Civic Center: Bandar Sultan Suleiman

BANDAR SULTAN SULEIMAN
PORT KLANG, MALAYSIA
CIVIC CENTER
OVEP..SZ
ARCH
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808.2
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1992
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SULAIMAN MD.ZAIN ARCH 4395 THESIS RESEARCH AND PROGRAMMING SPRING 1992
MD.ZAIN
GEOMETRY AND SCALE IN ARCHITECTURE
BANDAR SULTAN SULEIMAN CIVIC CENTER

PORT KLANG
by
SULAIMAN MD.ZAIN
A THESIS
IN
ARCHITECTURE
Submitted to the Architecture Faculty of the

College of Architecture
Texas Tech University
in Partial of Fulfillment for the
Degree of
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
Chairman of the Committee
Programming Instructor (Arch 4395): Prof. Robert Perl

Design Critic (Arch 4361):
Accepted
Texas Tech University ·

Architecture Library
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DEDICATION
To my mother and father thank you for being there

when I need you, with your unmatched love and
support. I love you more than I can ever express.
To my brothers and sisters, thanks for keeping it in

the family. I wish you peace and happiness.
To everyone for being a part of something so

special and important to me. I appreciate your
giving me opportunities to be parts of your lives.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract. ......................................................................................i
Chapter I: Thesis Research

i) Geometry........................................................... 1
- Fonns................................................................2
- Islamic Art.........................................................2
ii) Scale................................................................. 4
- Physical. ............................................................6
- Proportional.......................................................8
- Human............................................................. 11
Thesis Synthesis & Statement.. ........................... .15
Annotated Bibliography....................................... 18
Thesis Case Studies
- Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum...................21
- Great Neck Child Development Center............. 23
Chapter Il : Context Issues

-Cultural Context and Potential Response........... 26
-Psychological Context and Potential Response .. 28
-Built Context and Potential Response.................29
-Natural Context and Potential Response ............ .31
-Context Issues Case Studies
-Traditional Malay House....................... 33
-Kimbell Art Museum..............................34
Chapter ill : Facility Program

Analysis of Activities
- Definition of Activities.................................... .36
- Overview.......................................................... 37
- Primary Activities and Participants....................40
- Secondary Activities and Participants............... .42
Analysis of Spaces
- Typical Requirements and Characteristics............ 45
- Unique Reqriirements and Characteristics............ 52
Relationships of Spaces
- for Adjacency/Separation..................................... 54
- for Community/Privacy........................................ 55
- for Construction................................................... 56
Facility Case Studies
- Orland Park Village Center, Orland Park, Illinois.... 56
- Civic Center, West Hollywood, California................. 59
Chapter IV : Summary of Spaces.................................................. 61
Chapter V : Economic Analysis

-Building Costs............................................................70
-Project costs and Income...............,............................73
-economic Justification & Method........................... 74
Bibliography ................................................................................ 76
ii
ks TRACT
ABSTRACT
Thesis vehicle : Bandar Sultan Suleiman Civic Center.

Will consist of Administration, Gymnasium,
Auditorium, Cafeteria and Public Courtyard
Site Riverside of Klang River. (Bandar Sultan
Suleiman, Port Klang, Malaysia.)
Area About 30 hectres.
Location Port Klang, one of the major ports in
Malaysia, is located in the state of Selangor
which is on the west coast of peninsular. It
is about 3° north of equator.
It is 56 miles from Subang International
Airport and 72 miles from Kuala Lumpur,
the capitol city of Malaysia.
Climate Hot and humid.
Thesis Idea Exploration in the use of scale and geometry
in relationship with human, space, and
(
environment.
Thesis Mission : This Civic Center will facilitate the
community in providing the residents and
workers as well as the public, education,
entertainment, and recreation which will
bring fitness and health to their body and
mind.
Thesis Research: Geometry, Application of Scale Systems;
Physical, Proportional, and Human.
SITE CONTEXT
I- Industrial Area
R- Residential Area
ff-Major Highway
S-Proposed Site
11•1 ,.. ,..

,,.----
. ..
A
N
CHAPTER I:
-THESIS RESEARCH
-THESIS STATEMENT
-THESIS SYNTHESIS
-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
-CASE STUDIES
_______________,,.
.,......_
THESIS RESEARCH
GEOMETRY
The origin of the discipline we call geometry is clearly

evident in the name itself, which derives from the Greek words ge,
meaning the earth, and metrein, meaning to measure1• In the
beginning geometry was indeed, the art of earth measurement and
consisted of a disorganized collection of rules for computing
simple areas and volumes and carrying out a few elementary
constructions. Then, in the millennium immediately preceding the
Christian era, geometry underwent a remarkable change. The
Greeks, inclined by temperament toward philosophy and
abstraction and blessed with security and leisure to follow this
inclinations, took the geometry of the Egyptians and recast it in the
form of deductive science .
The first philosopher and scientist, Thales of Miletus (640-
546 B.C.), was the first man to try to solve problems concerning
the structure of space by approaching them in a genuinely
mathematical way. It was then carried out by his Greek followers
such as Euclid, Plato, and Pythagoras whose later developed a
remarkable mathematical sophistication. Euclid's (365-275B.C.)
"Elements" permanently established the character of geometry as a
deductive science and also exemplified a pattern of logical
organization so effective and so elegant that today most of
mathematics is constructed according to the same plan2 .Through
the use of geometrical knowledge, which is largely concerned with
the concept of number, line, order, and continuity, the secret of the
universe have been revealed. For example, a triangle is very
1 C.R. Wylie, JR. Foundation of Geometry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York,
1964,p. 1
2 Ibidp.2
important in the field of navigation. By applying Pythagoras'
theorem sailors could measure the distance between two points,
and therefore, could find the shortage route to get to a place.
Actually, there are no limitation geometry has to offer. As
we go deeper into the world of geometry, we will discover more
fragmentation and branches of this particular science. For now, let
us look at geometrical forms that are being applied in architecture.
Geometrical Form
Basically, the organized geometry that is exercised in
architecture depends greatly on the basic geometrical forms such
as square, circle, rectangle, and triangle. Then, three-dimensional
shapes such as cube, cuboid, octagonal, and sphere, are developed
through the merge of those basic shapes.
Geometrical Form in Islamic Art

The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
By nature, the Islamic religion is both static and dynamic.

The static is -symbolized by the fact that all locations of prayer are
considered equivalent with respect to the unity of the center (at
Ka'ba) while the dynamic is manifested by the requirement that all
Muslims carry out a pilgrimage once in their lifetimes to the Ka'ba
where they must circumambulate the temple in a symbolic circle3
.It is constructed with practical and basic geometrical; square and
circle concerns. Burckhardt feels that in the structure of the sacred
3 KappratT, Jay.Connections: The Geometric Bridge Between Art And Science, Mc-
Figure 1. The New Jerusalem diab'l·am of ancient cos-
Graw-Hill Inc., San Francisco: 1991, p. 200
moloi.'Y·
2
-
Dome lie the philosophical underpinnings of Islamic religion and
art.
The Dome of the Rock, which was built in 688 by Abn Al
Malik, is designed to shelter this sacred site beneath a central
cupola and an octagonal deambolatory (Fig. a) in a style that can
be traced back to the architecture of Byzantine times and is found
in many of the sanctuaries of that period. The Dome is supported
by 12·columns and 4 pillars shown by the central area of Figure b.
The columns are arranged with 3 each to the north, south, east, and
west as in the New Jerusalem diagram (Fig. 1). Surrounding this
circle is a second series of 8 pillars and 16 columns arranged
octagonally. The columns of the second set are spaced with
Perspective view; relation to the inner ones in such way that they radiate into the
center through the intersection points of two squares inscribed in
the inner circle that form the star octagon (Fig. c). The octagonal
columns themselves form another star octagon. The complete set
of 12 columns connects to form a grid of rectangles and squares.
The circular cupola again represents the celestial domain
contrasted with the earthly crystal of the octagon. Burckhardt
explains that the 40 supporting columns and pillars correspond to
.....
...
·w
the number of saints who, according to Mohammed s.a.w,
constitute the spiritual pillars of the world in every age. The cube
or square symbolizes the earthly with its duality of hot and cold,
moist and dry, and axes of spatial orientation. The circle
(b ) Cc l
symbolizes the realm of the celestial surrounding the source of all
1being dominated by the element of time in the form of the
plan view; geometric scheme.
zodiac.4
4 Ibid, p. 204
3
SCALE
A scale is a measuring instrument, marked off in

centimeters, inches, pounds, or whatever the units to be measured
happen to be5 . As a device use to accomplish unity, scale is proved
to be a major consideration in achieving a desirable quality in
architecture. Moreover, scale and unity are the two important
elements for a building's or a space's expression. This expression is
vital for the observer to understand what is happening to the
building or space and why it is happening. In other words, scale
possesses a great ability to establish a sense of communication
with the observer and the user.
11
.. .if design is to be a language of communication for the
expression of subconscious ideas, then it must have its own

elementary codes of scale .. 11
(Walter Gropius, Magazine of Art, 1947)
In architecture, then, the problem of scale is that of

facilitating the orientation of the observer with regard to the
structure. It is not the matter of making the sizes and distance
apparent. They must be made apparent easily and agreeably. Scale
is also involves with the user's emotional responses and sense of
security<'. Psychologists tell us that what they mean by a "sense of
security" is an acceptance by the individual of his relationship with
his environment.
Recently, stimulated by a growing awareness of the
dependence of man's experiences upon his own aptitudes and
S Raskin, Eugene. Architecturally Speaking. Reinhold Publishing Co, New York: 1954,
p.38
6 Ibid, p.42
4
limitations, the study of architectural scale has been consciously
undertaken. Generally, there are four kinds of scale (size
interpretations) used in architecture:7
1- True and natural scale in which sizes turn
out to be those which one anticipated.
2- Intimate scale in which .sizes are slightly
(but perceptibly) smaller than one expects them to
be. This tends to give the observer a pleasant sense
of ease; he feels that his environment is readily
manageable and that he can relax. Intimate scale
can be used to good advantage in theaters,
particularly legitimate theaters. Observer should not
feel far away from the stage.
Example, Center Theater at Rockerfeller Center.
3- Heroic or monumental scale in which
everything is somewhat larger than the eye
normally expects. The designer wants his observer
to be impressed, to have a feeling of awe, but not a
sensation of oppression of fear, such as he might
well have if he sense his own relative smallness and
fragility too keenly. The sense of awe must be
mixed with pride at being part of, belonging to, or
contributing to important of a business.
Example, Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C.
4- Shock scale in which everything seems to be
"out of scale". It can be used to startle and excite
observer in fun. Designer often save his "shocks"
for his entertainment value and use them where
· entertainment is his purpose-a night club, an
7 Ibid, p.45
5
amusement park, an exposition building, a
merchandising display.
Example, fifty-foot Mickey Mouse at Disneyland,
Los Angeles.
To pursue my research I will now explore the scale

approach in experiencing architecture in term of physical scale,
proportional system and especially human scale.
Physical Scale
Physical scale has to do with the practical arrangement of a
building8 • Each part of the building has a size determined more or
less by convenience in construction, by its function, by the
manufacturing process, or by the nature of the material that it is
made from.
The discipline of planning is as exacting as that of
construction9 . It is tangibly expressed ill the walls, partition, floor
levels, and· furniture arrangements of a building; and it invisibly
measures and allocates the useful space. The intimate dimensions
.o f human use, for example those of stair treads, railings, doors,
and furniture, form a special class. If stair risers, railing, or
cabinets are too high, the occupant not only may be surprised at
their appearance, but in order to use them he will be required to
stretch himself uncomfortably. Thus the dimensions that people
actually touch are not only seen but are also intimately felt. Where
a work space is custom-fitted, as is the modem kitchen or bath
room, the accommodation of people's bodies and bodily
movements fill the room with dimensions that-within an inch or
8 Licklider, Heath. Architectural Scale, George Braziller Inc., New York:l 965, p.101
9 Ibid, p.103
6
two-are determined by use. And combination of these dimensions
set the efficient over--all dimension for the room. The more
intimately and carefully a building is designed for the activities of
its occupants, the more these measurements determine its
minimum dimensions. to
To build well, the designer must find a way of building that
synthesis them, so that each elements of the design meets several
of the requirements. In a good design the structural system, for
example, may not only be efficiently designed in itself, but it also
may help in the division of the useful space and may be especially
suited to the building material that is used11 •
In the purely practical designed of buildings, the many
physical divisions that are established and co-ordinated into
practical synthesis provide a measure of a design that - when it is
seen - is likely to be emphatic. Often the visual scale of a building
will be based· upon these divisions. The unit of size that engages
with the eye can also tell the spectator about the materials and
method of fabrication, and even about the life that goes on within
the building. Thus the clapboards of a colonial house, the lichened
stones of a medieval church, and the corrugations of a cement-
asbestos roof furnish the visual scale of the building with small
divisions, and at the same divisions help to convey the nature of
the materials. The flying arcs of concrete shells and the neat
sweeps of steel girders not only provide vigorous divisions for the
eye, they illustrate very different principles of construction.
It is clear then that practical designing is constructed within
a framework of preordained sizes of plan arrangement, of
materials, and of structural elements.
IO Ibid, p. 106
11 Ibid, p.112
7
Physical scale is usually expanded to include additional
conception of scale, . which attempt to control a spectator's
impressions of size through a system of proportions.
Proportional System
The intent of all theories of proportion such as the Golden
Section, the Orders, and the Modulor are to create a sense of order
among the elements in a visual construction. According to Euclid,
a ratio refers to the quantitative comparison of two similar things,
while proportion refers to the quality of ratios. Underlying any
proportioning · system, therefore, is a characteristic ratio, a
permanent quality that is transmitted from one ratio to another.
Thus, a proportioning system establishes a consistent set of visual
·relationships between the parts of a building, as well a between
parts and their whole. Although these relationships may not be
immediately perceived by the casual observer, the visual order
they create can be sensed, accepted, or even recognized through a
series of repetitive experiences. Over a period of time, we might
begin to see the whole in the part, and the part in the whole.
Proportioning systems go beyond the functional and
technical determinants of architectural form and space to provide
an aesthetic rationale for their dimensions12 • They can visually
unify the multiplicity of elements in an architectural design by
having all of its parts belong to the same family of proportions.
They can provide a sense of order in, and heighten the continuity
of, a sequence of spaces. And, they too can establish relationships
between the exterior and interior elements of a building.
Therefore, these systems enable the spectator to recognize the
emotions in the shapes and in their relationships to each other.
12 Raskin, p.55
8
· In his book, The Theory of Proportion in Architecture.
P.H. Scholfield shows that proportional system may be analyzed as
mathematical and geometrical systems. So does Le Corbusier
through his Golden Section which is the basis of his Modulor.
From the application of number and geometry they show the way
to generate forms in architecture. Moreover, both Scholfield and
Le Corbusier look to mature proportional systems to supply unity,
which is conceived to be necessary to beauty.
"....proportion seem in effect, to be beauty and excellence."

(Plato, Philebus, 64e)
Nevertheless, it is necessary for us to consider proportion

not merely as a matter of relative dimensions but as a composite
result of function, construction, materials, scale and in certain
cases, time13 •
First, function. Let us take a door as an example. The
function of a door is to swing open, when required, to allow
·human being to pass through a wall having a gap which at other
times·the door covers. The proportions of the door, the relationship
of its height to its width, obviously cannot be thought of in terms
of abstract rectangles; both the width and the height are
conditioned by the size of the object, in this case a person. While a
garage door, since it is meant to admit cars, must be quite
differently shaped.14
Secondly, construction. Certainly a concrete column
which supports a very heavy load will have a different height-
width relationship than a post of wood, carrying a light load. The
spans will be different, as will the column spacing, the shape of the
13 Ibid, p. 79
14 Ibid, p.81
9
bays. Good proportion, for a specific column, will be to a great
extent determined by the nature of the material and the rationale of
the structure15 •
Third, there is scale. There is a close connection between
scale character expression. Thus, a room whose proportions are
pleasing at, say, intimate scale, would be disastrous if the same
proportions were duplicated at monumental scale. To feel the
impact of this disastrous, just imagine your neighborhood Cozie
Tea Shoppe, with its low ceiling and narrow doorways, blown up
to the dimensions of Grand Central Station! 16
. The fourth factor, times, enter when one deals with higher
level proportions, the size.of one volume in relation to another, for
instance. A certain amount of time is involved in the perception
and appreciation of a new environment. Let say we are designing
an auditorium and its lobby. The sizes are initially conditioned by
purely mechanical considerations such as seating and traffic
capacity. We will realize that the time spent in the passing through
the lobby serves to erase from the mind's eye of the observer the
picture of the street outside and his view of the facade of your
building. It also prepares his eye for his impression of the
auditorium. At this time we also adjust other factors such as color,
light level, circulation patterns and other considerations of
sequence. 17
Another aspect of the time factor is that changing taste with
changing time. At the turn of the century, to get back to buildings,
when multi-story structures became more usual, people found the
proportions of a building that was higher than it was wide some
lS Ibid, p.81
16 Ibid, p.82
17 Ibid, p.82
10
what painful. It is easy to see in the facades of that period how
hard they tried to cut. the visual heights of their buildings with
strong horizontal moldings at every story or two and the heaviest
possible cornice weighting down the whole.
Tberefore, building should be built proportional to its
function, construction, material, time, and to human scale.
This situation leads to the third concept of scale in my
thesis exploration which is the hwnan scale.
Human Scale
Human scale in architecture is based on the dimensions and
proportions of the human body18 . Human dimensions are vary
from individual to another individual which mean they cannot be
used as an absolute measuring dense. We can, however, measure a
space whose width is such that we can reach out and its walls.
Similarly, we can measure its height if we can reach up and touch
the ceiling plane overhead.
Buildings usually have people in and around them; and we
are so familiar with. our own genus that a human figure that is
exceptionally short, or tall, or immature, is quickly recognized for
what it is. Because of this, the human figure must be taught of as a
kind of measuring rod that, at any time, may appear with the parts
of the building, applying a standard size to theml9 . But even when
the observer is alone and sees no people, the height of his eyes
from the ground, the perspective angle of his views, and his
focusing for distances, enable him to judge sizes and distances
relative to hi~ own size and position. Thus, a small room will be
18 Ching, Francis D.K. Architecture: Form, Space, and Order, Reinhold Company Inc.,
New York: 1979, p.328
19 Licklider, p.66
11
'measured' for the spectator by the people standing and walking
about in it, by relatively flat angle at which the ceiling is seen, and
by the exclusively near focus of his eyes. In a large room the
people would appear relatively small, the ceiling would be seen at
more acute perspective angles, and the spectator would use a
focusing for distances that was not needed in the smaller room.
Thus, a small-scale design may make the observer fell a little more
important than usual, and at the same time it may cause him to
attribute friendly emotions to the building. Large-scale treatment,
on the other hand, may both cause the observer to feel somewhat
removed from low egotism, and cause him to attribute more than
human power to the structure2° . The expressive value of these
effects has a powerful basis in the shifting of fundamental
relationships between human and his environment.
Human size also leaves its imprint on ali the parts of a
building that are designed to be intimately used by people. Stairs,
for instance, may have riser heights as low as four inches, or as
high as eight inches; but they must be designed to fit the human
stride. Consequently, whether they have low riser and broad tread,
or high riser and narrow tread, they provide a fairly reliable
indication of size that can be recognized when it is seen. Railings
also normally vary within height limitations that make them a
reliable tip-off to size. Cabinets, counters, shelves, door knobs,
light switches, and to some extent window sash and doors, take
their dimensions from bodily positions that have been found
convenient and comfortable.
Practically, of a room's three dimensions, its height has a
greater effect on its scale than either to width ·or length. While the
walls of the room provide enclosure, the height of the ceiling plane
20 Ibid, 101
12
overhead detennines its qualities of shelter and intimacy. Raising
the ceiling height of a ·12 x 16-foot room from 8 to 9 feet will be
more noticeable, and affect its scale more than if its width were
increased to 13 feet, or its length to 17 feet. While the 12 x 16-foot
room with a 9-foot ceiling would feel comfortable to most people,
a 50 x 50-foot space with the same ceiling height might begin to
feel oppressive21 .
In addition to the vertical dimension of a space, other
factors that will affeci its scale are:
• the shape, color, and pattern of its bounding
surface,
• the shape and disposition of its openings,
• the nature and scale of the elements
placed within it.
All in all, the human figure is a unique module of

architecture "the common measure of the ensemble'122 . Where
people are seen in or near a building, where the parts of the
building that they touch and reach are seen, and where the
spectator carries his personal estimate of sizes and distance relative
to himself, a uniform standard of measure is introduced into
architecture.
21 Chiing, p.329
22 George Gromort, Essai sur la Theotie de l'Architecture, Paris: 1946, p.111
TEXAS TECH LIBRARY

13
Hwnan scale can reflect our individual existential being. Its
presence in the environment makes us feel "at home" and can
encourage us to interact with the environment. One important
psychological effect of hwnan scale in an image is that the
beholder feels the hwnan being is in control of his environment.
Human scale reveals that hwnan action has been taken to ·make
building materials into sizes man can handle. When man's
dimensions are impressed into openings and other forms that
suggest his presence, the sense of manageability and human
intercession awakens feelings whose roots extend into the
unconscious. Such feelings speak to us with messages that say the
building is "like us," that it is "human".
Herb Green, Mind and Image
14
THESIS SYNTHESIS & STATEMENT
The close relationships between science and mathematics
has been proven to bring new technologies and perfection in life
since the early human civilization. Science is known as a set of
ideas and theories while mathematics is a set of numbers which is
use to proof the truth of those ideas and theories. The interaction
between ideas and numbers has given the world new discoveries
such as geometry, scale, and proportional systems.
"And it was then that all these kinds of things thus established
received their shapes from the ordering one through the action
of ideas and numbers. 11
(Plato, Timaeus)
Apparently, according to those theories, every single

existing particle has a relationship or connection to each other; a
particle is a part of another particle. Fonn, space, function,
material, and structure are all connected with each other. Thus, the
world exist from the relationships of its substances and organisms
that create the whole.
· It is now not the question of where architecture should
stand in this world, but it is the question of why it is there - the
association it creates in the system; the relationship between
humans and environment, between humans and space, and
between space and environment.
Through this thesis I will explore the use of geometrical
articulation in accordance with human scale in order to build a
building and a space in regard to the built environment which are
more responsive to human needs and desires. There are three
conceptions of scale; physical, proportional, and human. Of the
three, human scale fully allows for the subjective experiencing of
architecture.
15
Jay Kapproff once stated that the proportion of humans
scale reflects the desire of humans to feel personally connected to
their dwellings. This statement indicates that scale has a significant
role in the relationship between architecture and humanity.
It has seemed self-evident that the fundamental principle
of architectural form must be numerical and geometrical since
Greek times. As the consequences, the proportional scale system
that is based on nwnber and geometry also provides ways of
generating forms.
How proportion of space and building_ parts are integrated
into harmonious whole will also create a sense of beauty. "....in
every case, however, moderation and proportion seem in effect, to
be beauty and excellence." (Plato, Philebus, 64e)
. Nevertheless, although one might think that geometry is
merely concerned about the aesthetically value-the architectural
forms and beauties, this branch of science is also has something to
do with social value. The social value such as religion, culture, and
tradition could be expressed through the proper articulation of
geometry symbols and forms. For example, the art of Islam
contains so graven images but is well known for its arabesque and
polygonal forms. Thus, it is capable of reflecting the high spiritual
of Islamic religion and offering the way to understand human
world. As Titus Burckhardt, a well-known scholar of the art
describes:
"....study of Islamic art, or any other sacred art, can lead to a
profound understanding of the spiritual realities that lie at the root of a
whole cosmic and human world." (Burckhardt, 1976)21
23 K.appraff, Jay. Cinnections: the geometric bridge between art and science, McGraw-
Hill Inc. , San Francisco, 1991, p. 200.
16
Evidently, the science of geometry through the use of
proportion based on scale; physical, proportion, and human, has a
very dominant role in integrating the relationships among humans,
spaces, and built environment.
Therefore, I believe that all the three important
elements; humans needs, beauties of forms and social values,
could be achieved, and unified through the use of scale and
geometrical form.
17
.-;at
\'(V~
r#~~ r5 .
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY \~%~xo(l)'\
1- Connections: The Geometric Bridge Between Art and Science
by Jay Kappraff.
This book is an exploration of grammar of space, with the
objection to show, by way of demonstration, that this grammar can
be the basis of a common language that spans the subjects of art,
architecture, chemistry, biology, engineering, computer graphics,
and mathematics. This book is a collection of special topics in
ancient and modem geometry. The author introduces many ways
that geometry underlies the creation of beautiful designs and
structures. He shows how geometry serves as an intermediary
between the unity and harmony of the natural world and the
capability of humans to perceive this order.
2- Foundations of Geometry by C. R. Wylie, Jr.

This book presents a careful axiomatic development of
certain important parts of elementary Euclidean and non-Euclidean
geometry, and to get reader or student closer to the understanding
of the axiomatic method. The information contained include the
technical aspect of this geometry method.
3- Architecture: Form, Space, and Order by Francis D. K. Ching.

This book is about a morphological study of the essential
elements of form and space and those principles that control their
organization in our built environment. The study emphasizes the
element of form as the primary tool for the designer. A large
portion of this book is devoted to images. It is also about scale in
architecture in term of human and geometrical proportion.
18
4- Architecturally Speaking by Eugene Raskin.
This book is an inquiry into the psycho-physiological
considerations involved in architecture. The author chose to use
the technique of General Semantics in this study finding it highly
appropriate for dealing with the many doctrinal and linguistic
aspects of architecture.
5- Architectural Scale by Heath Licklider.

This book examines physical, proportional, and human
scale individually and concentrate on the special values of each of
these approach. The author tries to develop the conception of
human scale further as the proper basis for an understanding of
architectural scale.
6- Order in Space by Keith Critchlow.

This book represents a way to approach order in space
through the articulation of geometrical forms. First, as a tool of
orientation, the "where" of things, and eventually becoming the
"how" inherent in things. It also determines the conditions of space
in enabling the existing universe to acquire a structure of position,
size, and relative motions. The author shows the command of the
functions possible in space becomes progressively more necessary
in a shrinking planet, which points to the real problems; between
man and man, man and his universe, and man's continued ·
existence.
19
7- The Reasoning Architect by Garry Stevens.
This book shows the birth of geometry through the
integration between mathematical theories and science
philosophies. It shows geometric constructions, base on direct
sight lines and reflections, were the basis of Greek and Roman
acoustic design, the only "architectural science" that existed before
the 17th century. The author demonstrates geometry as the basis of
both architectural design and construction for a large part of its
history.
8- A Comparison of the Traditional Malay House and the Modem

Housing Estate House by Lim Jee Yuan.
The study contained in this book compares qualitatively the
traditional Malay house and the typical housing-estate house such
as is sprouting up in urban and suburban areas throughout
Malaysia. It considers their contexts, their advantages and
disadvantages, and their applicability to improving housing
quality, with a view towards re-educating the public, professionals,
government officials, and academics on the values and qualities of
the traditional Malay house and re-appraising the actual values and
needs in housing.
9- Introduction to Community Recreation by George D. Butler.

This book describes the nature and significance of
community recreation. It shows the development in recreation and
related areas since 1959, brings important statistical information
up to date, and describes trends in cooperative planning, leadership
standards, legislation, organization methods, and other aspects of
community recreation.
20
THESIS CASE STUDIES
' ... , u ~
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
ij .
• r:-:
.... ·.... Architect :Charles Gwathmey and Robert Siegal
' ... Program :An eleven-story block comprising 28,935sq. ft(new construction)
;
and 5,637 sq. ft (renovation annex) for gallery and support space.
r·. In addition, renovation of 4,790sq.ft for galleries in existing
Wright-designed museum.
Structure and :Cream and terra cotta concrete, beige quarry tile, gray-green
material porcelain tiles, on a steel frame.
Cost :$10m. estimated.
In order to meet the requirement of the program, the architects have done some
analysis about the existing museum. They are very concerned in maintaining a
good relationship between the museum and their new construction. Their analysis
.~·
4' ' I
is more toward to the spatial relationship. From their analysis, it is found that the
i Guggenheim Museum was designed based on the basic geometrical forms like
i
i circle and cube. This geometric analysis shows that the large rotunda is basically
Axonometric Analytic Study a 96-foot-diameter circle inscribed in the a 96-foot square, which is the primary
site; the smaller rotunda is 48ft. in diameter. The height of both rotundas are the
· same as their diameters. Overlaid on the rotundas are two squares of 96ft, with
the entry to the museum located where the two squares overlap. The large 96-foot
squares· breakdown into a four-foot-square orthogonal grid that is relentlessly
extended through the building. This organic design moreover; is structured by an
orthogonal grid that matched the city street grid.
When one flips the plan and make it an elevation, he will see that the same
96-foot-diameter circle inscribes the elevation of the large rotunda., and the 48-
foot circle inscribes the elevation of the small one.
Ground Floor
21
The architects realize that geometry plays a vital role in uniting the whole
composition of various spaces of the. museum complex. Therefore, the addition
(which is the small rotunda) is cantilevered to the existing building so that they
can expand the building horizontally for extra space. It relates to the existing
complex in the same geometric proportion because it uses the four-foot grid and
the 96-foot height. Another geometrical element being used is a glass cylinder
stair that connects the fifth and sixth floor. It gives a sense of vertical continuity
to the gallery space.
Finally, the new object-28,935sq.ft for offices, galleries and storage have
been successfully blended to the existing composition creating a new one without
distracting the original composition.
Geometrical solution allows a maximum flexibility and in the same
time provides a sense of unity which is one of the main principle in creating a
beautiful composition.
i lI ""
•
. •;
1
•
•
I - ·- - - -i
: '
Ground Floor Analytic Study Section Analytic Study i t.
22
Great Neck Child Development Center
Great Neck, New York.
Architects : Gordon & Meltzer
The objective of the design is to develop a concept that

outlines the needs, constraints, and other elements indigenious to
an interior play environment; qualities that capitalize the learning
potential of the young child. Here, the concept of scaling down the
environment to children size is clearly exhibited. Architects want
to create "a setting that suggestive and responsive; a variety of
experience and exposures that offers bodily, sensory, and
,. imaginative interaction on a personnal or group level".
The approach of the design is . to look at the building

through the children's eyes and to design a structure that is not to
overwhelm them. Therefore, the scale of the windows and doors is
reduced to the children's scale.
The structure which is non-monumental, is designed in

such a way that the children's feeling of fear can be avoid.
Therefore, they will feel more secure and comfortable to be there.
It also help to create the feeling of homelike in the children.
Therefore, the application of an appropriate scale

according to the size of human being is very vital. Human seal@.
plays a great role in reflecting an individual existential being~ ·.
The feeling of "at home" can encourage us to interact with the
environment.
CHAPTER II:
CONTEXT ISSUES
-CULTURAL CONTEXT
-PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT
-BIDLTCONTEXT
-NATURAL CONTEXT
-CASE STUDIES
I _ _ _ __ _ _ .
CULTURAL CONTEXT
MALAYSIA
Malaysia is a relatively small country which is consists of

two parts: the Peninsula Malaysia and the Borneo Island. It is
located in the heart of Southeast Asia between latitudes 1° and 7°
North and 100° to 119° East. Its total land area is about 330,000
square miles, of which the peninsula accounts for about 131,000
square miles. The peninsula terrain is generally hilly and the coast
is intended from 5 miles to 40 miles by flat, often swampy alluvial
plains.
Climatically, it is hot and humid. ·Kuala lumpur (capital
state) is about 3° north of the equator. Rainfall is heavier along
the east coast than the west coast. Most urban and agricultural land
is on the west coast, and consequently so is most of the population.
The country has no distinct winter or summer; the temperatures
are more or less consistently somewhere between 20°C and 40°C
and relative humidity is high all year along. Rainfall is heavier
during the winter months, but solar radiation and sunshine are
more · or less constant. Malaysia does not contend with
earthquarkes as Japan does, or typhoons as do the other parts of
Asia.
Malaysia, which has the total population of 17 million, is a
multi-racial country. There are three distinguisable major races;
Malays (50%), Chinese (35%), and Indians(l0%).(est. 1980). The
indigenous people such as Dayaks, Ibaris, Bajaus, and Kadazart.s
made up the rest of 5%.
26
PORT KLANG
'\
) SELAi'IGOR D ARUL ' HSAN Klang, richly-mentioned in the historical annals of the Sri
(Ir-,.,,, ,,-, - A
Vijaya, Majapahit and Malaccan Malay Empire. With noted
~........ \ ... _- .. .1 . \
...r ... ' '....., dwellings since the 3rd century, the history of modem Klang only
l>,\fR..\l l .
~AllAI\ !IEH:-;A.\ I
·-- l•.\l:llAI!
~'
\ began when mining became the main occupation of the people in
1:-.,,.~ ft., ~·1~:1 U•.:~'-1)
! "LL. Sf.l .AKGOR
tl1-.. ~t. n,:,1r Di~ui..1)
~
...I Klang Valley and Klang Town. These two places were then
I transformed into the heart of the commercial and governmental
activities.
The mouth of Klang River was known as Port Swettenham,
...\ the doorway from the Straits of Malacca to Klang, the whole of
Selangor and Peninsular Malaysia. This progress brought in the
infrastructural development where the first fruit of success was the
completion of the railway which hails from Kuala Lumpur to
Klang in 1886. In 1889, the railway from Klang to Port
,Swettenham was built. As a result of the vast development, the
town of Port Swettenham became the commercial center in the
West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. This was the stepping stone to
a growing town to become the most important port in Peninsular
Malaysia of yesterday and today. Port Swettenham was then
renamed Port Klang in 1973.
T~ Ih.ip.111~1111 .\111tunl1u11~,,..,
T t·1l 1i1111)( Port Klang is strategically divided into North Klang Straits
u11l11 1.umpur
. l" ..t,o l o""' ' ' l .1. .., ,1,.,, ,.f,\.,1-·H• and South Port. Today, North Klang Straits together with the
North Port is known as Bandar Sultan Sulaiman - The Harbor City
of Tomorrow.
Therefore, the population growth in this area has
suggested the need for a place which will serve the community
in term of entertainment, socialization, and health
improvement.
27
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT
Geometry has been proven as a way in achieving a
beautification of form, Psychologically, people tend to like being
in a beautiful environment whether it is natural or man-made. In
addition, social value such as religion, culture, and tradition can be
expressed through the use of geometry symbols. These symbols
will create a sense of realization of relationship between the
beholder and his environment.
Therefore, the design of the Civic Center will be based
on geometrical layout.
Scale is also very important to the beholder's perception.

For example, monumental scale tends to make everything seems
larger than the eyes normally expected. This could create a feeling
of awe and fear to the beholder. The new environment of scale
should be based upon people's actual modes of perception in order
to reflect accurately the relationship between architecture and
human beings that we find emotionally satisfying.
Therefore, the design will be based on human scale
because it can reflect our individual existential being.
Socialization and recreation are the best ways of releasing

stress and tension in one's mind. This is very important in order to
develop mental and emotional balance for community. Those
activities can lead to satisfaction of one's morale and spirit, as well
as guide one's goals of self-realization. It also develops one's
personality, attitudes, and habits which interact with his or her
growth process.
Therefore, the design of the Civic Center will include
activities for recreation and socialization.
28
BUILT CONTEXT
Strategic Location.
Bandar Sultan- Suleiman is the ideal harbor city of the
future that's here today. Planned on an area of 1,418.33 hectares, it
will be Malaysia's biggest harbor city and one of the largest in
Asian region.
Situated just 28 km. from Subang International Airport and
within minutes of travel from Port Klang - Malaysia's largest port,
it is also easily accessible from all directions - from nearby Shah
Alam, Petaling Jaya and the city of Kuala Lumpur.
Transportation
Conveniently, there are railbus services which connect
busy towns like Sentul, Sungei Way, Subang Jaya, Batu _Tiga, and
Klang to Port Klang. Besides the existing Federal Highway that is
linking Kuala Lumpur and Klang, the second highway adjoining
these towns is scheduled to be completed by 1992.
Housing
Housing is comprehensive and varied with the allocation of
224.60 hectares. PKNS, the developer of this town has planned to
build 7,636 units of low-cost, medium cost and extravagantly
beautiful houses together with 5-story apartments in consideration
for people of different incomes in this town.(Source: Selangor
State Development Corporation; 1991). About 40% has been built
and occupied (mostly apartments).
Recreation
Recreation is a major consideration in the balanced
planning of this township. A captivating view of the beautiful
islands with the ability to provide interesting activities such as
5-story Apartment
fishing, swimming, picnicking and surfing is one of the many
29
assets of Bandar Sultan Suleiman.
Industrial/Commercial
There are about 566.7 hectares of land allocated for
industrial activities in this town. From that figure, around 170
units of individual industrial lots and 48 units of twin industrial
lots are in Phase I. It is one of the efforts of the local government
to transform this town into a successful industrial township.
Therefore, Bandar Sultan Suleiman is not just a

residential township but also a commercial and industrial
township. It will create job opportunities, investments,
commercial activities and overcome the demand for space in
the Klang Valley. Hence, this township will indeed need a
place as one-stop facility for residents, investors, and public
which in this case a civic center.
30
NATURAL CONTEXT
Rain
The average rainfall varies from 80in to lOOin per year.
The Northeast Monsoon which prevails from October to February
brings the heaviest rainy season in the year. During May to
September, the Southwest Monsoon dominates.
Temperature
The temperature ranges from 21°C to 32°C ( 70°F to 90°F)
From the point of view of human thermal comfort, afternoon
temperatures in the forests are closest to ideal-about 4°C lower
than those in the open fields.
Vegetation
Along the edge of the site are Cempaka trees (about 15 to
20ft), placed about 5 to 1Oft from one another but get more
cluttered on the eastern and northen edges. 90% of the site itself is
covered by grass.
Humidity
The relative humidity is very high ( 80 % to 100 % ). For
the normal day, the maximum humidity is reached around 6.00
a.m when the temperature drops to below dew point. This. causes
the deposition of dew and fog.
Wind
The two major wind systems are the Northeast and the
Southwest winds. This winds bring a lot of precipitations to the
area and thus give a cooling effect on the land. The average wind
speed is around 25 miles per hour.
31
Therefore, architecture in this area ;
i) the building.envelope has to act like an umbrella that
keeps the rain and the sun out but let the wind through.
ii) the building position and orientation should be used
to help control thermal level. The solar path throughout the
(
year along the equator requires protection at an angle of
1,
l
·( around 69°. fl d
iii) the building oor plan is recommende to have a
north/south orietation to keep out the hot western sun.
iv) the quality of light entering the building and
protection from intense sunlight are important. Windoes are
often recessed for that purpose.
v) the planting of shade trees will perform the dual
function of beautifying the area and moderating its afternoon
temperature.
vi) the drainage system also should be highly considered
since the average rain fall is very high.
32
CASE STUDIES
The Traditional Malay House
The traditional Malay house is an indigenous solution to

housing for the Malays evolved and built through the generations
by the Malays themselves, adapting to their own needs and
environment, using local materials which were oncely freely
available in their natural surroundings. The traditional Malays
house owes little or nothing to conscious design and shows good
instinctive use of materials. Materials are used according to their
nature, simply and effectively.
The house is raised about 3 feet above the ground. During
the rainy season, it is saved from cold and flood disaster. Also
raised-house can protect them from ground insect and animal
attacks. During the summer months where the temperature is quite
high, it allows natural air to circulate through under the house and
therefore, provide a natural 'air-condition' for the house. The stilts
which hold the house are placed on stone footing. It is so practical
because wood deteriorates easily if placed directly on the ground.
. Open layout is another common features of the Malay
house. Very often, there is one large space which is known as the
main house. Space for the kitchen is also a significant one. Apart
from these two spaces, there is a space for bedroom regardless the
size of the household. Important to note here, none of these spaces
are totally fixed but dependent on the occasions. For example,
during the religious garherings the main house is designated for
the men, while their women congregate in the kitchen.There is no
permanent partition or wall to define the specific area. The spaces
are define by the changes in level that occur in the house, of the
roof, and by the users of curtains. The Malay house is thus a good
example of the flexible and optimal use of spaces. Openness and
emptiness are the essence of the interior spaces in the traditional
33
Analysis of Malay traditional house.
Malay house. Another common feature is the pitch roof. This is
response to the local warm climatic which is characterized by its
heavy seasonal rainfall.
In short, it is a house designed and built by the users
themselves according to their own basic needs with a good
underst~nding of nature and environment, incorporating and
refiecting their way of life and culture.
34
Kimbell Art Museum, Forth Worth, Texas
Architect : Louis I. Kahn

Client : Kay Kimbell
Here, Kahn relies heavily on the regional inspiration. The

broad horizontality of the Texas plains is reflected in the low, flat
character of the building. On its front is the ubiquitous Texas
porch that doubles as the introduction to and explication of the
building's spatial and structural system. To anyone familiar with
Fort Worth, the long gray concrete vaults that form the building,
draw an easy parallel to the cylindrical concrete grain elevators
that dot the city and the surrounding countryside.
Vault Gallery-Interior Kahn is not just dipping eclectically into forms he
discovered along the highway and route from the airport. He
demonstrates a deep and profound feeling for Texas-especially in
his handling of color, texture, and light. The tawny grays and tans
of the building are the colors of the native landscape with its
parched grasses and limestone substrata. The tactile character of
~e building's materials sing out when placed in deep relief by the
hard Texas sun. And everywhere light and shade are modulated
with great finesse and understanding.
The design, material, and construction of this building
shows a high degree of responses to the built context, culture,
and climate of the area. Therefore, the building is truly
resonant in its place.
Exterior
35
CHAPTER III :
FACILITY PROGRAM
-ANALYSIS OF ACTIVITIES
I -OVERVIEW
-PRIMARY ACTIVITIES
-SECONDARY ACTIVITIES
-ANALYSIS OF SPACES
-ASSOCIATION WITH ACTIVITIES \\
-TYPICAL REQUIREMENT
-UNIQUE REQUIREMENT
I 'J
-RELATIONSHIP OF SPACES
-FOR ADJACENCY/SEPARATION
-FOR COMMUNITY/PRIVACY
-FOR CONSTRUCTION
-CASE STUDIES
ANALYSIS OF ACTIVITIES
DEFJNITION OF ACTIVITIES
Primary Activities
A Civic Center is a place where people can meet, socialize,
entertain, and exercise. It gathers most common types of facilities
such as an auditorium, gymnasium, cafeteria, exhibition room and
administration. The intention is to provide the public ease and
access to those activities. Here, the public can experience the
education and recreation facilities which as a result, the complex
promotes a high level of interaction and socialization within the
community.
Therefore, recreation, entertaiment, and socialization
as the primary activities of this civic center should be the
utmost importance to be stressed in planning. Public and
private spaces should be clearly defined, especially if the
spaces involved sound control(acoustical value) and security.
Secondary Activities
Secondary activities are the activities that necessary to
accomplish the primary activities. The administration which is the
backbone of this complex is the major secondary activities in order
to ensure the efficiency of the facilities that this complex has to
offer.
Therefore, offices and other administration spaces
should not be as visible as the recreation or entertainment
area. Sound (acoustic) control and good illumination of light
are important consideration for these types of spaces. Service
spaces need to have easy access and direct traffic patterns to
participants and staffs, and to primary activities
spaces.Security levels should be at maximum but not imply
hostility to users.
36
OVERVIEW
AUDITORIUM
The auditorium will be used as a center for community
affairs. It will provide a space for wide range activities such as
concerts, plays, speeches, lectures, forums, and other forms of
presentations. Before the performances, the audiences will and
take their seats. During the performances, they will remain silent
with occasional laughter, applause, or other expressions1• The
auditorium will also requires easy accesses and exits with smooth
circulation. Acoustics consideration is very important in creating a
good quality of sound. Lighting is also vital in making the event
successful. Supporting facilities would include dressing rooms,
make-up room, storage, workshop, green room, rehearsal room,
lounge, lighting booth, ticket booth, and restroom. Its lobby area
will act as a transition space where one starting to build up his
concentration in becoming an audience. '\
CAFETERIA
. The space for cafeteria will include indoor and outdoor
eating areas, snack bar, and kitchen. The eating areas and snack
bar will be open to the public, as an individual or as a group. Here,
the activities such as eating, drinking, talking, sitting, and meeting
are the major activities of the users. The chairs and tables
arrangement should be flexible and comfortable as to give a
pleasing and enjoying environment in the food areas. Shading
devices will be provided for the outdoor eating area. Kitchen and
food preparation areas should be adjacent to the dining areas.
Supporting facilities will include storage/refrigerator, disarm,
garbage-room, and restroom.
1 except during certain events such as rock concert where audiences might contribute more noise.
37
GYMNASIUM
The gymnasium will act as a mini recreational center for
the community. It will provide a various program of sport
activities in accordance to meet the needs of all people. Here, the
users main activity is to play or to watch a game in progress. There
also will be a multi-purpose hall which can be used for a variety of
social activities, such as banquets and social dancing. Supporting
facilities that will be provided are locker room, shower room,
storage, and restroom.
GALLERY
The gallery will provide the space for the local and
international display such as crafts, paintings, and sculptures. This
area will be an open space with flexible interior partitions that are
movable. Thus, the interior space might be changed from time to
time. People who go pass through the gallery will have a chance to
observe, to learn, and to enjoy the artistic value of the peoples'
cultures and skills. Supporting facilities such as storage and
information booth will be provided.
CONFERENCE ROOM
This facility is provided for the outside (public or private)
organization. Here, activity mainly meeting and discussing will
take place. Storage should be provided for the audio-visual
equipment, displays, and furniture.
COURT-YARD/PLAZA
This large open outdoor area will provide a space for social
and cultural activities such as night market2 and traditional
displays. Area for people to seat will also be provided at certain
spot of the plaza.
2 Night market is a way of life in Malaysia. Here, a variety of goods are sold such as cloth, foods,
electronics, household items and etc.
38
LOBBY
The lobby will be located near the main entrance. This area
is an · open space basically used for circulation, pacing, and
orientation. Some sitting area will be provided for people who are
waiting for someone. Supporting facilities such as information
booth, telephone booth, and restroom will be furnished for the
visitors convenience.
ADMINISTRATION
This area will include offices areas that will operate the
civic center. It consists offices for director, assistant director ,
general officers, secretary, security, and public relation. A meeting
room for the staffs will also be provided. Thus, the main activities
here are managing, talking, and typing. A small lounge will be
provided as a waiting area and a place where the staffs can take a
break and relax.
MAINTENANCE/SERVICE
. Cleanliness and tidiness of a place is very important factors
to be considered. Some of the facilities might damage during or
after they have been used. Therefore, services is needed to up date
the facilities. This area is mainly provided for storage and an office
as the center of service management.
39
. PRIMARY ACTIVITIES AND PARTICIPANTS
AUDITORIUM
Activity 1 :singing, performing, acting
Participants :actors, singers, musicians
No. of participants at a time :20-25
Activity 2 :watching, listening, applauding

Participants :audiences
No. of participants at a time :900
CAFETERIA
Activity I :eating, drinking, talking
Participants :staffs, public
Activity 2 :cooking, serving

Participants :cooks, cook assistants
No. of participants at a time : I 0-15
GYMNASIUM
Activity 1 :playing, exercising, running
Participants :athletes, staffs, public
No. o.f participants at a time : 150
Activity 2 :watching, shouting, applauding

Participants :audiences ·
Activity 3 :dancing, gathering

Participants :staffs, public
40
GALLERY
Activity 1 :exhibiting, displaying, talking
Participants :artists, painters, organizations
Activity 2 :observing, asking, learning

Participants :public
CONFERENCE ROOM
Activity 1 :meeting, discussing,
Participants :public/private organizations
COURT-YARD/PLAZA
Activity 1 :selling/buying, eating/drinking, watching
Participants :public
Activity 2 :displaying, singing,

Participants :artists, musician
No. o_fparticipants at a time :10-15
LOBBY
Activity 1 :waiting, standing, askillg,
sitting, walking, talking
Participants :visitors/public
No.of participants at a time :100
PRAYING ROOM
Activity 1 : praying, washing
Participants : public
No. of participant at a time : 40-50
41
SECONDARY ACTMTIES AND PARTICIPANTS
AUDITORWM
Activity 1 :managing, directing
Participants :managers, director
Activity 2 :crafting, painting, setting

Participants :carpenter, painters, directors
No. of Participants at a time :30
CAFETERIA
Activity 1 :managing, organizing
Participants :manager
Activity 2 :cleaning, dish-washing, garbage-handling

Participants :staffs
GYMNASIUM
Activity 1 :managing, maintaining, controlling
Participants :manager, maintenance
No. o_f participants at a time :5
Activity 2 :washing, showering

Participants :athletes
GALLERY
Activity 1 :managing, informing, organizing
Participants :manager, staffs
42
ADMINISTRATION
Activity 1 :managing, typing, informing, controlling
Participants :manager, secretary, securities
MAINTENANCE/SERVICE
Activity 1 :maintaining, cleaning, up-dating
Participants :staffs
No. of participants :10
43
SPACES ASSOCIATION WITH ACTIVITIES
~
General Off. :
Secretary
Counter Area .I • 1.
Meeting Room
Lounge
(ta .
I •• • II!
II.
·-k/' I ~ ...J
Exhibitioij. Room • I\. • ..
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Ticket Booth • • •
,_
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Multi-purp9se Court •
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Squash Court
Fitness Area I
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Shower room
'I 1<
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Stage I
~
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Lighting Booth " · ,,.-

Dressing Room K· I :C.
~B~ac:-:t::ks~ta~g~e:--~~-t:~K~~,£.ilii~v
l~~. ~o$l~~~ ~~~~~~"$'~~$-~W""~d?-E~~
Praying Room
Washing Room
!fl 1 • • ~ I
• •
Phone Booth I{
Food Court I\.! • •
Info. Booth I\..
Kitchen
Dining Area ' ').
r •-
,,...... _
Storage
Janitor
Restroom •
Key: • • f) ~ 0
High Low
ANALYSIS OF SPACES
TYPICAL REQUIREMENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS
AUDITORIUM
Access :Access between the various parts need to be as free
as possible, to pennit their full use by the audience
before the show, between acts, and after the final
curtain. Sounding deadening material will be
required on the walls of approaching corridors or
lobby, to prevent parallelism.
Lobby :Here, the audience activities such as lounging,
talking, smoking, meeting and waiting are great
especially before the performance. Therefore, a
necessary space should be design to meet the
activities. Lounge, telephone booth, information
booth are the utmost space to be considered. It also
serves as the transition space between outside and
inside activities. A total area of 1500sq. ft is
recommended.
Ticket Booth :This should, if possible, both command the
entrance to the inner lobby and at the same time
permit the lines to form without obstructing it.
Minimum of two ticket windows are necessary, one
for reserved seats and one for current seats. An area
of lOOsq.ft will be provided. .
Seating :The last seat is preferably not over 75 to lOOft
from the stage. The front .balcony is preferably
within 50ft of the stage. As far as the aisles
concern, the straight radial aisles are better than
aisles which curve or bend. A center aisle should be
avoided because it wastes the most desirable seating
area in the auditorium and inevitably causes the
objectionable condition of seats near the aisle being
directly in front of each other. An optimum view of
the stage throughout the house depends on three
factors: Slope of the house, staggering of seats, and
elevation of the stage. A total area of 9000sq.ft is
recommended for the seating area.
Stage :The proscenium opening is usually 70ft and has a
depth of 40ft and should be adaptable to changes in
the arrangement of the acting area. The stage should
always be below eye level of patrons sitting in the
first row. Ideal height is between 2ft 6in and 3ft 6in
from the floor at the first row of seats. Minimum of
two entrance for actors form the backstage are
necessary. An area of lOOOsq.ft will be provided for
the stage.
Backstage :A large workshop is needed to prepare scenes for
the performance. It should be at least 30ft long by
30ft wide by 20ft high. A large doors with most
convenient to the stage is necessary. The dressing
rooms should be located as near as possible to the
stage without interfering in any .way with the
backstage movement of scenery and actors. An area
of 900sq.ft for the storage is needed for the
workshop. Dressing room will occupy an area of
250sq.ft.
Office :An area of 150sq.ft will be provided for the
management office.
Lighting Booth:The lighting booth should be located above the
rain shelter high over the rear of the audience. It
should allow the operator full vision of all acting
areas which are to be lighted. A minimum of
85,000 to 100,000 watts will be required. An area
of 200sq.ft will be required for the lighting
equipment and activity.
46
CAFETERIA
Dining area :It will provide an area of 16-18sq. ft per seat. A
medium size of table is adequate to accommodate
3-4 trays 14 by 18 in. Table should be space d 4 to
5ft to allow enough space for aisle. Diagonal
arrangement of square tables will utilize space
better than square arrangement and yield more
trouble free traffic lane. Dining area approximately
2600sq.ft including 500sq.ft for snack bar and
500sq.ft for outdoor dining.
Kitchen :The satisfactory percentage of floor area covered
by equipment should not exceed 30% of the total
room area. This is important to allow more space
for traffic. Kitchen area will occupy 500sq.ft .
Dishwashing :It is important to have enough space for dishes to
be exposed to air for sufficient time to air-dry
.before stacking. For basket-machines it is
recommended that clean dish area occupy 60% of
the total table space and soiled dish area, 40%. A
table surface is desirable for sorting, treating, or
inspecting silver and other tableware. An area of
150sq.ft will be provided for the dishwashing.
Storage :The amount of dry, refrigerator and freezer space
required is determined by the. number of days of
storage to be provide for. A recommended number
of days for dry food is 2-4 weeks. 200sq.ft will de
provided for the storage/refrigerator.
Serving area :The space required for straight-line counters may
be estimated at 10-15sq.ft of floor space for each
linear foot of counter. This provides room for the
counters, servers, and back-bar equipment.
Therefore, an area of 150sq.ft is recommended.
47
Garbage Rm. :A lOOsq.ft area is needed for garbage handling.
This area sanitary is very important to guarantee the
cleanness of the cafeteria. ·
Storage :IOOsq.ft of a storage is needed to keep the extra
furniture.
Janitor closet :50sq.ft is needed to keep all the janitorial material
for the cafeteria area.
GYI\1NASIUM
Office : 15 x !Oft space for an office for administrating the
gymnasium will be provided.
Storage : 10 x 20ft space for storage is needed to store
equipment and sport supplies.
Janitor closet :A small space for janitorial supplies will consume
about 50sq.ft
Multi-purpose :Ideally the size of the main gymnasium floor for an
enrollment of 1000 participants would be
approximately 60 by 60ft which will consist of 3
(20ft x44ft)badminton courts. It is also can be
changed to one basketball court(SOft x 84ft).
Squash-court :2(25ft x 45ft) squash court will be provided.
Body-fitness :An area of 25ft x 25ft will be provided for body-
fitness equipment such as weight-lifting, benches,
calf-race machines.
Seating :There will be an area of IOOOsq.ft for the
spectators. Each person will occupy about 3sq.ft.
And there will be about 300 spectators.
Locker :An average of 14sq.ft per person should be
adequate. Sufficient mirrors, built-in drinking
fountain will be provided. 12 xl2 x54in storage
locker is recommended and there will be 30 for men
and 30 for women.
48
Shower :Shower area for 20 person at one time will
consume about 200 sq.ft. Shower heads should be at
least 4ft. apart.
Restroom :A restroom to accommodate 5 person in one time
will consume about 1OOsq ft.
GALLERY
Office :lOft x15ft office area will be provided for the
management of this facility.
Storage :20 x lOft area will be used as a storage.
Exhibition :An adequate space for visitors to move at different
speed should be provided. Some will move
continuously, while other will stop to examine
particular objects in greater detail. An open space is
important so that the visitors will have a maximum
.freedom to decide what they want to see. lOOOsq.ft
will be provided for this activity.
Information: In order to give a clear idea of the exhibition
objective it is necessary to provide an information
booth for the visitors. lOOsq.ft area will be
provided.
CONFERENCE
Conference Rm:The conference room will be .accommodated with
the air-condition facility since there will be no
windows. 800 sq.ft area will be provided for this
activity.
Storage :lOOsq.ft of area will be provided to store
conference equipment and furniture.
49
COURT-YARD
Plaza :5000sq.ft of open area will be provided for outdoor
activities such as night market, cultural events, and
social activity. Water element like fountain or pool
might be included as a cooling element along with
trees to provide some shades.
LOBBY
Lobby (refer to overview). A large area approximately
about 1600sq. ft will be provided. There will also
an area of 50sq.ft for telephone booth, 150sq.ft for
receptionist area and 200 sq.ft area for restroom.
PRAYING ROOM
Praying Rm. :(refer to overview). An area of 500sq.ft will be
provided for visitors to pray.
Washroom :lOOsq.ft area will be provided for visitor to make
.ablution before they pray.
Restroom :1OOsq.ft area will be provided for restroom.
ADMINISTRATION
Offices :(refer to overview) The administration area should
be located near the grand lobby. All offices in this
area will have a close relationship to each other in
order to work more effective as a team. Most off
the offices will also have a opelling to the outside so
that more comfortable working environment can be
created. A small kitchen area about lOOsq.ft is
recommended for the staffs to have some
refreshment during their break time. The areas for
offices are 250sq.ft for the director, 200sq.ft for the
assistant director, 400sq.ft for the general officers,
150 sq.ft for the secretary, 250 for the security, 200
for the public relation, and 350sq.ft for the meeting
room.
50
Lounge :It should be located within the administration area.
An area of 300sq.ft will be provided for lounge.
This area is .recommended to have a view to outside
so that people who are in a waiting activity will feel
comfortable enjoying the beautiful scenery of the
nature.
Restroom :150sq.ft will be provided for restroom.
MAINTENANCE/SERVICE
Maintenance :The area should be located far from the visitor
activity.An area of 150 sq.ft for office plus 200sq.ft
for the storage/janitor will be provided.
PARKING
Underground :Underground parking will serves 200 parking
spaces including 3 parking spaces for the
handicapped and 10 parking spaces for the service
vehicles. A total area approximately 35,000sq. ft
will be needed. A series of elevator is
recommended from the parking area to the ground
level.
Ground level :Ground level parking will serves 150 parking
spaces including 3 parking · spaces for the
handicapped and 10 parking spaces for the services
vehicles. A total area approximately 27 ,OOOsq.ft is
required. Trees are recommended to provide shades
to this area.
51
UNIQUE REQUIREMENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS
LIGHTING
Auditorium :There must be at least 2 lighting towers on each
side of the auditorium. They should be close
enough to the main stage to provide it with
maximum spotlighting. Each tower should be able
to let the light fall on stage at an angle of 45 degree.
Lighting booth is also should not be so far away
from the stage.
General
Ranges of llluminance Type of Task or Activity

20- JO - 50 Outdoor entrance areas
50-75- 100 Circulation areas. simple orientation. or short temporary visits
100 - 150 - 200 Rooms not used continuously for working purposes. e.g., industrial
surveillance, storage areas. cloakrooms. entrance halls
200 - JOO - 500 Tasks with simple visual requirements. e.g.. rough machining lee·
ture theaters
JOO - 500 - 750 Tasks with medium visual requirements. e.g .. medium machining.
offices, control rooms
500 - 750 - 1000 Tasks with demanding visual requirements. e .g.. sewing. inspection
and testing, drawing offices
750 - 1000 - 1500 Tasks with difficult visual requirements. e.g .. fine machining and
'
1000 - 1500- 2000
assembly. color discrimination
Tasks with special visual requirements. e .g .. hand engraving.
inspection of very fine work
2000 Performance of very exacting visual tasks. e.g .. minute electronic
assembly. surgical procedures
52
ACOUSTIC
For auditorium and conference room, it is necessary
to provide . sound-reflective swfaces around the
speakers' position and to make the rest of the room
's swfaces sound absorbent.
In office room, the floor and ceiling can be relied
on for sound absorption.
Noise level of 50 to 55dB(A) are considered to be
the maximum acceptable for casual, close-range
communication, such as in the workshop
(auditorium). In general office areas, 40dB(A) is
recommended, and in conference room and
auditorium, the level should be about 30dB(A).
53
RELATIONSHIP OF SPACES
SPACES FOR ADJACENCY/SEPARATION
SPACES
Lobby
Conference
Director Off.
General Off.
Secre
Counter Area
Meeting Room
Lounge
Exhibition Room
Ticket Booth
Multi-purpose Co
Squash Court
Fitness Area
Locker room
Praying Room
Washin Room
Phone Booth
Food Court
Info. Booth
Kitchen
Dining Area
Storage
Janitor
Restroom
Key: ..
High .
() ~ 0
Low
54
'
SPACES FOR COMMUNITY/PRIVACY
SPACES
··Lobb
Conference
Director Off.
General Off.
Secre
Counter Area
Fitness Area
Locker room
( Shower room
Stage
L_ Lightin Booth
Dressin Room
Backstage
. Praying Room
Washing Room
Phone Booth
Food Court
Info. Booth
Kitchen
R tr om
Key:
High Low
55
SPACES FOR CONSTRUCTION
H
..... cu
0
u -§ .:a:§1 .§.... e t
:l
~ ·s';! ....:I ~ ~ ~t ~~
cu
a ~
0
~
i?;
.~ ·~ ~
cu
!
1
i:l.l
~u !+::~ Iz ~ !u ~ :s!8 ~5 ~ 0 :! ~ ,g0

~ ~
!j g
"'C 00
0
0
SPACES v.i v.i u
Lobbv .. '· x x rx ~
ronferen~P. x r>< x x
Director Off. D< rx x x
General Off. IX )< x
Secretarv IX x x
Counter Area IX x
Meeting Room lX rx [X
Lounge Ix I>< IX
Exhibition Room I>< rx
Ticket Booth I)<
Multi-purpose Court >< r>< I>< rx
L
Squash Court x x
Fitness Area x >< x )<
Locker room IX
Shower room IX r>< x [X
Stage [X IX
Lighting Booth I>< IX I><
Dressing Room [)<
Backstage [)<
Praying Room t>< [)< IX >< ex rx
Washing Room D< [)< rx
Phone Booth rx D<
Food Court IX l'X IX
Info. Booth IX IX
Kitchen
Dining Area ~
rx D< )( [>(
x IX
~ rx
Storage
Janitor
x
lX
Restroom ~ [)< ex ~
56
CASE STUDIES
Civic Center, West Hollywood, California.
Architects Edmund Chang and Roger Sherman

Site The current West Hollywood Park, a 7.75-
acre parcel bounded by Santa Monica, San
Vincente, and Robertson·Blvds. and Melrose
Ave.
Program Design a civic center to serve as symbol of
the newly incorporated City of West
Hollywood, with a city hall and council
chambers (65,000 sq. ft.), civic auditorium
(20,000 sq. ft.), library (15,000 sq. ft), and
fire station (10,000 sq. ft.), parking and 5.5
acres of open space.
Entrance- perspective Solution Winner of a two-stage open design
competition, this scheme organizes the site
as a network of civic spaces that are defined
by the terracing of the site and by the
positioning of buildings in the park.
Buildings are designed to address the scale
and density of the surrounding
neighborhood, while the landscape is treated
ai a scale comparable in its expanse to the
adjacent Pacific Design Center. The
uppermost of four terraces serves as the
theater entry court. The auditorium and the
city hall face each other across the civic
court, while the city hall bisects the site. A
monumental portal cut through the city hall
connects the civic court to a great lawn,
flanked by grooves of palm and ficus trees
planted in alternating rows. Beyond this
Aerial-perspective "greensward" rise two observation and
56
lighting towers which illuminate a softball
field on the lowest of the four levels, where
a re~reation center, pool and fire station are
located.
Comments Having to build many different facilities on

an absurdly steep foothills, the designers
have solved the problem by working with
the contours of the site, and they have
organized it in such a way that one can
experience the whole place. Each piece has
a connection to another piece. It has a good
relationship with its context and has
produced a distinguished piece of
architecture. It's an assemblage of buildings
that works on every street it borders. Their
scheme uses hybrid building shapes to create
a splayed and terraced garden, an enclosed
civic courtyard, and two glass candle-shaped
structures-one is a performance theater, for
indoor image-making, and the second is a
spiraling glass council chamber that
.figuratively projects civic imagery. The city
hall itself is a modest three story building-
the most undersealed bWlding in the whole
scheme. It is an example of an extraordinary
civic without being heroic. According to
Logan, who is one of the competition juries,
" It does a really first-rate job of connecting
to all its edges".
Therefore,. in order to produce a distinguished pie~e of
architecture, one has to consider how his building will relate to
its context whether it is natural or man-made. Every piece of
his composition should has a relationship to the another piece.
57
Scale also should plays an important role in his scheme. No
building should be monumental or gigantic which could be
over dominant to the oth~r building.
~- :-/. .. ... .
..
Site Plan
58
Orland Park Village Center, Orland Park Center, Orland
Park, Illinois.
Architect Perkins and Will, Chicago.

Client Village of Orland Park, Illinois
Site a 12.5-acre site on a 95-acre property owned
.by the village and used for playing fields
and a nature preserve.
Program A 42,000-sq-ft village hall containing a
board room and administrative offices; a
10,800-sq-ft civic center containing an
exhibition hall, lobby, and dining room; and
a 34,600-sq-ft civic recreation · building
containing a gym, a track, locker room,
meeting room, daycare, and offices.
Costs $10.5 million for the building ($120 per
sq.ft); $1.5 for the site work.
Comments Site. The site plan offers an alternate

Site Plan geometry to the curvilinear layouts of the
typical suburban development. The three
buildings around the water stand in a strictly
orthogonal relationship. The site plan also
makes manifest the underlying geometry of
boundary lines and utility infrastructure that
support the romantic landscape of the
suburb. Orland Park's village center not only
runs counter to the existing order, but
reveals aspects of it that are unseen,
suppressed.
Functions. The clustering of diverse public
functions in this one complex, based on a
previously commissioned master plan, 1s
59
thus unusual and enlightened. The most
prominent building is the village hall, which
houses the govenunent offices and board
room. Adjacent to it is a civic center,
containing exhibition space and meeting
rooms. An auditorium is planned to occupy
a site across the quadrangle from the village
hall.
Architecture. These three structures appear
to bear little in the way of political
symbolism. There is no Classical ornament,
I COUNCIL CHAMBl!R
2WBBY
IO TRACK no figural sculpture, no temple front. The
11 Ml!l!TING PAV.
3FINANCI! \
12 DAYCARl!Cl!NTl!R architecture here is intentionally non
4ADMINS.
SLAW
6 l!XHIBITION HALL
) monumental. The village hall, for example, ·
7 .AUDITORIUM
has a symmetrical front, but that facade is
8 OUTDOOR AMPHI
9 DINING PAVILION
turned 90 degrees to the approach road and
parking lot, so that most visitors enter
through a slot in the side wall.
TOQrllS occul'J mcular pauilions;
Therefore, this project shows the Oexibilty of using
lobbUs art all columnar halls.
Tiu site plan shuws the orthogonal geometrical layout in designing. It also shows a diverse public
geometry of tht buildings and functions in one complex. In its overall composition, no
spaces overlaying the irrtgular monumental element has been introduced. The facade of main
form of the laU. Tht spatial defi-
nition of the compkx conlrasls building is facing to the approach road in which it help to
with tht object buildings along the emphasize the major entrance of this entire complex.
nearby commncial strip. Tht ar-
chitects ha?M propostd com1tcti11g
tht village ctnler to tht strip u•ith
a widn1ed rotry road jlanlitd by
rttail and offict buildi11gs. biit tht
villagt of Orland Park has wt to
act on tltt ithu. ·
60
CHAPTER IV:
-SUMMARY OF SPACES
SUMMARY OF SPACES
SPACE SUMMARY
------------------------------------------------------------------~---------
PRIMARY SPACES A.S.F PG#
AUDITORIUM 45
PRIVATE :
-Office 150
-Dressing Room 250
-Backstage 900
-Stage 1000
-Lighting Booth 200
-Storage 300
-Workshop 600
-Lounge 250
-Restroom 100
-Janitor 50
PUBLIC:
-Lobby 1500
-Ticket Booth 100
-Seating 9000
-Restroom 200
N.S.F 14600
U.S.F 14600 x 1.3 = 18980
G.S.F 18980 x 1.2 = 22776
61
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CAFETERIA 47
PRIVATE :
-Office 100
-Kitchen/Preparation 500
-Storage/Refrigerator 200
-Dishroom 150
-Garbage-room 100
-Serving Area 150
-Storage 100
-Janitor 50
PUBLIC:
-Snack Bar 500
-Dining: Indoor 1600
Outdoor 500
-Counter 100
-Restroom 200
N.S.F 4250
U.S.F 4250 x 1.3 = 5525
G.S.F 5525 x 1.2 = 6630
62
GYMNASIUM 48
PRIVATE:
-Office 150
-Storage 200
-Janitor 50
PUBLIC:
-Multi-purpose Court (60ft x 60ft) 3600
-Squash Court (2@25ft x 45ft) 2250
-Body Fitness· 525
-Locker/Changing Room 500
-Shower Room 200
-Seating 1000
-Restroom (2@ lOOsq.ft) 200
N.S.F 8675
U.S.F 8675 x 1.3 = 11278
G.S.F 11278 x 1.2 = 13533
63
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GALLERY 49
PRIVATE:
-Office 150
-Storage 200
PUBLIC:
-Exhibition Room 1000
-Information Booth 100
N.S.F 1450
U.S.F 1450 x 1.3 = 1885
G.S.F 1495 x 1.2 = 1794
CONFERENCE 49
PRIVATE:
-Storage 100
PUBLIC:
-Conference Room 800
N.S.F 900
U.S.F 900 x 1.3 = 1170
G.S.F 1170 x 1.2 = 1404
---------------------~----------------------------------~--------------------
64
PRlMARY SPACES A.S.F PG#
OUTDOOR 50
PUBLIC :
-Court-yard/Plaza 5000
N.S.F 5000
U.S.F 5000 x 1.3 = 6500
G.S.F 6500 x 1.2 = 7800
LOBBY 50
PUBLIC
-Lobby 1600
-Telephone Booth 50
-Restroom ( 2@ 100) = 200
SEMI-PRlVATE/PUBLIC
-Information Center/Receptionist 150
N.S.F 2000
U.S.F 2000 x 1.3 = 2600
G.S.F 2600 x 1.2 = 3120
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
65
PRIMARY SPACES A.S.F PG #
PRAYING ROOM 50
PUBLIC:
-Praying room 500
-Washroom 100
-Restroom 100
N.S.F 700
U.S.F 700 x 1.3 = 910
G.S.F 910 x 1.2 = 1092
66
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECONDARY SPACE A.S.F PG#
-----------------------------------------------------------------.....------------
ADMINISTRATION 50
PRIVATE
-Director Office 250
-Assistant Director Office 200
-General Office 400
-Secretary 150
-Security Office 250
-Public Relation 200
-Meeting Room 350
-Kitchen 100
SEMI-PRIVATE/PUBLIC
-Lounge 300
-Restroom 150
N.S.F. 2350
U.S.F 2350 x 1.3 = 3055
G.S.F 3055 x 1.2 = 3666
MAINTENANCE/SERVICE 51
PRIVATE
-Office 150
-Storage/Janitor 200
N.S.F 350
U.S.F 350 x 1.3 = 455
G.S.F 455 x 1.2 = 546
67
SUPPORTING SPACES A.S.F ~#
----------------------~-----~-~----~-------~-------""?'\"~;""~-----~----
PARKING l~\v\/o 1("') 1 \)W. \..... 51
~>0~ '· /' ~~ (.
PRIVATE V '
-Under-ground 10@ 9ft x 18ft = 1620
-Ground-level 10@ 9ft x 18ft = 1620
PUBLIC
-Ground-level 137@ 9ft x 18ft = 22194
HANDICAPPED
-Ground-level 3@ 13ft x 18-ft = 702
N.S.F 75132
U.S.F 75132 x 1.3 74272
G.S.F 59740 x 1.2 89126
68
GRANDSU1\1MARY:
SPACES GSF #OF USERS
AUDITORIUM 22776 960

CAFETERIA 6630 332
GYMNASIUM 13533 883
GALLERY 1794 213
CONFERENCE 1404 50
OUTDOOR 7800 1215
LOBBY 3120 100
PRAYING ROOM 1092 50
ADMINISTRATION 3666 15
MAINTENANCE/SERVICE 546 10
PARKING (Underground) 38245 1000
TOTAL 100666 4828
69
CHAPTERV:
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
-BUILDING COSTS
-PROJECT COSTS & INCOME
-ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION & METHODS
I f
BUILDING COSTS
~-::·T
..
. q;J\L)f;; t
BUILDING COSTS• :
1) AUDITORIUM
GSF =22,776/
COST/SQFT = $78.30
TOTAL COST = 22,776 x $78.30
= $1,783,360.80
2) CAFETERIA
GSF = 6,630
COST/SQFT = $92.60
TOTAL COST = 6,630 x $92.60
= $613,638.00
3) GYMNASIUM
GSF = 13,533
COST/SQFT = $60.30
TOTAL COST = 13,533 x $60.30
= $816,039.00
4)GALLERY
GSF = 1,794
COST/SQFT = $40.50
TOTAL COST = 1,794 x $40.50
= $72,657.00
• Cost per sq. ft. is based on Malaysian currency: M$2.50 = US$1.00
70
5) CONFERENCE
GSF = 1,404
COST/SQFT = $84.10
TOTAL COST = 1,404 x $84.10
= $118,076.40
6) LOBBY
GSF = 3,120 \
COST/SQFT = $40.50 ____.,,
TOTAL COST = 3, 120 x $40.50 "
= $126,360.00
7) PRAYING ROOM \
GSF = 1,092 ~
COST/SQFT = $35.00 ...---
TOTAL COST = 1,092 x $35.00
= $38,220.00
8) ADMINISTRATION
GSF = 3,666
COST/SQFf = $41.30
TOTAL COST = 3,666 x $41.30
= $151,405.00
9) MAINTENANCE/SERVICE
GSF = 546
COST/SQFT = $30.00
TOTAL COST = 546 x $30.00
= $16,380.00
71
10) PARKING (Underground)
GSF = 38,245
COST/SQFT = $42.00
TOTAL COST = 38,245 x $42.00
= $1,606,290.00
BUILDING COST SUMMARY:
1) AUDITORIUM ................................. . $1,783,360.00

2) CAFETERIA...................................... $613,638.00
3) GYMNASIUM................................. . $816,039.00
4) GALLERY......................................... $72,657.00
5) CONFERENCE................................ .. $118,076.40
6) LOBBY............................................ .. $126,360.00
7) PRAYING ROOM ............................ . $38,220.00
8) ADMINISTRATION.......................... $151,405.00
9) MAINTENANCE/SERVICE.............. $16,380.00
10) PARKING ..................................... .... . $1 ,606,290.00
--------------------------------------__.___..~~~·-----------------------
TOTAL.............................................. . $10,865, 126.40
------------------------
72
PROJECT COSTS & INCOME
PROJECT COSTS:
1) BUILDING COST $10,865, 126.40

2) LAND VALUE (Paid by govt.) $0.00
3) SITE WORK (5% of bldg. cost) $543,256.30
4) LOAN COST (Not applicable) $0.00
5) CONTINGENCY COST $543,256.30
(5% of bldg. cost)
TOTAL PROJECT COST............... . $11,951,639.00
PROJECT INCOME:
GROSS SQUARE FOOTAGE (TOTAL GSF) X RENT VALUE

($/SFNEAR)
TOTALGSF = 100,666 SF
RENT VALUE = $12.00/SFNEAR
PROJECT INCOME = 100,666 x $12.00/SFNEAR
= $1,207,992.00
TOTAL PROJECT COST = $11,951,639.00

TOTAL PROJECT INCOME = $1,207,992.00/YEAR
73
ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION & METHODS
ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION AND METHODS:
TOTAL GSF = 100,666 SQFT

PROJECT COST = $11,951,639.00
PROJECT INCOME = $ 1,207,992.00
PAYBACK= PROJECT COST I PROJECT INCOME

= $11,951,639.00 I $1,207,992.00
=9.89YEARS
=IO YEARS.
74
BIBLIOGRAPHY
".
,.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1- Kappraff, Jay. Connections: The Geometric Bridge

Between Art and Science, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1991.
2- Stevens, Garry. The Reasoning Architect: Mathematics

and Science in Design, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York,
1990.
3- Ching, Francis D. K. Architecture: Form. Space. and

~.Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1979.
4- Critchlow, Keith. Order in Space, The Viking Press, Inc.,

New York, 1970.
5- Licklider, Heath. Architectural Scale, George Braziller,

Inc., 1966.
6- Yuan, Lim Jee. A Comparison of the Traditional Malay

House and the Modem Housing-Estate House, lnstitut Masyarakat,
Malaysia, 1981.
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Civic Center: Bandar Sultan Suleiman

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BANDAR SULTAN SULEIMAN

PORT KLANG, MALAYSIA

BANDAR SULTAN SULEIMAN CIVIC CENTER

Submitted to the Architecture Faculty of the

Chairman of the Committee

Programming Instructor (Arch 4395): Prof. Robert Perl

Texas Tech University ·

To my mother and father thank you for being there

To my brothers and sisters, thanks for keeping it in

To everyone for being a part of something so

Chapter I: Thesis Research

Chapter Il : Context Issues

Chapter ill : Facility Program

Chapter IV : Summary of Spaces.................................................. 61

Chapter V : Economic Analysis

Thesis vehicle : Bandar Sultan Suleiman Civic Center.

11•1 ,.. ,..

The origin of the discipline we call geometry is clearly

Geometrical Form in Islamic Art

By nature, the Islamic religion is both static and dynamic.

A scale is a measuring instrument, marked off in

expression of subconscious ideas, then it must have its own

In architecture, then, the problem of scale is that of

To pursue my research I will now explore the scale

"....proportion seem in effect, to be beauty and excellence."

Nevertheless, it is necessary for us to consider proportion

All in all, the human figure is a unique module of

TEXAS TECH LIBRARY

Apparently, according to those theories, every single

2- Foundations of Geometry by C. R. Wylie, Jr.

3- Architecture: Form, Space, and Order by Francis D. K. Ching.

5- Architectural Scale by Heath Licklider.

6- Order in Space by Keith Critchlow.

8- A Comparison of the Traditional Malay House and the Modem

9- Introduction to Community Recreation by George D. Butler.

Architects : Gordon & Meltzer

The objective of the design is to develop a concept that

The approach of the design is . to look at the building

The structure which is non-monumental, is designed in

Therefore, the application of an appropriate scale

Malaysia is a relatively small country which is consists of

Scale is also very important to the beholder's perception.

Socialization and recreation are the best ways of releasing

Therefore, Bandar Sultan Suleiman is not just a

The traditional Malay house is an indigenous solution to

Architect : Louis I. Kahn

Here, Kahn relies heavily on the regional inspiration. The

Activity 2 :watching, listening, applauding

Activity 2 :cooking, serving

Activity 2 :watching, shouting, applauding

Activity 3 :dancing, gathering

Activity 2 :observing, asking, learning

Activity 2 :displaying, singing,

Activity 2 :crafting, painting, setting

Activity 2 :cleaning, dish-washing, garbage-handling

Activity 2 :washing, showering

Lighting Booth " · ,,.-

Ranges of llluminance Type of Task or Activity

~u !+::~ Iz ~ !u ~ :s!8 ~5 ~ 0 :! ~ ,g0

Architects Edmund Chang and Roger Sherman

Comments Having to build many different facilities on

Architect Perkins and Will, Chicago.

Comments Site. The site plan offers an alternate