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While working with a layer attribute, called as theme, it may not include
enough data to be shown in a map such that it contains only descriptions but
no spatial information. Therefore, the purpose of joining tables is to connect a
non-spatial table to a layer attribute table. One of the main points to
remember about joining two different tables is to have a common attribute
compulsorily. A table associated with such theme is called a ´Theme Attribute
Tableµ. The table join operation in ARC VIEW is explained as below:

Table 1:      Table 2:

i.Ê irstly, two separate tables are opened, each with a common field
that is to be joined. (´Valueµ and ´LU Codeµ are the common fields
in the given example.).
ii.Ê Select the common field names of both tables. (´LU Codeµ in this
example.).
iii.Ê Select a table to make as an active table. (Table with ´Valueµ and
´Countµ in this example).
iv.Ê Select Table º Join from main menu.
v.Ê Inactive table will appear joined with the active table as a portion of
it. (´Classificationµ will be added to table with ´Valueµ, ´Countµ in
this example.).
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The graphical scale of a map is defined as the ratio of distances represented

on a map or photograph to their corresponding true lengths on the earth·s
surface i.e. a graduated line by means of which distances on the map, chart,
or photograph may be measured in terms of ground distance . Graphical
scales may be expressed in words (a lexical scale), as a ratio, or as a fraction.
It is normally written as dimensionless numbers, indicating that the
measurements on the map and the earth are in the same units. A map
covering a small area of the earth·s surface is referred as la rge scale
map, while, a map covering a large area of the earth·s surface is
referred as small scale map.

or a graphical scale of 1:25000, it is defined as one unit of distance on

the map corresponds to 25000 of the same units on the ground. or
example, one inch on the map corresponds to 25000 inches on the
earth. It is called representative fraction (R).

25000 25000 25000 25000 Distance Unit (inches)

|------------------|------------------|------------------|

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Raster Data Model is defined as a model with a value for the parameter of
interest is developed for every cell in an array over space. It is composed of
pixels with each pixel having a specific value.
Its weak and strong points are mentioned as below:

Weak Points
i.Ê Large data volume.
ii.Ê Low its geometrical accuracy.
iii.Ê Poor network analysis.
iv.Ê Comprises set resolution and it becomes blurry when enlarged.

Strong Points
i.Ê ast data collection.
ii.Ê Average graphic treatment.
iii.Ê Simple data structure.
iv.Ê Good Area Analysis.
v.Ê Simple generalization.
vi.Ê Suitable for capturing, storing, and analyzing data such as elevation,
temperature, soil pH, etc that varies continuously from location to
location.
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ast data collection.

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Map resolution is a function of the latitude, the zoom level, and a constant
value. It focuses on depicting the location and shape of map features for a
given map scale as it is affected by scale. In a larger-scale map, the resolution
of features more closely matches real-world features because the extent of
reduction from ground to map is l ess. As map scale decreases, the map
resolution diminishes because features must be smoothed and simplified, or
not shown at all. or example, at a scale of 1:63360 (1 inch = 1 mile), it is
difficult to represent area features smaller than 1/8 of a mile wide or 1/8 of a
mile long, because they will be 1/8 of an inch wide or long on the map.

Besides, the image resolution means the number of pixels in an image. It is

basically used to distinguish the individual parts of an object. It is the content
of the geometric domain, divided by the number of observations, normalized
by spatial dimensions. The domain for two dimensional dataset like maps and
photographs is the area covered by the observations. Thus, we take the
square root of the ratio to normalize value.

Mean resolution element = SQRT (Area/Number of Observations)

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The visual aspects of the map is an essential design principle that layouts the
map efficiently and user friendly. The important elements of the map should be
most visually prominent and highest in the visual hierarchy. Information that
supports the main message of the map is referred to as base information and
should be lowest in the visual hierarchy. The essential elements of a layout of
the map in visual hierarchal form are as below:

i.Ê Main map

ii.Ê Smaller scale inset maps showing location
iii.Ê Larger scale inset maps showing detail outside the area of main map
iv.Ê Titles
v.Ê Subtitles
vi.Ê Legends
vii.Ê Scale Indicators
viii.Ê Orientation Indicators (North Line)
ix.Ê Graticule
x.Ê Explanatory Text Notes
xi.Ê Source Note
xii.Ê Neatline
xiii.Ê Photos
xiv.Ê Graphs
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The logical operators available in Arc View GIS are implied forms of the Set
Algebra or Boolean algebra. It basically uses three operators which are:

!Ê equal to : =
!Ê greater than : >
!Ê less than : <
!Ê their combinations : >=, <=, <>

On the other hand, Boolean algebra uses the following operators in order to
check if the statement is true or false:

!Ê AND
!Ê OR
!Ê NOT







A AND B A OR B A NOT B

The implementation of these operators in application include as:

!Ê Identifying extrema i.e. finding minima, maxima within a polygon and
hence creating a new thematic layer.
!Ê Selection or Isolation, where perpendicular values are selected for
subsequent ranking in a new thematic layer.

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As urban planners, scientists, resource managers, and other professions who
use geographic information work in several main areas, they need to observe
and !  environmental parameters. Hence, they develop ! which
portray characteristics of earth. They !  the changes in surrounding of
space and finally they !) alternatives of actions and processes operating in
the environment. Therefore, in order to improve our understandings of the
world around us, the potential 4 Ms in GIS are as follows:

1.ÊMeasurement
2.ÊMapping
3.ÊMonitoring
4.ÊModeling

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There are five functional elements of GIS acting as a continuous process and
guiding principle for the analyst to develop an end to end model, which are as
follows:

Data Acquisition : It is the process of identifying and gathering the data

required for application which involves a number of
procedures to gather new data by preparing scaled
maps.

Preprocessing : It is the manipulation of data in several ways so that it

may be entered into GIS. Two of the principal tasks of
preprocessing include:
!Ê data format conversion and identifying the locations
of objects in the original data in a systematic way.
!Ê to establish a consistent system for recording and
specifying the locations of objects in the datasets.

Data Management : It governs the creation of, and access to, the database
itself. It provides consistent methods for data entry,
update, deletion, retrieval, and security.

Manipulation & Analysis : It focuses on system analytical operators that work

with database contents to derive new information. It is
often related with geo-processing.

Product Generation : It is the phase where final outputs from the GIS are
created, which include statistical reports, maps, and
graphics of various kinds. These products may be soft
copy or hard copy.



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