EXAM STUDY GUIDE

A cell needs a receptor for a particular signal to have a response to a signal molecule.
Long range signaling is endocrine and synaptic.
Neurons associated with synaptic.
Paracrine and contact short range
“public” is endocrine
”molecular switches” in signaling are kinases and GTP-binding proteins
3 classes cell surface receptors: enzyme-coupled, ion channel, g protein coupled receptors
G protein larges family
G protein crosses membrane 7 times
Mutated often in human cancer, constitutively active gene is Ras

Which molecule is primarily for ATP generation in the cell?

Sugar
What is the starting molecule of glycolysis? What is the resulting molecule (from glycolysis
alone?
Glucose, Pyruvate
Which step of glycolysis locks the glucose in the cell by converting glucose to glucose 6
phosphate?
One
In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to potentially which two molecules and
what is the definition of an anaerobic energy yielding pathway?
Lactate, Ethanol, Fermentation Pathway
What 3 phases (or stages) can glycolysis be broken down into?
Energy Investment, Cleavage, Energy Generation
What molecule is pyruvate converted into once it’s in the mitochondria?
Acetyl CoA
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? Citric Acid Cycle?
Cytosol, Mitochondrion
How many carbons does glucose have? Pyruvate? Acetyl CoA? Oxaloacetate?
6; 3; 2; 4
Who discovered the citric acid cycle?
Dr. Hans Adolf Krebs
What are the net products of Glycolysis?
2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
What are the net products of the Citric Acid Cycle?
3 NADH, 1 GTP, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2
What is the name of the linkage between electron transport, proton pumping, and ATP
synthesis?
Chemiosmotic Coupling
Which complex of the Electron Transport Chain does NADH “drop” off it’s high energy
electrons?
NADH Dehydrogenase
Which complex of the Electron Transport Chain does FADH2 “drop” off it’s high energy
electrons?
Cytochrome C Reducatase
Which complex of the Electron Transport Chain is responsible for the conversion of
molecular oxygen to H2O?
Cytochrome C Oxidase
The mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of several different protein subunits. Which
subunit binds to ADP+Pi and catalyzes the synthesis of ATP as a result of a conformational
change?
F1 ATPase Head
Cytochrome c oxidase is an enzyme complex that uses metal ions to help coordinate the
transfer of four electrons to O2. Which metal atoms are found in the active site of this
complex?
A Heme Iron Atom and A Copper Atom
Which organelle would be responsible for the modification of a secreted protein?
Golgi
In regards to constitutive secretion, which signal must be received by the cell?
No Signal Needed