Assignment File

Mobile Communication

Amit Kumar
(160731072018)

Diploma in IT Architecture
Term-III
Year: 2018-19

CDAC & C.V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar

Date of Submission:25 July 2018

1. Why the size of cell is chosen smaller as compare to bigger cells?

A cell is a basic geographical unit of a cellular network; is the area around an antenna where a specific
frequency range is used; is represented graphically as a hexagonal shape, but in reality it is irregular in shape.

In heavy traffic zones cells are smaller, while in isolated zones cells are larger.

The neighboring cell have different frequency to avoid interference.

2. In what scenarios wireless communication is preferred over wired communication?

Wireless communication is cheap as comparison to wired one. In wired communication it is too difficult to use
wire in case of long distance and also costly.

Three major reasons are:

1. Wired (using wires somehow complex).

2. Mobility (Wireless is portable where as wired is not).

3. Cost (Wired more cost than wireless).

3. List down the wireless technologies and explain at least three?

1. Bluetooth

I. Bluetooth is a wireless technology used to transfer data between different electronic devices. The distance of
data transmission is small in comparison to other modes of wireless communication. This technology eradicates
the use of cords, cables, adapters and permits the electronic devices to communicate wirelessly among each
other

ii. At the physical layer, the Bluetooth RF transceiver is positioned. At around 79 Bluetooth channels are placed
with a space of 1MHz. Transmission of data and voice are achievable at short distances and thereby creating
Wireless PANs.

iii)A Bluetooth device is comprised of an adapter. A Bluetooth adapter can be available in the form of a card to
connect the device or integrated into an electronic device.

iv)Link Management Protocol (LMP) is responsible for peer – to – peer message exchange when the electronic
devices interfere in each other’s radio range. This layer creates the link and negotiation of packet size. If
required this layer can perform the segmentation and reassembling of the packets.

Wi-Fi :-

Wi-Fi has some similar applications to Bluetooth, such as setting up a network or printing and transferring files.
It is also a wireless standard, but rather than being designed to communicate between devices, it serves to
wirelessly connect devices to the internet or Ethernet networks such as a corporate local area network (LAN).

Walkie-talkie:-

Walkie-talkies are handheld, portable radios: they communicate wirelessly (using radio waves) on a single,
shared frequency band. Each battery-powered unit contains a transmitter/receiver and antenna (for sending and
receiving radio waves), a loudspeaker that often doubles up as a microphone when you talk into it, and a button
that you "push-to-talk" (PTT). The loudspeaker/microphone works in much the same way as an intercom:
because a speaker and a microphone contain essentially the same components (a coil of wire, a magnet, and a
paper or plastic cone to pick up or generate sounds), you can use a single device to do both jobs essentially by
switching the electrical circuit into which it's connected and reversing the current. More sophisticated walkie-
talkies (like the Motorola model shown in our photos) contain separate loudspeakers and microphones.
4. Li-Fi

5. NFC

6. RFID

7. IRDA

8. SIGFOX

9. XIFI

10. LORAWAM

11. NBIOT

4. What is Bluetooth Technology? How it differs from Wi-Fi?

Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard that is used to exchange data over short distances (less than 30 feet),
usually between personal mobile devices. This means that a Bluetooth-enabled device such as a smartphone is
able to communicate with other Bluetooth devices, such as a wireless headset or printer. Bluetooth, therefore,
acts much like a cord between the two devices by creating a secure, wireless personal area network in which
these devices can communicate.

Bluetooth has a wide variety of applications, and has boosted the convenience and functionality of portable
devices by providing a simple way for them to interact with other Bluetooth-enabled devices. Bluetooth is
considered a proprietary protocol because device manufacturers must license a number of patents in order to
make and market a Bluetooth device.

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

Wi-Fi has some similar applications to Bluetooth, such as setting up a network or printing and transferring files.
It is also a wireless standard, but rather than being designed to communicate between devices, it serves to
wirelessly connect devices to the internet or Ethernet networks such as a corporate local area network (LAN).

Its range is quite a bit larger than the very short range within which Bluetooth devices communicate, as a Wi-Fi
signal can be accessed up to 300 feet away. This means that a Wi-Fi-enabled device, such as a PC or
smartphone, can connect to the internet wirelessly when in a Wi-Fi "hotspot," or area in which a Wi-Fi signal
may be accessed.

Difference

Bluetooth Wifi

Frequency 2.4 GHz 2.4, 3.6, 5 GHz

Cost Low High

Specification
authority Bluetooth SIG IEEE,WECA

Security

It is less secure Security issues are already being debated

With 802.11b/g the typical range is 32 meters

indoors and 95 meters (300 ft) outdoors. 802.11n
has greater range. 2.5GHz Wi-Fi communication
has greater range than 5GHz. Antennas can also
increase range.

Range

5-30 meters
32 meters

Latency

Bit-rate 200ms
150ms

Power 2.1Mbps
consumption 600 mbps

Year of
developement Low
High

1994
1991

5. Explain the major differences between NFC and RFID?

NFC:-

Full Form: Near Field Communication

System Components: Reader and Tag referred as initiator and target
Maximum Operating Range: 10 cm
NFC Operating Frequency: 13.56 MHz
Directional communication: Two way
Bit rate: 106, 212, 424 Kbps
Applications: Information sharing, contactless payment, smart marketing posters, NFC enabled smart phones

RFID:-

FullForm: Radio Frequency Identification

System Components : Tag, Reader and Antenna
Maximum Operating Range: 3 meter
RFID Operating Frequency: <135KHz, 13.56MHz,2.45GHz, 5.8GHz, 860 to 960 MHz, 433 MHz
Directional communication: One way
Bit rate: depends on FM0 or Miller encoding techniques. It is 40 Kbps to 640 Kbps for FM0, 20-320Kbps(For
Miller , M=2) , 10-160Kbps(For Miller, M=4), 5-80Kbps (For Miller, M=8)
Applications: Asset and tool tracking, attendee tracking, inventory management, race timing, access control.

6. What are the main differences between HLR and VLR?

VLR:-

VLR is a part of mobile switching center.i.e. Visitor Location Register (VLR)

It is the database, part of the MSC

It contains the location of the active Mobile Stations

HLR:-

It stands for Home Location Register (HLR)

It contains subscriber information, including authentication information in Authentication Center (AuC).

7. What are major environmental impacts on RF communication or EM wave

Communication?
i) Water, moisture can eliminate the strength of EM wave.

ii) EMI can be absorbed in water. So factors like

Heavy rain

Fog

Can affect the EM wave

8. Why for normal users uploading speed is slower than the downloading speed?

Normal user uses the bandwidth more often for downloading. So for the uploading bandwidth is wasted. So as
the users download more, so speed of download is more than upload.

9. Explain the concept of Frequency Reuse?

i) It is a method used by service providers to improve the efficiency of a cellular network and to serve millions
of subscribers using a limited radio spectrum
ii) In traditional mobile system there is no frequency reuse it means one whole frequency will be assign to one
system and when other system will try then they will find busy.

It is based on the fact that after a distance a radio wave gets attenuated and the signal falls bellow a point where
it can no longer be used or cause any interference.

A transmitter transmitting in a specific frequency range will have only a limited coverage area

Beyond this coverage area, that frequency can be reused by another transmitter.

The entire network coverage area is divided into cells based on the principle of frequency reuse

A cell is a basic geographical unit of a cellular network; is the area around an antenna where a specific
frequency range is used; is represented graphically as a hexagonal shape, but in reality it is irregular in shape.

When a subscriber moves to another cell, the antenna of the new cell takes over the signal transmission.

A cluster is a group of adjacent cells, usually 7 cells; no frequency reuse is done within a cluster

The frequency spectrum is divided into sub bands and each sub band is used within one cell of the cluster.in
heavy traffic zones cells are smaller, while in isolated zones cells are larger

10. How Spread spectrum differs from traditional wireless communication system?
i) Traditional Wireless communication was happening at a single frequency

ii) A single frequency can be intercepted easily and data can be steal by any hacker easily. To overcome with
this problem spread spectrum technique is introduced.

iii) Problems are :

Interference: when frequency is constant and 2 signals passes near to each other there is a chance of having
interference.

Interception: A constant frequency signal has chances of getting intercepted. It is not suited for the signals
containing confidential data.

In Spread Spectrum communication, the bandwidth occupancy of a single transmitted signal is much higher than
in systems using conventional modulation methods. This band-spreading is achieved by selecting appropriate
transmission waveforms with a wide bandwidth.

Due to higher signal bandwidth the interference is reduced.

In the case that multiple users share the same portion of the radio spectrum but use different codes to distinguish
their transmissions, we speak of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).

So it is more secure due to CDMA technology, and different data is coded differently for different users.