Suspension System 71

Suspension System

Suspension System Technical Parameters......................... 72

Front Suspension................................................................ 73
Subframe and Front Stabilizer Bar...................................... 77
Lower Swing Arm................................................................ 80
Drive Shaft........................................................................... 84
Rear Suspension................................................................. 86
Wheel and Tire.................................................................... 89

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72 GWFLORID Maintenance Manual

Suspension System Technical Parameters

Main technical parameters
Front suspension type McPherson independent suspension
Coil spring, hydraulic telescopic shock absorber, stabilizer bar, lower swing
Suspension type and Front suspension components arm
composition
Rear suspension type Compound trailing arm semi-independent suspension
Rear suspension components Coil spring, hydraulic cylinder damper, & twist beam welded components
Front wheel camber -0° 43′ ±30′
Front wheel kingpin angle +10° 21′ ±30′
Wheel positional Front wheel kingpin caster +1° 49′ ±30′
parameters
(no load) Front wheel toe-in -0° 01′ ±15′
Rear wheel camber -0° 43′ ±30′
Rear wheel toe-in +0° 14′ ±15′

Tightening torque

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Tightening
Assembly locations for
Part Code torque Quantity Glue Grade
standard components
(N·m)
Q1861455TF2
(M14×1.5) + Q402 Subframe & vehicle body (rear) 145±15 2 Red glue 10.9
(d2=32 t=5) FD
Q1861275TF2
(M12×1.25) + Q402 Subframe & vehicle body (front) 120±10 2 Red glue 10.9
(d2=32) FD
Q1401020 (M10×1.25) FD Subframe strut bar mounting bolt 49±5 4 Red glue 10.9
2904011-S08 Swing arm & steering knuckle 98±10 2 Red glue
Front Q1401495 (t=4)
Swing arm & subframe (front) 180±10 2 Red glue 10.9
suspen- (M14×1.5) FD
sion Q1401280 (M12×1.25) FD Swing arm & subframe (rear) 120±10 2 Red glue 10.9
2904013-S08 Swing arm & subframe (rear) / 2
Front shock upper assembly loca-
2905011-S08 40±5 6
tion
Front shock lower assembly loca-
Q32014 (M14×1.5) FD 132±10 4 Red glue 10.9
tion
Front stabilizer bar mounting
Q1400830 (d2=13.5) 37±4 4 Red glue
bracket
Q32608 Front stabilizer bar hanger rod 16±2 4

Q151B12110TF2+Q402 10.9 grade

Twist beam & vehicle body 80±10 2 Red glue
(d2=35 t=5) FD with guide
Rear sus-
Q32012T13F2
pension Rear shock absorber & twist beam 120±10 2 Red glue 10 grade
(M12×1.25) FD
Rear shock absorber & vehicle
Q341C10 64±5 4
body
3101014-K00 Wheel nut (M12×1.25) 110±10 16
Wheel
Q30612FD (M12×1.25) Wheel nut cone nut 110±10 16

Wheel and tire parameters

Tire specifications: 15 × 6J (For 185/65R15 tires), 16 × 4T (For T125/70R16 tires)
Tire specification: 185/65 R15 88H
Spare tire specification: T125/70R16 96M
Tire pressure must be gauged when the tire is cool: Tire inflation pressure: 200±10 KPa
Spare tir e inflation pressure: 420±10 KPa
 Suspension System 73

Front Suspension
Components

Press plate on the front shock

absorber column

Front shock absorber with

coil spring assembly

Front stabilizer bar mounting bracket

Front stabilizer bar bushing

Front stabilizer bar

hanger rod subassembly

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Lower swing arm
assembly RH
Front stabilizer bar
Subframe assembly
Lower swing arm
assembly LH
Subframe strut bar

Insert into this hole Steering knuckle assembly removal

1. Preparation
First, remove the front wheel, the front shock absorber with
coil spring assembly, and the steering knuckle coupling
bolt in turn. For detailed steps, please refer to the removal
of the wheel and the front shock absorber with coil spring
assembly.
2. Remove propeller shaft nuts
(a) First, pry the flattened areas of the propeller shaft's nuts
into a circle with a chisel.
(b) Half-insert a long bolt or metal bar into the brake disc
holes to loosen the nuts (shown on the left).
Tightening torque: 225±20 N·m
(c) Pull out the mount point on the steering knuckle to
separate it from the mounting bracket under the front
shock absorber. Prop a wood stick or metal bar against
the propeller shaft's outer end, and then hammer the
stick or metal bar to get the propeller shaft out of the
hub (shown on the left).
Caution: When hammering, prop it up against the shaft
end's location holes (middle recess). Be sure not to
damage the thread.
74 GWFLORID Maintenance Manual

3. Remove the wheel speed sensor and the brake hose

Remove the wheel speed sensor's mounting bolts with a M10
sleeve to take off the wheel speed sensor. Remove the front
brake hose's mounting bolts with a M18 sleeve, and then
take off the brake hose.
Front brake hose
Caution: When removing the brake hose, brake fluid
mounting bolt may flow out, catch the fluid with a container. Also,
because the brake fluid is corrosive, please pay
Wheel speed sensor attention to personal protection.
mounting bolts

Lightly hammer here 4. Remove the cotter pins and lock nuts of the steering tie
rod and the lower swing arm
Because the ball stud and steering knuckle act in conjunction
with the tapered bore, they can not yet be removed after re-
moving the nuts. Pound the steering knuckle arm (unfinished
surface) with a hammer. Positions are shown on the left.
Shake to loosen.
Caution:

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1. To avoid separating the ball studs, do not pound the
tie rod and the lower swing arm with a hammer.
2. To avoid damaging the thread, do not hammer the
ball stud's head.
 Suspension System 75

Front shock absorber with coil spring assembly (Image)

Front bumper

Press plate on the front

shock absorber column

Dust cover on the front shock absorber

Hexagon flange nut

Erection support under
the front shock absorber

Front shock absorber assembly

Erection support under

the front coil spring

Dust cover
Front coil spring Erection support on the front coil spring

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Erection support on the front shock absorber column

Front shock absorber with coil spring assem-

bly removal and installation
1. Hoist up the vehicle so that the front suspension is in a
free suspension state.
Brake hose 2. Remove the wheel speed sensor and the brake hose.
Remove the wheels and take out the brake hose from the
Wheel speed sensor shock absorber bracket. Then remove the wheel speed sensor
wire harness
wire harness (shown on the left) from the steering knuckle.

3. Remove the coupling bolt between the front shock

absorber and steering knuckle and the brake hub
assembly.
Tightening torque: 132±10 N·m

Front

4. Loosen the mounting nuts of the front shock absorber

and remove the front shock absorber with coil spring
assembly (shown on the left).
Tightening torque: 40±5 N·m
5. Installation of the front shock absorber with coil spring
assembly.
Installation follows the reverse order of removal, but
please pay attention to the areas of importance below:
(a) The Insertion direction of the bolts should be consistent
with direction shown in the image. Insertion order is
from up to down. After inserting, tighten them one by
one as required.
76 GWFLORID Maintenance Manual

(b) All of the fastening pieces must be tightened to the

required torque, and comply to the standard gluing re-
quirements in this chapter.

Front shock absorber with coil spring assem-

bly disassembly and installation
1. Compression spring
Use SST to grasp the spring, separated by adhesive tape
at the contact area. Alternately rotate the bolts on the SST
until there is no tension on the spring seat from the spring.
The front coil spring rotating means that the spring has been
compressed (shown on the left).

2. Disassemble the front shock absorber with coil spring

assembly
Remove the dust cover of the front shock absorber. Remove

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the nuts on top using a ratchet wrench and M21 sleeve. Re-
move the erection support on the front shock absorber col-
umn, support bearing, the front coil spring's erection support,
front coil spring, dust cover, and the bumper in turn.
Tightening torque: 40-60 N·m
3. Retracting spring
Alternately reversing, rotate the bolts on the SST until all the
spring tension is released, then remove the tool.
4. Change any component that needs to be replaced
5. Installation of the front shock absorber with coil spring
assembly
Installation is in the reverse order of disassembly,
please pay attention to items below:
(a) Use SST to compact the spring.
(b) Steps for the installation of each component of the
front shock absorber with coil spring assembly is the
opposite of the steps for its disassembly.
(c) Pull up the strut piston rod as hard as possible and
make sure not to let it draw back into the strut.
 Suspension System 77

Subframe and Front Stabilizer Bar

Components

Stabilizer bar bracket

Front stabilizer bar Stabilizer bar bushing
Lower swing
arm RH

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Subframe

Subframe strut bar

Lower swing arm LH

Subframe removal and installation

1. Remove the engine's rear suspension bolts, coupling
bolts between steering propeller shaft and column,
and the steering fuel hose. Disconnect the connection
between the steering knuckle, swing arm, and steering
tie rod. For detailed steps, please refer to the removal
of the engine, steering system, and the steering
Q1401020 knuckle assembly.
2. Remove the strut bar.
Screw off the subframe strut bar mounting bolts Q1401020
(M10×1.25) FD with a sleeve, and remove the strut bar. As
shown on the left: There are four bolts, two on the left and
two on the right.
Tightening torque: 49±5 N·m
Caution: When removing the steering fuel hose, power
steering fluid may flow out, so collect the fluid in a
container.
3. Remove subframe.
Remove the subframe's front mounting bolt Q1861275TF2
(M12×1.25) + Q402 (d2=32) FD with a M18 sleeve (needs
a extension bar). Remove the subframe's rear mounting bolt
Q1861455TF2 (M14×1.5) + Q402 (d2=32 t=5) FD with the
same tool. (shown on the left).
Caution: Lift the subframe when removing to avoid
operator injury due to it falling off.
4. Remove the front stabilizer bar, steering gear, and
Q1861275TF2 lower swing arm. For detailed steps, please refer to the
Q1861455TF2 removal and installation of the stabilizer bar, steering
gear, and lower swing arm.
78 GWFLORID Maintenance Manual

Remark: When removing the subframe's front mounting bolt,

Insert extension bar an extension bar should be inserted through the lower swing
through this hole arm's hole. Positions shown on the left.

5. Subframe installation.
Installation follows the reverse removal steps.
Caution: Fix the position of the subframe with the
position pin, to avoid influencing the four wheels'
positioning. Location hole is shown on the left: a total
of two, one on the left and one on the right.

This is the subframe

location hole

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Stabilizer bar removal and installation
1. Remove the hanger rod.
Use a M10 open-end wrench to lock the sliding side of the
hanger rod (slightly higher than center position), screw off
the hanger rod lock nuts, and remove the hanger rod.
Caution: These are non-metal insert lock nuts, and
cannot be reused. So please replace them with new
ones after removal.

2. Remove the stabilizer bar arm.

Q1400830
Remove the stabilizer bar bracket mounting bolts Q1400830
(d2=13.5), and take down the bracket and bushing. As shown
on the left: There are four bolts, two on the left and two on
the right.
Tightening torque: 23±3 N·m

3. Stabilizer bar installation.

Install it by reversing the removal steps, but please pay
attention to the areas of importance below:
(a) During removal, please remember the installation order
Hanger Washer
Bushing rod of each of the hanger rod's components, so as to avoid
improper installation.

Shaft sleeve
Bushing Washer
 Suspension System 79

(b) The sliding side of the hanger rod should face upward,
Correct Incorrect so as to make the operation more convenient.

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80 GWFLORID Maintenance Manual

Lower Swing Arm

Components

Lower swing arm

Q1401495
Subframe

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Q1401280

Swing arm removal and installation

1. First, remove the steering knuckle, subframe, and
stabilizer bar hanger rod. For detailed steps, please
refer to the removal of the steering knuckle, subframe,
and stabilizer bar.

2. Screw off the lower swing arm's front mounting bolt

Q1401495 (t=4) (M14×1.5) FD with a sleeve.
Tightening torque: 136±10 N·m

Q1401495

3. Screw off the lower swing arm's rear mounting bolt

Q1401280 (M12×1.25) FD with a sleeve.
Tightening torque: 107±10 N·m
Caution: The nuts here are designed to prevent sliding.
When installing or removing, please do not tighten or
loosen this part, a sleeve needs to be used to apply
force onto the bolt.

Q1401280
 Suspension System 81

4. Remove the lower swing arm.

Swing the lower swing arm up and down, and pull it out at
Rear the same time. Force F shown as in the picture. Pull the front
mount point of the swing arm from the subframe, and then
take down the lower swing arm.
5. Lower swing arm installation.
Install it by reversing the removal steps.
Front
F

Lower swing arm assembly inspection

1. Lower swing arm ball stud inspection.
(a) Check that the ball stud's swing angle is within 50°,
swings flexibly, and clamping free.
(b) Check to see if the ball stud is damaged.
(c) Check to see if the ball stud dust cover is damaged and
replace it if needed.
Caution: Do not take apart the lower swing arm weld as-

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sembly and the lower swing arm ball stud. If the rotation is
not flexible or if the ball stud is damaged, the entire lower
swing arm with ball stud assembly must be replaced.

2. Ball stud dust cover replacement.

Rotate and remove the fastened ball stud dust cover clasp
with SST, and replace the ball stud dust cover. You can
reattach the clasp with the same tool.

SST

3. Inspect the lower swing arm's large and small shaft sleeve
for signs of wear.
Clean the large and small shaft sleeve of the lower swing
arm with water, and inspect for damage, wear, cracks, and
similar flaws. Replace with new ones if needed.

4. Lower swing arm's large shaft sleeve removal, replace-

ment, and press fitting.
(a) Before removing, mark two lines on the lower swing
arm according to the shaft sleeve location, so as to refer
to the proper location during press fitting.
82 GWFLORID Maintenance Manual

(b) On the press, press out the lower swing arm's large
F
shaft sleeve with SST (Special Service Tools), and re-
place it with a new one.
SST
(c) Check that the mounting holes of the lower swing arm's
large shaft sleeve are Φ55-0.2
-0.3 , measure for inaccurate di-

mensions, replace the lower swing arm's weld assembly if

inaccurate.
SST

(d) Before press fitting, mark the same position on the

new lower swing arm's large shaft sleeve, so as to
correspond to the mark on the lower swing arm, and
thus ensure angle alignment.

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(e) On the press, use SST (Special Service Tools) to press
F the new lower swing arm's large shaft sleeve into the
correct position.
SST

SST

5. Lower swing arm's small shaft sleeve removal, replace-

ment, and press fitting.
Sanding spots (a) Use a sander to smooth level the rubber flange on the
lower swing arm's small shaft sleeve.
Caution: When using the sander, be very careful not to
damage the lower swing arm.

Sanding spots

F
(b) On the press, use SST (Special Service Tools) to press
out the lower swing arm's small shaft sleeve, and re-
SST place it with a new one.
(c) Check that the lower swing arm's small shaft sleeve's
mounting hole dimensions are Φ31+0.05
0 .
SST Caution: Measure for inaccurate dimensions, replace
the lower swing arm's weld assembly if inaccurate.
 Suspension System 83

F (d) On the press, use SST (Special Service Tools) to press

the new lower swing arm's small shaft sleeve into the
SST
correct position.

SST

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84 GWFLORID Maintenance Manual

Drive Shaft
Components

Front shock absorber with

coil spring assembly LH

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Front drive
shaft nut LH Front drive shaft
assembly LH Transmission assembly

Wheel assembly

Drive shaft removal

1. First use a M32 sleeve, ratchet wrench, and extension
bar, to remove front drive shaft nut LH. Then, according
to the wheel and front suspension disassembly
specifications, remove the Front suspension system
LH and wheel.

2. Then use a pry bar to forcefully pry the connection

between the differential and the drive shaft until the
drive shaft obviously moves towards the outside. Do
not damage the drive shaft's dust cover.

F
 Suspension System 85

Drive shaft installation

1. Insert the drive shaft.
First, align the inner end of the drive shaft and differential
spline. Keep the drive shaft axes and the differential axes
bases uniform, then hammer towards the direction of the
differential drive shaft's outer end until a clear and sharp
clicking sound is heard. Here, the drive shaft and the
transmission should have a clearance of about 1 mm.

2. According to the front suspension and wheel assembly

installation specifications, properly install the front
shock absorber with coil spring assembly LH and
wheel.
3. Use an M32 sleeve, ratchet wrench, and extension bar
to tighten front drive shaft nut LH.
Tightening torque: 225±20 N·m

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F
86 GWFLORID Maintenance Manual

Rear Suspension
Components

Upper mounting rubber cushion

for the rear coil spring Rear shock absorber subassembly

Rear coil spring

Lower mounting rubber cushion

for the rear coil spring
Hexagon bolt for flange face

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Rear twist beam assembly Hexagon nut for flange face
Large washer

Rear shock absorber and

rear coil spring removal
1. Hoist the vehicle with a jack, then remove the left and
right rear wheels.
2. During the removal of the rear twist beam, use SST (Special
Service Tools) to clamp the coil spring, so that it does not
pop out and cause injury.

3. Compression spring.
Hold up the rear twist beam upwards with a lift, compressing
the rear coil spring and damper.

F
 Suspension System 87

4. Remove the rear shock absorber.

Screw down the hexagon nut for flange face Q32012T13F2
Rear shock absorber (M12×1.25) FD linking the rear shock absorber and rear
twist beam, and remove the rear shock absorber. Make sure
the rear twist beam is firmly supported meanwhile.
Tightening torque: 44-54 N·m
Hexagon nut for 5. Remove the coil spring.
flange face Slowly release the firmly supported rear twist beam, at
Large washer the same time support the coil spring, until the coil spring
loosens, then take it down.

Rear twist beam assembly removal

1. Hold up the rear twist beam assembly with a lift, and
remove the rear shock absorber and rear coil spring.
For detailed steps, refer to the rear shock absorber and
coil spring removal.
2. Remove the hexagon bolt for flange face

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Q151B12110TF2 + Q402 (d2=35 t=5) FD, and slowly
set down the twist beam (as shown on the left).
Tightening torque: 77-87 N·m
When removing bolts, check and ensure that the rear
twist beam is reliably supported, to avoid injury from it
falling.

Inspection, installation, and removal of the

trailing arm spindle sleeve assembly
1. Trailing arm spindle sleeve inspection.
(a) Inspect the trailing arm spindle sleeve for deformities,
shifting, partial or serious cracks, or loosening.
(b) If any existing damage of the trailing arm spindle
sleeve is not clearly seen, take the following steps:
Wash the trailing arm spindle sleeve's rubber areas with
clean water. Rub it clean with cotton meanwhile (shown
on the left). Check and make sure the rubber surface has
none of the previously mentioned flaws. If it does, re-
place with a new trailing arm spindle sleeve assembly.

2. Trailing arm spindle sleeve removal.

(a) Use a white paint pen to mark, and remember the trail-
ing arm spindle sleeve assembly direction.
(b) The trailing arm spindle sleeve is disposable. If
damaged, first use a pry bar to lift up the edge of the
trailing arm spindle sleeve's outer tube in order to
install the SST (Special Service Tools).
88 GWFLORID Maintenance Manual

(c) Use SST (Special Service Tools) to clog the shaft

SST sleeve's installation tube. Tighten the two adjusting
bolts, use a wrench to twist the middle long bolt, and
push out the shaft sleeve.

3. Install the new trailing arm spindle sleeve assembly.

SST (a) Before installing the new trailing arm spindle sleeve
assembly, first to distinguish the installation direction
for the trailing arm spindle sleeve's nylon bushing as-
sembly.
(b) Use SST (Special Service Tools) to clog the shaft

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sleeve's installation tube. Tighten the two adjusting
bolts, twist the middle long bolt with a wrench, and
push in the shaft sleeve.
 Suspension System 89

Wheel and Tire

Tire
Remark
This vehicle's tire is of the tubeless type. The optimal design condition is met when the inflation pressure is at
the recommended value, and the tire is under full load. Maintaining suitable tire pressure and proper driving
habits greatly influence the tire's use life. For the vehicle, it improves riding comfort, stability, and handling. For
the tire, it reduces tread wear, damage to the tire and extends tire life. Overloading, speeding, and unnecessary
emergency braking will all add to the tire's wear and tear.
Tire pressure measurements should be taken under normal temperature. If the tire pressure rises due to motion
generated heat when driving, cooling it will return to the normal temperature. Therefore, do not deflate the tire
when the air pressure has risen to this point. The tire's air pressure will naturally and slowly decrease when used
under normal conditions. Hence please inspect the air pressure regularly (suggested once a month). The spare
tire should be kept in a useable condition at all times.
Inspect the tire pressure when it is cool monthly or before a long drive. Adjust the tire pressure to the recom-
mended level. The air pressure will normally rise because the tire warms up due to movement. Therefore, after
driving, you absolutely must not deflate or reduce the tire's air pressure, as deflating could reduce the cool tire's
air pressure.
Tire inflation
During a new tire's initial stage of use, warning due to bending motions will cause the tire to swell, and thus

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reduce the corresponding air pressure. After 24 hours or 2000-3000 km worth of drive, charge the air pressure.
After inflating, check if the air nozzle core is leaking air with soapy water, then lock on the cap.

Possible problems caused by tire pressure

Exceeding the recommended air
pressure
Possible problems it 1. Bumpy ride
can create 2. The tear or rupturing of the tire
3. Rapid wear of the tire tread's center
Below the recommended air pressure Same vehicle axle, different
air pressure
1. Noisy turns 1. Uneven braking
2. Uneasy turns 2. Over steering
3. Tread edge wear is accelerated and uneven 3. Steering failure
4. The tire's rim is damaged or ruptured 4. Deviation while accelerating
5. The tire cord ruptures
6. High tire temperature
7. Steering failure
8. Large oil consumption

Tire and wheel (steel wheel) installation instructions

When installing the tire and wheel, the tire's radial hardware components, also called "high spot", should be at
the same level of the wheel's minimum radius or so called "low spot".
The "high spot" of the tire is initially marked by the paint spot on the side of the tire's surface. This paint will
eventually be washed away.
The "low spot" of the wheel is initially marked by a paint spot on the wheel flange. Whenever the tire is
removed from the wheel, the tire and wheel need re-balancing to make sure the vehicle runs smoothly. If no
paint spot is found on the tire, draw a line on the tire and the wheel before they are removed, in order to make
sure that the tire and the wheel will be re-assembled at the same place.
Tire replacement
When a tire needs to be replaced, make sure to use a tire with the same specification as the original one. A new
tire used for replacement must be of the same dimension, load area, and structure as the original one. Using tires
that are different in dimension or type will influence the vehicle's riding comfort, handling, speedometer and
odometer calibration, vehicle ground clearance, and the clearance between the tire or the tire's snow chain and
the vehicle body or chassis.
It is suggested to use a new pair of tires on the same axle. If only one tire is needed to be replaced, make sure to
use a tire with a tread most similar to the original, so as to keep brake power and traction balanced.
Warning: Do not mix radial tires, bias tires, bias belted tires, etc., which are of different structure on the
same vehicle unless it is an emergency. Mixing different tires would seriously influence the vehicle's
handling and stability, and even possibly lead to losing control of the vehicle.
90 GWFLORID Maintenance Manual

Tire's abnormal wear and tear

[A] Tire's abnormal wear and tear includes uneven and excessive
wear of the tire. There are many causes for this. For
example, improper tire pressure, tire rotation has not been
timely maintained, bad driving habits, abnormal front wheel
location, etc.
Change the tires when the below situations happen:
1. When the extents of wear and tear of the front and rear
tires are different.
2. When any of the tire's tread has uneven wear and tear.
[B] 3. When the extents of the wear and tear of the left and right
front tires are different.
4. When the extents of wear and tear of the left and right rear
wheels are different.
5. When the groove of the tire tread wear appears abnormal
and the tire's contact area starts to flatten.
Inspect the front wheel alignment when the following
situations occur:
1. When the extents of the wear and tear of the left and right
front tires are different.
[A]: Steering problems, air pressure not sufficient, or 2. When any of the tire's tread has uneven wear and tear.
tire rotation has not been timely maintained. 3. When the tread pattern strip or pattern block of a front
[B]: Abnormal front wheel alignment, tire or wheel tire's single side is badly worn.

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structure is not the same.

Wear marks
There are several tread wear marks (refer to location A in the
diagram shown on the left) inside of the tire's pattern groove.
These marks indicate that the tire has been worn to the point
of replacing.
Before the tire's usage limit, indicated by the remaining
A pattern's depth, reaches 1.6 mm (and its main pattern groove
bottom protrudes to the same level), for your safety, please
replace the tire.
When serious eccentric wear leads to the partial protrusion
of the cord fabric level, or outside objects damage the tire to
a depth that reaches the cord fabric level or steel band level,
stop using the tire.

Radial tire sway

Here the sway means the vehicle's front or rear part shakes
from side to side, together or individually. Tire sway is
caused by the steel wire belt inside the tire not being straight.
The sway is the most obvious when the vehicle runs at the
speed of 8-48 km/h.
Road tests can help finding malfunctioning tires. If the
malfunction is with the rear tires, then left and right shaking
or "swaying" would take place at the back of the vehicle.
Here the driver of the vehicle would feel as if someone were
pushing from one side of the vehicle.
If the malfunction is with the front tires, swaying would be
even more obvious. The metal plate in the front may seem
moving back and forth, and the driver feels as if he/she were
at the vehicle's center of rotation.

Vehicle road test methods

1. Drive the vehicle and find out if the swaying is coming from the front tires or the back tires. Then replace the
identified problem tire with a good tire (one that has been tested on the same model of vehicle).
2. If unable to determine the problem tire, replace the rear wheels. Continue with the road test. If the driving
condition obviously changes, replace the original tires, and only switch one at a time until the problem tire is
identified.
3. If no obvious improvement, replace all four tires with good tires, and then replace the original tires one by
one following the steps mentioned above.
 Suspension System 91

Tire rotation
For equal wear or tear for the tires, please rotate the tire
positions timely. Swapping principle shown on the left.
Radial tires should be regularly switched, and add pressure
according to the regulations.
Front Rear Caution:
Due to structural reasons, radial tires usually quickly
receive most of its wear on the shoulders, especially
the front tires. Do a tire rotation per 8000-12000 km,
and the tire life can increase by 20%. This makes
regular tire rotation especially useful.
Deviation judging methods
"Deviation" means that, when no one is in control of the steering, the vehicle does not move in a straight line
while driving on a straight and leveled surface.

Adjust the tire pressure to

the recommended level

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Test by driving back and forth
on a straight and leveled road

After swapping the right and left front

tires, perform the above test again

Tends to lean After solving, if working, Tends to

in the same switch the tires again lean in the
direction other direction

Return the tires to their Replace one of the

initial positions and inspect front side tires with
the front wheel alignment a "good tire"

If the problem is not

After solving,
yet solved, replace the
switch the tires again
other side's front tire
with a "good tire"

After solving,
If the problem is not yet
switch the tires again
solved, it means the "good
tire" is in fact not good

Deviation causes:
• Incorrect tire and front wheel alignment,
• Braking force is not even,
• Tire structure problems.
Tire production and manufacturing methods can also lead to vehicle deviation. For example, the arrangement of
the tires inner steel wire belt. A steel wire belt which is inside the radial tire deviating from the tires centerline
can create lateral force when the tires are rolling in a straight line. If one of the tire's diameter is larger than the
other, the tire will tend to roll to that side, this also creates lateral force (a tapering effect) leading to vehicle
deviation. When the front wheel alignment is found to be correct and in proper order, the above process is also
applicable in judging tire deviation. Rear tires cannot cause deviation.
92 GWFLORID Maintenance Manual

Tire installation and removal

• Install or remove tires with a tire changer. When operating machinery, make sure to comply to the machine
manufacturers operation manual. Please do not change tires merely with manual hand tools or tire installation
crowbars. This will damage the tire chafer or the vehicle wheel's rim.
• Use a wire brush or coarse steel wool to clean off grease and old rubber, as well as light rust or corrosion from
the rim tire bead's tire chafer seat. Before tire installation or removal, first use the indicated tire lubricant to
thoroughly lube the tire chafer portions one time.
• After installing the tire, inflate it to the specified pressure and make sure the tire bead is properly seated.
Warning: Do not over-inflate the tire. If the tire bead severally expands and exceeds the safety limit,
it may burst and cause serious personal injury. While inflating, do not exceed the specified pressure.
If the specified pressure does not allow the tire bead to sit properly, deflate the tire, re-lubricate, and
then re-inflate.
Spare tire usage
• Spare tire standard inflation pressure: 420 kPa.
• Spare tire pressure measurements should be taken under normal temperature conditions.
• After inflating the spare tire, soapy water should be used to check if the air nozzles core is leaking air, then
lock on the air nozzle cap.
• The spare tire should always be kept in a useable state. Check the air pressure at least once a month.

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• When the spare tire's working limit, indicated by the remaining pattern's depth, reaches 1.6 mm (and its pat-
tern groove bottom protrudes to the same level), for your safety, please stop using the spare tire.

Caution:
• The " " symbol on the tire bead of the spare tire in-
dicates the set position of the wear index (shown on
the left).
• The spare tire's maximum driven speed is 80 km/h,
and maximum distance 200 km per trip.
• Each vehicle is allowed to use only one spare tire.
• The spare tire is only used as a temporary backup.
Please go to a professional service station immediately
to get the initial tire repaired or replaced.

Wheel
General tire balancing procedures
Clean out the accumulated dirt and debris from the inside of the rim.
Warning:
The gravel on the tread must be eliminated to avoid flying out and injuring the operator when
undergoing rotational balancing. This is also a good way to acquire better balance. First thoroughly
inspect the tire's damaged condition, then according to the balancing device manufacture's
recommendations, carry out the balancing operation.
Off-vehicle balancing
Most off-vehicle balancers are more accurate and convenient than on-vehicle rotational balancers. They are
also able to perform dynamic (two sided) balancing. Although it does not correct drum brake and brake disc
imbalance like on-vehicle balancing, it achieves the same effect based on its accuracy.
On-vehicle balancing
On-vehicle balancing is different based on equipment and tool manufacturer. Therefore, when performing
balancing operations, be sure to comply to each manufacturer's operating instructions.
Warning: Control the wheel rotation speed to make sure the speedometer stays within 55 km/h.
This restriction is necessary because when a driven wheel slides while the other one stays still, the
speedometer will display only half of the actual wheel speed. When a wheel is sliding, be extremely
careful, because sliding wheels can reach very high speeds. This may lead to the tire rubber peeling
or differential damage, which may cause serious personal injury, or damage to the vehicle.
 Suspension System 93

Dynamic balance and static balance

[A] [B] 2 There are two types of wheel balance: static and dynamic.
Picture 1 shows static balance. Picture 2 shows dynamic
balance.
Static balance means that the weight distribution around the
wheel is equal. If the wheel is static and unbalanced, violent
vibrations may be created, called jump vibration.This kind
3 of situation can ultimately lead to the uneven wear and tear
1 of the tires. Shown in diagram 1.
Diagram 1
1. Wheel hop important points [A]: Counterweight not yet added
2. Locations to add counterweight [B]: Counterweight added
3. Axis

[C] [D] Dynamic balance means that the weight distribution on the
2
two sides of the medium plane of the wheel is equal, so
during the rotation process, the tire assembly cannot create a
tendency for the medium plane of the wheel to shift from one
side to the other. If the wheel is dynamic and unbalanced, it
can create a shimmying effect. Shown in diagram 2.
1. Wheel shimmy important points [C]: Counterweight not yet added
2. Locations to add counterweight [D]: Counterweight added
3

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3. Axis
1 Diagram 2

Wheel maintenance
Do not use welding, heating, or hammering to repair wheels. All damaged wheels must be replaced.
If the vehicle's wheel is twisted or deformed, sunken or depressed, having too much horizontal or radial hop,
leaking air from the welded parts, stretched out at the bolt holes , having flimsy nut bolt lock, or severely rusty,
the wheel must be replaced. When the wheel is hopping too much, it will lead to undesirable vibrations.
When replacing the tire, be sure that the load capacity, diameter, rim width, offset distance, and the installation
structure of it, are equal to the settings of original wheel. If the wheel dimensions are not appropriate, this will
influence the wheel and bearing's life, brake cooling effect, speedometer and odometer calibration, vehicle
ground clearance, as well as the clearance between the tire and the vehicle body, and the tire and vehicle chassis.
Wheel (steel wheel) removal
1. Remove the wheelhouse and loosen the nuts, 1-2 turns is
enough.
2. Hoist the vehicle.
3. Screw off the nuts and remove the wheel.
Nut tightening torque: 110±10 N·m
Caution: Heating methods absolutely must not be used
to loosen tightened wheels, otherwise the heat will
reduce its use life and damage the hub bearing.

Wheel (steel wheel) installation

B A
C D
Installation according to the reversed instructions used for
removal, and pay attention to the following requirements:
Wheel nuts must be tightened in proper order and according to
the specified torque, as to avoid wheel or brake disc deformity.
When installing the wheel house, be sure to line up the wheel
housing notch locations with the inflation nozzle.
Tightening sequence: A – C – B – D
Caution: Before installing the wheel, first clean off the
corrosion on the wheel's mounting surface and drum
brake or brake disc's installation surface with a wire
brush, in order to make the wheel installing easier by
making the space between its metal firmly connect
to the mounting surface, otherwise it may lead to the
wheel nuts loosening to the extent that the vehicle's
wheel may come off while driving some day.