmqreÿ nia kej;=u miqlr ud

bÈßhg weÿfka m%Odk nia kej;=ïfmd< fj;h' wdYap¾hh .,a yd
msßhï l< wdf,amk ksid nia kej;=u úrdcudkj isà' kej;=fï
ug wod< fldgfiys uÕSka fndfydu úkS;j tld miqmi tld
fm<.eiS n,dys£' Bg uola tmsáka r:.df,a .ukg ieriS" nih
wm foi n,d isà' tfy;a lE fudr ;,k fldkafodia;r ;ek fyda
;%dickl bx.S%is Ñ;%mghl r: mojkakd n÷ ßhÿre o fkdue;'
nih wm foi o" wms nih foi o wksñif,dapkfha fhÿfkuq'
wE;ska fmfkk úfõld.drh foiska ;u cx.u ÿrl:kh lfka
.id .;a mqoa.,hl= fndfyda Ydka; .ukska u;= úh' Tyq Èjd
wjYH;djhlg hdug meñfKk wfhl= hehs ug is;sK'
tfy;a Tyq kj;d ;snQ nihg f.dv ù bÈßfha jQ ßhÿre wiqfka
jdä úh' úikaê l< fkdyelss ÿrl:k ixjdoh iuÕ r:h"
wm wi, keje;aúh'

miqmiska meñKs mqoa.,hd m%fõY m;% ueIsu mK .ekaùh'

lsisÿ l,n,hla fkdue;' wm meñfKk ;=re wdik tf,i u
n,d ys£' fifuka r:hg f.dv jQ wms úúO wiqka miq lrñka
ukdm wiqk fidhd ys|.;suq' ish,a,ka u wiqka f.k is;=ú,sj,g
iuje§ n,d ys£' fldkafodia;r uy;d o ìug ù wm fuka ys£'
hdug fyda f.k hdug wjYH;djhla lsisfjl=g fkdjQ fiah'
ÿrl:k ixjdofha miq jQ ßhÿre o fmfkk udkhl ke;'
ish,a, fifuka isÿjQj;a" fydard lgqj fõ.fhka ÿjhs' hula u;la
jQjd fia meñKs ßhÿre uy;d nih m%Odk mdrg yerùh'
isis,a iq<x w;ßka wjg mßirh fmfka' l,n,ldÍ lsisjla ke;'
ie±ye is;a fmr±ßj hk jkaokd .ukla fuks' fm%auKSh yeÕSï
is; ;=< f;rfma' uf.a wksla miska fmïnr ysñ isáfha kï lshd
is;=j ud w;S;fha tjka iqkaor ojia w;r yqol,d jQfhñ'
Od;=u¨ úydrfha jev isák ms<sujykafia ufoi n,d ys£'
tflfkys u bÈßfhka fldyqj, § kdo jQ nifha iSkq y~g
ud ±yeka ì÷Ks' uu fifuka nifhka nei .;sñ' mqreoaog fuka
w; ne¢ Trf,daiqj neÆ ug fof,da r;a úh' wo kï r;= br' •

ã'fla'ã' ;=Idß uxcq,d

78 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

 lúhl=f.a
m%dKh jQ ìß|lg
l< .=K ie,lSu -
fyauud,S
ixialrKh - iuka iS ,shkf.a" ;=Idr o is,ajd
m%ldYkh - .,a,E,a, uyck ikaksfõok cd,h" .d,a,

we ;a;' idys;H fCIa;%hg wiydh

fiajlhla l< f,aLl f,aÅldjka"
lúhka lsú¢hka ñh .sh o wjika
lghq;=j,ska miq ish¨ foa wu;l lr
ouk ld,hla ;uhs fï' fyauud,S .ek
fmd;la lrkakg ;rï lú ,shefjkafka
tfyu ldf,l' tal lsysmdldrhlska u
idOkSh ix{d we;s lrjk tlla' talhs ta
.ek wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;af;a'

—fyauud,S˜ kñka lú fmd;la t<s

olskafka fyauud,S lsú¢hl jQ ksid
fkdfõ' weh lúhl=f.a ms%h ìß| ù
isáhdh' yÈisfha tu lúhdf.a m%dKh
iu jQ tu ìß|" tu lúhdf.kq;a uq¿
f,dalfhkq;a iuq f.k .shdh' fmd;la
lrkakg ;rï lú tl;= jQ ksñ;a; th
úh' tkï YS% ,xldfõ m%lg u lúhl=
jQ r;ak YS% úfÊisxyhkaf.a ìß| jQ u wvx.= ia;s%hlf.a lem lsÍu fyauud,S
fyauud,sf.a urKh tu lúj,g ksñ;a; yryd fï lú ,shQ ish¨ lú lsú¢hka ±l
úh' ;sîuhs' ks¾udKh yd ks¾udKlrejd ñi
tu ks¾udKhg Ôjh ,enqKq ;ek .ek
flfkl=f.a urKh fjkqfjka is;kakg ixfõ§ ke;s iudchla ;=< fï
,shejqKq lú tl;=jla wmf.a úfYaI m%fõYh b;d u idOkSh tlls' fï m<
wjOdkhg fhduq jkafka wehs@ th wmg jk lúj,ska tlla folla lúhkaf.a
f.k tk idOkSh ix{d fudkjdo@ lúfha Ôjh jkafka Tyqf.a ìß| nj
m%Odk u ix{djkï fï iudch ;=< u;la lr §u i|yd u ,shd we;' tkï"
ks¾udKlrejkaf.a ks¾udKj, wm%udKj r;ak YS%f.a Ôjh jQfha fyauud,S nj b÷rd

2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 79

 u lshkakg yels ;rug Tjqka wehf.a
fufyjr y÷kd f.k ;sîu jeo.;ah'
tla lúhl= lshd isákafka r;ak YS%f.a
lú w;r isá fkdm< lsú¢h weh njhs'
wef.a fufyjr wu;l lrdú hehs is;d
u;la lrñka u ,shkakg fm<U ùu tl
w;lska ia;s%h ms<sn| u;jd§ l;sldjg
odhl jk m%fõYhla o fjhs'
fuu fmd;g we;=<;a ish¨ ks¾udK
mqj;am;aj, yd fjí wvúj, m< jQ tajd
ùu o úfYaIhls' flfkl=g fmd;la
lrkakg wjYH ù m%ùK yd kjl lú
lsú¢hkag lshd ,shd" .;a tajd fkdfõ'
tu lú lsú¢hka fyauud,Sf.a úfhdafjka
lïmdj ,shd ;uka ks¾udK fhduq
lrk mqj;am;a yd fjí wvúj, tajd
m< lr ;snqKs' tfukau tajd tl;= lr
fmd;la m< lrkakg .,a,E,a, uyck
ikaksfõok cd,fha ikaksfõolhkag
woyila my< jkafka o" r;ak YS% kï
ks¾udKlrejdf.a Ôjh njg m;a ù isá
fyauud,S .ek fu;rï ks¾udKlrejka
m%udKhla fu;rï ks¾udK lsÍu
Tjqkaf.a o úfYaI wjOdkhg ,lajQ
ksidh' tfukau lúhd weiqre l<
Tjqka weh lúhdf.ka msgia;rhl=
fkdjk nj ±k isá ksidh' tys f;areu
ks¾udKlrejd ñi Tyqg cjh iemhQ
ìß|f.a fufyjr wu;l fkdl< hq;=
tlla nj Tjqka f;areï f.k isàuh'
fyauud,S lD;sh lsysmdldrhlska u
idOkSh ix{d we;s lrjk tlla nj wm
uq,ska u i|yka lf<a fuu ish¨ ldrKd
ie,ls,a,g .ksñks'
.,a,E,a, uyck ikaksfõok cd,h
fjkqfjka fuu fmd; ixialrKh
lr we;Af;a iuka iS ,shkf.a iy
;=Idr o is,ajd hk fofokdh' tla
ixialdrljrfhla jk iuka iS ,shkf.a
fuu lD;sh ud w;g foñka m%ldY lf<a
80 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
o" —uereKq lúhka .ek;a Èk fol
;=klska wu;l lrk ldf,l r;ak YS%f.a
ìß| .ek fufyu w.h lsÍula lsÍu
.ek Tn wksjd¾hfhka u i;=gq fõú˜
lshdh' tfyu foa w.h lrkakg ud
leue;s nj iuka okS' tjeks l;sldjla
we;s lsÍug Tjqka W;aidy lsÍu o
idOkSh ix{djls' ienúka u fkdfjk
foa .ek muKla fkdj" isÿ jqK foa
yryd u ks¾udKhl miq mi ia;s%hf.a
lem lsÍu l;sld lrkakg ,eîu jákd
wjia:djls'
fï ks¾udK ìys jkafka fyauud,S ñh
.sh miqh' iuyr ks¾udK u< f.or
§ uqøKh lr fnod yer ;snqK tajdh'
kuq;a úfYaIh jkafka fndfyda ks¾udK
yqÿ fYdal m%ldY fkdù ks¾udKd;aul
.=Kfhka msßmqka tajd ùuh' thska tla
lsú¢hlf.a lúhla ri ú£ug ,la
lrñka nqoaOodi .,mam;a;s kï m%ùK
lúhd mqj;am;a ;Sre ,smshla ^fld,ula&
,shd we;s w;r th o fuu fmd;g
we;=<;ah' ud,s;S l,amkd weïfn%daia kï
lsú¢h l,d;aul nilska ,shd we;s tu
lú fm< fyauud,S wysñ jqK r;ak YS%f.a
fldaKfhka ,shd we;'
iuyr lú fyauud,S r;ak YS%g lshk
fldaKfhka o" iuyr lú r;ak
YS% fyauud,sg wduka;%Kh lrk
wdldrfhka o ks¾udKh ù we;' Bg
wu;r u ;ukaf.a .=re lúhd jQ r;ak
YS% fjkqfjka fyauud,S l< lem lsÍu
flfkla ,shhs' Tyqf.a Wmfoia me;Sug"
Tyq yd in|;d meje;aùug yd Tyq yd
ñ;=oï meje;aùug Tjqkaf.a ksjig wd
.sh fndfyda kjl yd m%ùKfhda fyauud,S
Tjqka ieug ujl fuka ie,l+ wdldrh
isysm;a lr;s' flfkla fyauud,S wlald
.ek ,shk úg flfkla fyauud,S
wïud .ek ,sh;s' fï wdldrhg úúO
fldaKj,ska Tjqka ,shd we;af;a lúhdf.a
weiqrg md,ula jQ fyauud,S wysñ ùfuka
,o lïmkhhs' r;ak YS% kï lúhd weh
.ek fldmuK kï ,shd weoa±hs o;a
iuyre wehf.a wysñ ùfuka Tyqf.a Ôjh
wysñ fõ±hs ìh o m< lr;s'
fndfyda ks¾udKj,ska fukau" m%ùK
lúhka weh ms<sn|j" r;ak Y%S ,shQ lú
weiqßka l< igykaj,ska o meyeÈ,s
jkafka r;ak YS% ;u ìß| jQ fyauud,sf.a
N+ñldj ;u lúh ;=< buy;a .re;ajhg
m;a fldg we;s wdldrhhs' mqj;am;lg
fyauud,sf.a úfhdaj .ek ,smshla ,shk
wurisß úl%ur;ak lúhd" r;ak YS% ,shQ
lú WodyrKhg .ksñka" Tyq iy Tyqf.a
mjq, flf¾ lemjQ ;u ìß| jvd;a
W;a;Í;r ;;a;ajhg m;a lrñka r;ak YS%
,shQ lú mo lsysmhla u;la lr fohs'
me;=ï nf,ka wdfõ ke;=jg fmaù
.fuk0a ysáfh ug kqU ú;rhs foaù
f.diska nqÿj weúÈka .ug u fmaù
ksjka olskakg nK lshmka foaù
—;u Ôjk iyldßh .ek;a" ;u Ôj
jia;+ka jQ ¥ mq;=ka .ek;a Tn ;rï
yDoh ixfõ§j ,shQ wka lúhl= ug
yuqjkafka ke;e˜hs m%ùK lsújr
mrdl%u fldä;=jlal= o mqj;am;lg
,shQ ,smshlska WodyrK lú olajñka
m%ldY lrkafka r;ak YS% .ekhs' Tyq
fufia o lshhs' —jvd;a ÿla ú¢kafka
lúhkaf.a" l,dlrejkaf.a .eyeKqka
h' ula ksid o h;a ks¾udKldrhka
l,amkd f,dal jdiSka jk ksidh' .Dy
lghq;=j, nr;a" <udjrekaf.a nr;a
orkakS wehhs''''˜ b;ska lúhka u lshk
fï foaj,a yryd fld;rï kï idOkSh
ix{d wfma l;sldjg tla lrkjd o@
lúhl=f.a ìß|lf.a úfhdaj ksñ;s
lr f.k fumuK lú ìys jQ m%:u
wjia:dj w;a fkdyer tajd tl;= lr
fmd;la lsÍfuka .,a,E,a, ikaksfõok
cd,h lr we;af;a furg ia;S%ka ms<sn|
l;sldjg w;a fmd;la tl;= lr ;eîu
neúka th o jeo.;ah' tys tk lú
ish,a, ks¾udKd;aul .=Kfhka by< nj
thska woyia jkafka ke;' ÿ¾j, tajd o
we;' fï W;aidyh tu lúj, .+Kd.=K
úuikakg fkdfõ' jeo.;a jkafka
b;sydifha ;ekla ysñ úh hq;= ia;s%hlg
ta ;ek §ug W;aidy f.k ;sîuhs'
tu b;sidyh jkafka weh w.h lrk
Tjqkaf.a yoj;a .eUrh'
Ôj;aj isáh § weh .ek fndfyda lú
,shd we;s r;ak YS% wef.a urKfhka miq
,shQ lúhla o fmd;g we;=<;ah'
—weh˜ hkqfjka th kï lr we;' tu
lúfha wjika mo lsysmfhka" fyauud,S
.ek ,shjqKq ks¾udK tl;= lr m<
l< —fyauud,S˜ lD;sh .ek ,shk flá
igyk o wjika fõ'
m%§md.drh mduq,
iqÿ isks÷ uqÿ fjr<;
r< m;r ueÈka wd ls÷ßhl
uf.a oEf;ys ;enQ
lsß ljähl /÷Kq uq;= wegh
.shd o Wÿrd f.k kej;
mia ñgla ;shd w;a, Wv
jyis nek nqr nqrd mek ths
fmr<s fmr<S ffojh' •
iS;d rxckS
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 81
 ia;%S whs;sjdislï ms<sn|
ft;sydisl úldYkh
iy ikaêia:dk
1908 weußld tlai;a ckmoh ;=< 1911 m<uq ia;%S Èkh
ia;%Ska 15"000 la muK idOdrK jegqma f,dj uq,a jrg iurk
idOdrK jevuqr iy ckao whs;sh ,oafoa 1911 ud¾;= ui
b,a,d fm< .eiSu' 19 jeksod jk w;r"
bka i;shla .; jQ miq
1909 iudcjd§ m%ldYkh wkqj 1911 ud¾;= ui 25 Èk
weußld tlai;a ckmoh ;=< ia;%S ksõfhda¾la kqjr
Èkhla m%ldYhg m;aùu$1909 lïlre ia;%Ska
fmnrjdß 28 jeks Èk uq,a u ldka;d 146lg ure le|jQ
oskh ieuÍu' iy 71 fofkl=
nrm;, wk;=rej,g
,lal, weÕ¿ï
1910 ia;%Skag ;u b,a,Sï lr,shg l¾udka; Yd,d .skak (The Triangle
f.k wd yels" f,dj mqrd tl u Shirtwaist Factory fire) lïlre
Èkhl iurk ia;%S Èkhla wjYH ia;%Skaf.a jev lrk ;;a;ajhka
hehs c¾uksfha iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ iy kS;s .ek
mlaIfha ldka;d wxYfha kdhsld wjOdkh fhduq
la,drd fiÜlska uq,a jrg 1910 § lrjkakla úh'
fldamkafya.ka kqjr § fhdackd lrk lïlre ia;%Ska
,§' fkdfhla lafIa;% ksfhdackh meh 14 lg jvd
lrñka rgj,a 17lska meñKs ia;%Ska jev lrñka
ishhlg wêl m%udKhla meñKs iqrd lEulg
by; iïfï,kfha § fulS fhdackdj ,la jQ w;r
talu;slj iïu; lrk ,§' bka Tjqka kshñ; fõ,djg fmr msgjkq
miq ia;%Skaf.a jev lsÍfï whs;sh" je<elaùu msKsi l¾udka; Yd,d
ckao whs;sh" jD;a;Sh mqyqKqj ,eîfï whs;slrejka msg jk fodrgq w.=¿ ,Eu
whs;sh" uyck ksfhdackfha whs;sh ksid ìug mekSfuka iy isrùfuka
iy ia;%Skag tfrys widOdrKhka urK iy nrm;, wk;=rej,g
kj;k f,i b,a,d ia;%S Èk iurk ,laùu isÿ úh' fulS isoaêh ksid
,§' ydksodhl ;;a;ajhka hgf;a jev
lrk ia;%Skaf.a whs;Ska wdrlaId lrkq
msKsi kS;s o ia;%S jD;a;sh iñ;s o we;s
lrk ,§'

82 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

1913 m<uq f,dal hqoaO ld, iSudj 1946 ia;%Skaf.a ;;a;ajh k.d isgqùu
;=< ia;%Ska iduh fjkqfjka fm< ms<sno tlai;a cd;Skaf.a fldñiu
.eiqKq w;r" ia;%S Èkh f,dalh mqrd msysgqjk ,§'
ud¾;= 8 jeksod ieußh hq;= hhs
;srKh úh' 1948 udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sn|
úYaj m%ldYkh 1948 foieïn¾ ui 10
1919 1919 wxl 3 orK ud;D;ajh jeks Èk iïu; jk ,§'
wdrlaId lsÍu iïnkaO iïuq;sh ore
m%iq;shg fmr iy miq ksjdvq ,nd 1948 1948 wxl 89 orK ia;%Ska yd
.ekSu" ffjoH m%;sldr ,eîu yd ud;D rd;S% jev iïnkaO cd;Hka;r lïlre
ksjdvq ld,fha § wdodhu tf,i u ixúOdkfha iïuq;sh rd;S% ld,fha jev
,eîu iy;sl lrk ,o w;r fuu lsÍfï § fi!LH wdrlaIdj" ud;D;aj
iïuq;sh n,d;aul jQfha 1921 cqks 13 wdrlaIdj" iudc fiajdjka yd wu;r
jeksodh' jkaÈ f.ùu we;=<;a ksYaÑ; ls%hdud¾.
hka .; hq;=hs hk mokfuka iïu;
1931 Y%S ,xldfõ ia;%Ska i¾j ck lrk ,o w;r 1951 fmnrjdß ui 27
Pkao n,h N=la;s ú§u yd weâ,ska jkod n,d;aul úh'
fud,uqf¾ m%:u ldka;d uka;%Sjßh
njg m;aùu' 1949 ;eke;a;ka fj<odu"
;eke;a;ka .Ksld
1935 1935 wxl 45 orK fmdf<dj jD;a;sh ioyd fhoùu
hg msysá m;,a lghq;= yd ia;%Ska uev,Su i|yd jQ
iïnkaO iïuq;sh u.ska lsis u jhia iïuq;sh 1949 foieïn¾
uÜgul ia;S%ka m;,aj, fiajh ui 02 jeks Èk tlai;a
lsÍu fkdl< hq;=h hkak;a m;,a cd;Ska úiska wkqu;
;=< § wdrlaIdj iy fi!LHh hk lrk ,o w;r 1951 cQ,s
ldrKdjka ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a úh ui 25 jeks Èk n,d;aul
hq;=h hkak;a wjOdrKh lrk ,§' úh'
fuu iïuq;sh n,d;aul jQfha 1937
uehs 30 jeksodh' 1950 1948 ^wxl
87 orK& iud.ufha
1945 ia;%Ska ms<sno úfYaI wjOdkhla iy ixúOdkh ùfï
,nd §u iïnkaOfhka b,a,Sï lsÍug whs;sjdislu wdrlaId
ieka m%ekaisiafldays § meje;s tlai;a lsÍfï iïuq;sh 1950 §
cd;Skaf.a m<uq iquq¿jg ia;%Ska n,d;aul úh'
ksfhdackh lrkq ,eîh' fulS n,mEï
wkqj wd¾Ól yd iudc ljqkais,h 1951
(ECOSOC) ia;%S whs;sh iïnkaOfhka • ñ, yd fõ;kfha
Wm fldñIka iNdjla udkj iajNdjh fiajlhdf.a
whs;sjdislï fldñIka iNdjg tla ,sx. fNaoh mokï fldg ai
a Kollont
fldg msysgqjk ,§' Alexandr

2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 83

 f.k isÿ
fkdúh hq;=
nj yd bgq
lrk ,o
jev fldgi
u; ;SrKh
l< hq;= nj
;yjqre lrñka 1951 wxl 100 orK
iudk fõ;kh ms<sno cd;Hka;r
lïlre ixúOdkfha iïuq;sh 1951
cqks 29 jeks Èk lr,shg meñKs
w;r 1953 uehs 23 n,d;aul úh'
• ck iuQ, >d;k wmrdO
je<elaùfï yd o~qjï lsÍfï
iïuq;sh 1951 ckjdß 12 jeksod
n,d;aul úh'
• wxl 98 orK ixúOdkh ùfï iy
iduQysl flaj,a lsÍfï whs;sjdislï
ms<sn| iïuq;sh 1951 cq,s 18 jeks
Èk n,d;aul úh'
1954
• tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ia;%S foaYmd,k
whs;sh ms<sno iïuq;sh 1954 cq,s 07
jeks Èk n,d;aul úh'
• irKd.;hkaf.a ;;a;ajh
iïnkaOfhka jk iïuq;sh 1954
wfm%a,a 23 od n,d;aul úh'
1957 tlai;a cd;Ska úiska 1957
ckjdß ui 29 jk Èk újdyl
ia;%Skaf.a cd;sl;ajh iïnkaO
iïuq;sh iïu; lrk ,o w;r
zújdyh Nd¾hdjf.a cd;sl;ajhg bfí
u fkdn,mdhsZ hkak ;yjqre lrk
,§' 1958 wf.daia;= 11 jk Èk fuh
n,d;aul njg m;a úh'
1959 1957 wxl 105 orK
n,y;aldrfhka Y%uh ,nd .ekSu
msgqoelSfï iïuq;sh 1959 ckjdß 17
jeks od n,d;aul úh'
84 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
1960
• fvdñkslka
rdcHfha
wd{dodhl g%ðf,da
(Trujillo) úiska
>d;kh lrk
,o ñrdn,a fidfydhqßhka (Mirabal
sisters) fjkqfjka 1960 fkdjeïn¾
ui 25 jeks Èkh ia;%Skag tfrys
m%pKav;ajh msgq±elSfï cd;Hka;r
Èkh jYfhka kï lrk ,§'
• 1958 wxl 111 orK /lshd iy jD;a;Sh
fjkia fldg ie,lSu ÿre lsÍfï
iïuq;sh 1960 cqks 15 § n,d;aul úh'
• ia;%shla foaYmd,k rduqfõ by< u
n, jHqyh ksfhdackh lrñka f,dj
m<uq ldka;d w.ue;sksh Y%S ,xldfjka
ìysùu o 1960 § isÿúh'
1962
• újdyhg leue;a; §fï" újdy ùfï
iy újdyh ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï wju
jhia iSudj iïuq;sh 1962 iïu; jQ
w;r 1964 isg n,d;aul úh'
• wOHdmkfha § fjkia fldg ie,lSug
tfrys iïuq;sh 1962 uehs 22 n,d;aul
úh'
1966 isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï
ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh yd wd¾Ól
iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn|
cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh iïu; úh'
1969 ish¨ j¾.jd§ fjkialï
msgqoelSfï cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh n,d;aul
úh'
1975 cd;Hka;r ia;%S oYlh m%ldYhg
m;aùu iy ia;%Ska ms<sn| m<uq f,dal
iïfï,kh 1975 § fulaisfldays §
meje;aùu'
1976 isú,a iy foaYmd,k
whs;sjdislï ms<sn| cd;Hka;r
iïuq;sh iy tys ffjl,amsl .súiqu
1976 ud¾;= 23 n,d;aul ùu'
1975 -1985 iduh" iudkd;au;djh
iy ixj¾Okh fjkqfjka jQ
cd;Hka;r ia;%S oYlh'
1978 Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%u
jHjia:dj iïu; ùu yd iudk;d
j.ka;shla iys;j" 12^2& j.ka;sh
wdKavq l%u jHjia:djg we;=<;a ùu'
1979 ia;%Skag tfrys ish¨ wdldrfha
fjkialï ;==rka lsÍfï iïuq;sh
iïu; lsÍu'
1980 iudkd;au;djh" ixj¾Okh
iy iduh iïnkaO tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ia;%S oYlh ms<sn| f,dal iïfï,kh
fldamkafya.kays § - 1980
^cQ,s 14-30& § meje;aùu' isú,a yd
foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms<sn|
cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh yd wd¾Ól" iudc
yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn|
cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh 1980 cqks 11 jeks
Èk Y%S ,xldj úiska ms<s.ekSu'
1981
• ia;%Skag tfrys ish¨ wdldrfha
fjkialï ;==rka lsÍfï iïuq;sh
n,d;aul lsÍu'
• ia;%Skag tfrys ish¨ wdldrfha
fjkialï ;==rka lsÍfï iïuq;shg
Y%S ,xldj 1980 cq,s ui 17 jkod
w;aika lsÍu yd 1981 Tlaf;dan¾ 05
jeks Èk n,d;aul lsÍu'
1983 1981 wxl 156 orK mjq,a
j.lSï iys; fiajlhkaf.a iïuq;sh
1983 wf.daia;= 11 Èk n,d;aul ùu'
1985 ia;%Ska ms<sn| f;jk f,dal
iïfï,kh khsfrdaìys § mje;aùu'
1985 cQ,s 15-26 olajd flkahdfõ
khsfrdaì kqjr mj;ajk ,o ia;%Ska
ms<sn| ;=kajk f,dal iuq¿fõ §
ia;%Skaf.a wNsjDoaêh i|yd jk
khsfrdaì bÈß l%fudamdhhka iaÒr
lsÍu'
1987 jOysxid" lDDr wudkqIsl
wjuka iy.; ie,ls,s yd o~qjïj,g
tfrys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a cd;Hka;r
iïuq;sh 1987 § n,d;aul ùu'
1989 <ud whs;sjdislï ms<sn|
iïuq;sh 1989 iïu; ùu yd 1990
iema;eïn¾ 2 jeks Èk § n,d;aul
ùu'
1990 ish¨ ixl%uKsl fiajlhska
yd Tjqkaf.a mjqf,a idudðlhskaf.a
whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu ms<sno
cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh we;sùu'
1992 mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sno
cd;Hka;r iuq¿j meje;aùu'
1993
• wxl 19 orK ia;%S ysxikh
msgqoelSfï isfvda fmdÿ ks¾foaY
n,d;aul ùu'
• úhkd m%ldYkh iy l%shd;aul
jev igyk 1993 úhkdys mej;s
udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sn| f,dal
iïfï,kfha § ^cQks 14 - 25& iaÒr
lsÍu'
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 85
 • Y%S ,xld rch úiska ia;%S m%{ma;sh
iïu; lsÍu'
1994
• ia;%Skag tfrys ysxikh
iïnkaOfhka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
úfYaI jd¾;dlrefjl= m%:u j;djg
m;a lsÍu'
• ck.ykh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sno
1994 lhsfrda cd;Hka;r iuq¿j
meje;aùu'
• pkaøsld nKavdrkdhl l=udr;=x.
uy;añh 1994 § Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u
ldka;d úOdhl ckdêm;s OQrhg
m;aùu'
1995
• ia;%Ska ms<sn| y;rjeks f,dal
iïfï,kh
• îðx m%ldYh yd l%shdldrlï
fõÈldj iïu; lr .kakd
,oafoa 1995 jif¾ iema;eïn¾
15 jeks Èk îðx kqjr § meje;s
iudkd;au;djh ixj¾Okh yd
iduh i|yd isõjk f,dal ia;%S
iïfï,kfha §h'
• oKav kS;s ix.%yfhA ^ixfYdaê;&
1995 wxl 22 orK mk;a flgqïm;
md¾,sfïka;=j úiska iïu; lsÍu
yd tu.ska ia;%S ¥IK jrol §
leue;a; Èh yels jhia iSudj
wjqreÿ fod<fya ^12& isg wjqreÿ
oyih ^16& olajd by< kxjk ,§'
1996 ish¨u ixl%uKsl fiajlhka
iy Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, idudðlhkaf.a
whs;sjdislï iqrelSfï cd;Hka;r
iïuq;sh 1996 fmnrjdr 11 jeks Èk
Y%S ,xldj úiska ms<s .ekSu'
86 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013
1999 ia;%Skag tfrys ish¨ wdldrfha
fjkialï ;==rka lsÍfï iïuq;sfha
ffjl,amsl .súiqu tlai;a cd;Ska
úiska foieïn¾ ui flgqïm;a lsÍu'
2000
• ia;%Sh" iduh yd wdrlaIdj ms<sno
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a 1325
wdrlaIl uKav, fhdackdj 2000
j¾Ifha Tlaf;dan¾ 31 jk Èk
iAÓr lrk ,§' (UNSCR 1325)
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a 1325 wdrlaIl
uKav, fhdackdj wkqj" hqo .egqï
;;a;ajhka ;=< ia;%Skag yd .eyeKq
<uhskag tfrysj lrk ,sx.sl yd
wfkl=;a m%pKav;d o ukqIH;ajhg
tfrysj lrk wmrdO >Khg kï
flreKs'
• ia;%S ixl%uKsl fiajlhkag tfrys
ysxikh ms<sn| iïuq;sh uyd
uKav,h úiska iïu; lsÍu'
• wxl 182 oreKq wdldrfha <ud Y%uh
msgq oelSu ms<sn| iïuq;sh n,d;aul
ùu'
2002
• ia;%Ska yd <uqka ,sx.sl fiajkfha
yd l=Ügkfha fhoùu ;ykï lrk
ol=Kq wdishdkq iyfhda.s;d l,dmSh
idla iïuq;sh iïu; ùu'
• <uqka fj<|du yd <uhska ,sx.sl
fiajkfha yd wmpdrj, fhoùu
;ykï lrk <ud whs;sjdislï
iïuq;sfha w;sf¾l .súiqï
n,d;aul lsÍu'
• wxl 183 orK ^ixfYdaê;&
cd;Hka;r lïlre
ixúOdkfha
ud;D;ajh
iq/lSfï iïuq;sh
2002 § n,d;aul
ùu'
• cd;Hka;r wmrdO wêlrKh
ms<sn| frdau jHjia:dj 2002 §
n,d;aul ùu'
• ia;%Skag tfrys ish¨u wdldrfha
fjkialï ;=rka lsÍfï iïuq;sfha
ffjl,amsl .súiqu Y%S ,xldj úiska
iaÓr lsÍu'
2003
• ish¨ u ixl%uKsl fiajlhkaf.a
iy Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj,
idudðlhkaf.a whs;sjdislï
iq/lSfï cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh
n,d;aul ùu'
• mqoa.,hka" úfYaIfhka u ia;%Ska
iy <uqka l=Ügkh lsÍu je<elaùu
iy o~qjï lsÍu ms<sn| iïuq;sh
n,d;aul ùu'
2005 2005 wxl 34 orK .Dyia:
ysxikh je<elaùfï mk; Y%S ,xld
md¾,sfïka;=j úiska iïu; lsÍu'
2006
• wndO iys; mqoa.,hkaf.a
whs;sjdislï ms<sn| iïuq;sh 2006
uehs 3 jeks od n,d;aul ùu'
• jOysxid" lDDr wudkqIsl wjuka
iy.; ie,ls,s yd o~qjïj,g
tfrys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a cd;Hka;r
ffjl,amsl iïuq;sh n,d;aul ùu'
2008 isú,a ckhdg tfrys
,sx.sl m%pKav;djhkag wod, ish¨
ls%hdjkays kshe,Su ikakoaO .egqïj,g
wod< ish¨ md¾Yjlrejka úiska
jydu" iïmQ¾Kfhka je<lsh hq;= nj
thska kshu lrñka" wxl 1820 orK
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdrlaIl uKav,fha
fr.=,dish 2008 cqks 19 Èk iaÓr lsÍu'
2009 hqo .egqïj, § ia;%Ska iy
.eyeKq orejka ,sx.sl ysxikfhka
wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd jk wxl
1888 ork wdrlaIl uKav,fha
fhdackdj o" iduh f.dv ke.Sfï
l%shdj,sh yd idu idOl yuqod ;=<
ia;%S ks,OdÍka m%udKh jeä lsÍu
we;=¨ iduh ia;%sh yd wdrlaIdj
iïnkaOfhka wêlaIK l%ufõohla
we;s lssÍug 1889 orK wdrlaIl
uKav,fha fhdackj o iaÓr lsÍu'
2010 hqo .egqïj, § ia;%Ska iy
.eyeKq orejka ,sx.sl ysxikhg
,lAùu ms<sn| wdrlaIl uKav,fha
kHdh m;%h ;=<g wêlaIKh"
úYaf,aIKh" jd¾;dlrKh lssÍu i|yd
hdka;%Khla msysgqùu iïnkaOfhka
wxl 1960 orK wdrlaIl uKav,fha
fhdackd iïu;h 2010 § iaÓr lr
.ekSu'
2011 ,xldfõ
m%:u ldka;d
w.%úksYapldrjßh
jYfhka YsrdKs
nKavdrkdhl m;a
lsÍu' ,xldfõ m%:u
ldka;d kS;sm;sjßh
m;a lsÍu'
2013 hqo .egqïj, § ia;%Ska iy
.eyeKq orejka ,sx.sl ysxikhg ,la
lrk" pqÈ;hkayg o~qjï ,nd §u
iïnkaOfhka j.ùu iy ia;%Skaf.a
wd¾Ól foaYmd,k n,dNsj¾Okh .ek
wjOdrKh lrk 2106 orK wdrlaIl
uKav,fha fhdackd iïu;h 2013 §
iaÓr lsÍu'
kS;s{ Ydñ,d o¿j;a;
PdhdrEm( wka;¾cd,fhks
2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 87
 ug ksod.kak ug ksod.kak
neye neye

ug ksod.kak ug ksod.kak
neye neye

wïud" ux tklx ug ksod.kak

n,df.k bkafkmd' neye
t,shg hkjd' tkak
mrlal= fjhs'

ldgQkh wka;¾cd,fhks'

88 weh • 2 l,dmh • 2013

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2013 • 2 l,dmh • weh 89